Crystals and fabrics analysis of an Arctic thermal growth multi-year ice sample

One of sea ice core samples was taken from Arctic by the First Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition Team in 1999. 20 vertical and 2 horizontal ice sections were cut out of the ice core sample 2.22 m in length, which covered the ice sheet from surface to bottom except losses for during sampling and section cutting. From the observation and analysis of the fabrics and crystals along the depth of the ice core sample, followings were found. Whole ice sheet consists of columnar, refrozen clastic pieces, granular, columnar, refrozen clastic pieces, granular, columnar and refrozen clastic pieces. This indicates that the ice core sample was 3-year old, and the ice sheet surface thawed and the melt water flowed into ice sheet during summer. Hence, the annual energy balance in Arctic can be determined by the ice sheet surface thawing in summer, and bottom growth in winter. The thickness of the ice sheet is kept constantly at a certain position based on the corresponding climate and ocean conditions; A new     

Summer sea ice characteristics of the Chukchi Sea

During August 1999, we investigated sea ice characteristics; its distribution, surface feature, thickness, ice floe movement, and the temperature field around inter-borders of air/ice/seawater in the Chukchi Sea. Thirteen ice cores were drilled at 11 floe stations in the area of 72°24′ 77°18′N, 153°34′ 163°28′W and the ice core structure was observed. From field observation, three melting processes of ice were observed; surface layer melting, surface and bottom layers melting, and all of ice melting. The observation of temperature fields around sea ice floes showed that the bottom melting under the ice floes were important process. As ice floes and open water areas were alternately distributed in summer Arctic Ocean; the water under ice was colder than the open water by 0.4 2.8℃. The sun radiation heated seawater in open sea areas so that the warmer water went to the bottom when the ice floes move to those areas. This causes ice melting to start at the bottom of the ice floes. This process can balance effectively the temperature fluctuating in the sea in summer. From the crystalline structure of sea ice observed from the cores, it was concluded that the ice was composed of ice crystals and brine-ice films. During the sea ice melting, the brine-ice films between ice crystals melted firstly; then the ice crystals were encircled by brine films; the sea ice became the mixture of ice and liquid brine. At the end of melting, the ice crystals would be separated each other, the bond between ice crystals weakens and this leads to the collapse of the ice sheet.     

南极中山站近岸海冰生态学研究Ⅰ．1992年冰藻生物量的垂直分布及季节变化

从１９９２年４月至１２月对东南极中山站近岸当年冰生物量及其环境因子进行了观测。冰底有色层出现在４月下旬和１１月下旬，集中于冰底２～３ｃｍ，叶绿素ａ最高含量分别为８８．３ｍｇ／ｍ３和２８１０ｍｇ／ｍ３，相应的冰藻数量分别为３．５×１０６和１．２１×１０８个／升。柱总叶绿素ａ含量的季节性变化极为显著，尤其是以春季的大幅度快速增值为特征，变化范围为１．１７～５９．７ｍｇ／ｍ２，冰藻生物量主要分布在冰底，冬季期间则集中在冰底或冰的中上层。藻类优势种较为单一，秋季优势种为Ｎｉｔｚｓｃｈｉａｌｅｃｏｉｎｔｅｉ、Ｎ．ｂａｒｋｌｅｙｉ和Ｎ．ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｕｓ；春季优势种为Ａｍｐｈｉｐｒｏｒａｋｊｅｌｍａｎｉ，Ｂｅｒｋｅｌｅｙａｒｕｔｉｌａｎｓ和Ｎ．ｌｅｃｏｉｎｔｅｉ。中山站近岸冰藻生物量的垂直分布和季节变化以及春季优势种的组成与东南极其它固冰区具有较强的相似性，与亚南极固冰区差异较大。     

A preliminary analysis of the pigments from ice algae in theadjacentwatersofGreatWallStation，Antarctica

ＡｐｒｅｌｉｍｉｎａｒｙａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｅｐｉｇｍｅｎｔｓｆｒｏｍｉｃｅａｌｇａｅｉｎｔｈｅａｄｊａｃｅｎｔｗａｔｅｒｓｏｆＧｒｅａｔＷａｌｌＳｔａｔｉｏｎ，ＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａＬｉＢａｏｈｕａ（李宝华）；ＨｕａｎｇＦｅｎｇｐｅｎｇ（黄凤鹏）...     

STRATIGRAPHY, DENSITY AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF FIRN-ICE AT DE08-A VERY HIGH ACCUMULATION SITE ON LAW DOME, ANTARCTICA

An approximately 195 mm diameter firn/ice core, 234 m long, was thermally drilled in 1987 austral summer at DE08 (66°43′S, 113°12′E) on Law Dome, East Antarctica, where the accumulation rate is about 1200kg/(m~2. a); 10m ice temperature is about-18.8℃. Analysis was mainly made at the site immediately after drilling. The snow stratigraphy at DE08 is characterised by the lack of coarse-grained snow and other distinct visible feature normally corresponding to annual layers. There is a smooth transformation from fine-grained snow at shallow depth to ice at about 80-90m which is greater than that at most other polar locations due to its abnormally high accumulation rate. According to the marked change in the trend of density with depth and in the crystal properties four stages of the transformation of snow to ice and development of crystal structure can be distinguished; settling stage (0-10m); sintering stage (10-90m); rapid crystal growth stage (90-170m); and dynamic metamorphism stage (170-234m). The     

Meteorological observations 2006 and ground temperature variations over 12-year at the Sermilik Station,Ammassalik Island,Southeast Greenland

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 108(1):153–161, 2008

Meteorological stations have been in operation since 1993 at the Sermilik Research Station (65°40′N, 38°10′W), Ammassalik Island, Southeast Greenland. This note presents meteorological observations for the calendar year 2006 from the two meteorological stations: Station Nunatak (515 m a.s.l.) and Station Coast (25 m a.s.l.). The year 2006 record is not complete due to a temporal break down of Station Coast (from end-of June through beginning of August). Special focus is given to ground temperature measurements at the meteorological Station Nunatak (1994–2006) 0.1 and 0.3 m below the surface. Data are presented to illustrate the intra- and inter-annual temperature variability and possible trends in the upper part of the soil.     

南极长城站附近海区冰藻色素的初步分析

本文报道了 1 988年 6 - 1 2月 (结冰期 )南极长城站附近海区冰藻色素的分离、鉴定结果。探讨了该海区冰藻色素的种类组成 ,季节变化以及冰藻色素在海洋生态系中的作用。结果表明 ,该海区冰藻已分离出色素 1 5种 ,可鉴定的有 1 3种 ,分别为 :胡萝卜素 ,脱镁叶绿素 a,叶绿素 a、b、c,叶黄素 ,岩藻黄质 ,脱植基叶绿酸 a,紫黄质 ,脱镁叶绿素 c,叶绿酸 a,叶绿素 c的衍生物 ,di-adinoxanthin,二种色素未能鉴定。该海域冰藻色素具明显的季节变化。     

南极中山站近岸海冰生态学研究Ⅲ.冰藻优势种的季节变化及其与冰下浮游植物的关系

自１９９２年４月１２日至１２月３０日对中山站以西内拉峡湾海冰和冰下水柱中藻类优势种组成和丰度进行了测定。４月份和１１月中旬至１２月中旬冰柱和水柱（０～５０ｍ）藻类丰度高达１０８～１０９ｃｅｌｓ／ｍ２。冰藻的普遍或季节性优势种主要包括Ａｍｐｈｉｐｒｏｒａｋｊｅｌｍａｎｉ、Ｂｅｒｋｅｌｅｙａｒｕｔｉｌａｎｓ、Ｎａｖｉｃｕｌａｇｌａｃｉｅｉ、Ｎｉｔｚｓｃｈｉａｂａｒｋｌｅｙｉ、Ｎ．ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｕｓ、Ｎ．ｌｅｃｏｉｎｔｅｉ和Ｎｉｔｚｓｃｈｉａｓｐ．。由于藻类结合入冰后自身的演替，春－夏季海冰剖面中所记录的优势种组成并不能准确反映冰底优势种的季节演替过程。从冰底和水表藻种组成的对比表明，两者仅在春末冰底冰藻水华期间具有较强的相似性。秋、春季冰底冰藻水华的形成以现场生长为主，夏初冰藻释放入水后对冰下浮游植物的播种作用不明显。     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵区的冰川作用

拉斯曼丘陵在渐新世已被冰盖覆没，晚渐新世冰盖厚度最大，自中新世开始，冰盖逐渐减薄后退，但该丘陵仍为冰盖占据。更新世冰川作用规模不及第三纪。１８ｋａＢ．Ｐ．该丘陵区覆冰厚度超过１７０ｍ，冰盖前缘仅增厚３０ｍ左右。冰盖后退出露基岩约在１０．０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．前后，自９．４１～６．５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．，冰川以２～３ｍ／ａ的速率后退，岛屿区全部出露；自６．５～５．０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．，冰川后退速率减为１．０～１．５ｍ／ａ，丘陵区裸露５０％以上；约自５．０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．开始，丘陵区几乎全部出露，冰川冰盖范围与今基本相同。     

藏南沉错湖泊三角洲的沉积相及沉积环境

在西藏自治区沉错湖泊三角洲平原和湖内钻孔取芯 ,利用14 C和ESR测年方法建立了钻孔剖面的年代标尺。在岩芯描述、沉积物粒度分析和CaCO3含量分析基础上 ,对沉错湖泊三角洲的沉积环境和沉积相进行了解释分析。 36 7m长的岩芯大致记录了 5 5万年以来的沉积历史。全孔平均沉积速率约为 0 6 6 7mm/a。 16 92 0aBP以来三角洲的沉积速率较大 ,平均为 1 2 7mm/a。由于沉积物物质来源的多源性导致CaCO3在剖面上的无规律性变化。但是 ,沉积物粒度和沉积序列变化指示全套沉积由底部的冲积扇相向上过渡为水下扇亚相和三角洲沉积相。在大约 175 0 0aBP～ 14 0 0 0aBP时期 ,沉错存在高湖面阶段。沉积序列中记录了末次冰期最盛期 (LastGlacialMaximum )和新仙女木事件 (YoungerDryas)。沉积特征和沉积环境的变化主要受湖面涨缩变化所控制。而湖面升降变化的驱动因素主要为气候 ,尤其夏季风的强弱和冷事件     

Meteorological observations 2003 at the Sermilik Station,Ammassalik Island,Southeast Greenland

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 105(2):49–56, 2005

Meteorological stations have been in operation since 1993 at Sermilik (65°40'N, 38°10'W), located in southeast Greenland. This note presents meteorological observations for the year 2003, including ground temperature, orographic effect (liquid precipitation) and air temperature lapse rates between two meteorological stations, Station Nunatak (515 m a.s.l.) and Station Coast (25 m a.s.l.).     

Experiment of near surface layer parameters in ice camp over Arctic Ocean

Estimates of near surface layer parameters over 78°N drifting ice in ice camp over the Arctic ocean are made using bulk transfer methods with the data from the experiments operated by the Chinese Arctic Scientific Expedition in August 22-September 3,2003.The results show that the net radiation received by the snow surface is only 3.6 W/m2,among which the main part transported into atmosphere in term of sensible heat and latent heat,which account for 52% and 31% respectively,and less part being transported to deep ice in the conductive process.The bulk transfer coefficient of momentum is about 1.16×10-3 in the near neutral layer,which is a little smaller than that obtained over 75°N drifting ice.However,to compare with the results observed over 75°N drifting ice over the Arctic Ocean in 1999,it can be found that the thermodynamic and momentum of interactions between sea and air are significant different with latitudes,concentration and the scale of sea ice.It is very important on considering the effect of sea-air-ice interaction over the Arctic Ocean when studying climate modeling.     

贼鸥用于南极环境大型指示生物种的初步研究

对南极长城站附近棕贼鸥(C.s.lonnberg)、灰贼鸥(C.maccormicki)和两者的混合配对(hybrid)的食性与考察站环境质量的相关性进行研究,结果表明,贼鸥的食物结构受站区人类废弃物的直接影响。贼鸥食性构成同时与人类活动和动物生态习性相关而起到双重信息载体作用,可作为南极环境生态评价的重要指标之一,对推动实现南极环境生态评价的量化有重要意义。     

Changing characteristics of arctic pressure ridges

The advent of multibeam sonar permits us to obtain full three-dimensional maps of the underside of sea ice. In particular this enables us to distinguish the morphological characteristics of first-year (FY) and multi-year (MY) pressure ridges in a statistically valid way, whereas in the past only a small number of ridges could be mapped laboriously by drilling. In this study pressure ridge distributions from two parts of the Arctic Ocean are compared, in both the cases using mainly data collected by the submarine “Tireless” in March 2007 during two specific grid surveys, in the Beaufort Sea at about 75° N, 140° W (N of Prudhoe Bay), and north of Ellesmere Island at about 83° 20′ N, 64° W. In the Beaufort Sea the ice was mainly FY, and later melted or broke up as this area became ice-free during the subsequent summer. N of Ellesmere Island the ice was mainly MY. Ridge depth and spacing distributions were derived for each region using the boat's upward looking sonar, combined with distributions of shapes of the ridges encountered, using the Kongsberg EM3002 multibeam sonar. The differing shapes of FY and MY ridges are consistent with two later high-resolution multibeam studies of specific ridges by AUV. FY ridges are found to fit the normal triangular shape template in cross-section (with a range of slope angles averaging 27°) with a relatively constant along-crest depth, and often a structure of small ice blocks can be distinguished. MY ridges, however, are often split into a number of independent solid, smooth blocks of large size, giving an irregular ridge profile which may be seemingly without linearity.Our hypothesis for this difference is that during its long lifetime an MY ridge is subjected to several episodes of crack opening; new cracks in the Arctic pack often run in straight lines across the ridges and undeformed ice alike. Such a crack will open somewhat before refreezing, interpolating a stretch of thin ice into the structure, and breaking up the continuity and linearity of the ridge crest. Many such episodes over a number of years can cause the ridge to become simply a series of blocks. This has implications for ridge strength and for permeability to spilled oil. As the percentage of MY ice in the Arctic diminishes, Arctic ridging will be more and more dominated by FY ridges, and we discuss the implications of this change of character of the ice underside in the light of the statistics that we have generated for the two types of ridge.     

Seasonal variations of the near surfacelayer parameters over the Antarctic ice sheet in Princess Elizabeth Land,East Antarctica

Analysis of sensible heat flux(Qh),latent heat flux(Qe),Richardson number(Ri),bulk transport coefficient(Cd) and katabatic winds are presented by using the meteorological data in the near surface layer from an automatic weather station(AWS) in Princess Elizabeth Land,East Antarctica ice sheet and the data of corresponding period at Zhongshan station in 2002.It shows that annual mean air temperature at LGB69 is-25.6°C,which is 16.4°C lower than that at Zhongshan,where the elevation is lower and located on the coast.The temperature lapse rate is about 1.0°C/110 m for the initial from coast to inland.The turbulence heat flux at LGB69 displays obvious seasonal variations with the average sensible heat flux-17.9 W/m2 and latent heat flux-0.9 W/m2.The intensity(Qh+Qe) of coolling source is-18.8 W/m2 meaning the snow surface layer obtains heat from atmosphere.The near surface atmosphere is near-neutral stratified with bulk transport coefficients(Cd) around 2.8×10-3,and it is near constant when the wind speed higher than 8 m/s.The speed and the frequency of easterly Katabatic winds at LGB69 were higher than that at Zhongshan Station.     

10Be and solar activity cycles in varved lake sediments, AD 1900–2006

Annually resolved terrestrial ¹⁰Be archives other than those in polar ice sheets are heretofore unexplored sources of information about past solar activity and climate. Until now, it has proven difficult to find natural archives that have captured and retained a ¹⁰Be production signal, and that allow for annual sampling and contain sufficient ¹⁰Be for AMS measurement. We report the first annually resolved record of ¹⁰Be in varved lake sediments. The record comes from Lake Lehmilampi, eastern Finland, which lies at 63°37′N, 29°06′E, 95.8 m a.s.l. The focus on the last 100 years provided an unprecedented opportunity to compare sediment ¹⁰Be data with annual ice core, neutron monitor and sunspot number data. Results indicate successful recovery of ¹⁰Be atoms from as little as 20 mg sediment. Sediment ¹⁰Be accumulation rates suggest control by solar activity, manifested as a reflection of the 11-year Schwabe solar cycle and its amplitude variations throughout the investigated period. These results open the possibility of using varved lake sediment ¹⁰Be records as a new proxy for solar activity, thus providing a new approach for synchronization of paleoclimate events worldwide.     

夏季白令海浮游动物的分布

本文报道了 1 999年夏季白令海中部浮游动物的分布特征。初步鉴定共有 90种浮游动物 ,它们分别隶属于北极、亚北极、大洋冷水和世界广温等四种生态类群 ,但以亚北极类群为主导 ,尤以太平洋亚北极外海广深种布氏真哲水蚤、羽哲水蚤、晶额哲水蚤和太平洋腹水蚤等占优势 ,呈现太平洋亚北极外海浮游动物的群落特征。在水平方向上 ,浮游动物总生物量 (均值为42 5 .4mg/m3)介于 70— 1 1 30mg/m3之间 ,呈现南侧高于北侧 ,周边高于中央的平面分布格局。在垂直方向上 ,5 0 0m以浅水域浮游动物总生物量日均值以 5 0— 0m层最高 ( 4 3% ) ,2 0 0— 1 0 0m层最低 ( 8.4% )。此外 ,在 1 0 0m以浅水层中浮游动物总生物量的垂直分布具显著的昼夜变化 ,高值层呈现白天下降、夜晚上升的分布节律 ,不同种群浮游动物分布的水层不尽相同 ,甚至同一种群不同发育阶段的个体分布的水层亦不同。     

南极中山站近岸海冰生态学研究 Ⅱ．1992年冰下水柱浮游植物生物量的季节变化及其与环境因子的关系

自１９９２年４月１２日至１２月３０日对中山站附近内拉峡湾冰下水柱中浮游植物生物量以及环境因子的季节变化进行了测定。水中叶绿素ａ含量在０．０３－２１．４０ｍｇ／ｍ３之间波动，在覆冰期间，生物量基本上随深度的增加而下降；５－９月份各层次的生物量普遍低于０．５ｍｇ／ｍ３，８－９月份低于０．１ｍｇ／ｍ３。各层次中以水表含量的季节变化最为明显，成冰后在９月份形成低谷，于１２月中旬紧接着冰底水华的消失而形成单一峰值。生物量中微型浮游植物（＜２０μｍ）的比重在４－９月份的多数层次占有一半以上，１０月份后随着生物量的上升而下降，在水华期水表的比重最低，仅占总量的３．２％。其柱总生物量基本上与冰中生物量处于同一数量级，在冰藻水华期其量值甚至低于冰中生物量。营养盐（μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的波动范围为ＰＯ４－Ｐ：０．３２－０．７９，ＳｉＯ３－Ｓｉ：２６．４７－６９．９２，ＮＯ３－Ｎ：１．４１－３１．７５，尽管水华期水表营养盐含量降至观测期间的最低点，但仍能满足冰下浮游植物的生长所需。光辐照度由于在冰水界面的量值仅为冰表入射光的不足５．３％至低于１％，成为水中产量最为可能的限制因子。     

Isolation and characterization of a marine bacterium producing protease from Chukchi Sea, Arctic

A Gram negative bacterium Ar/W/b/75°25′N/1 producing extracellular alkaline protease was isolated from surface water of latitude 75°25′N, and longitude 162°25′W in Chukchi sea, Arctic. The strain can grow at the temperature range from 7℃ to 30℃, and grow better at 30℃. It can not grow at 40℃. Keeping certain salinity concentration in medium is necessary for cell growth. It grows well in medium containing salinity concentration from 0.5% to 10% sodium chloride. Glucose, sucrose and soluble starch can be utilized by the strain, among which glucose is the optimal carbon source. Peptone is the optimal organic nitrogen source for cell growth and protease producing, and ammonium nitrate is the optimal inorganic nitrogen source. About 75 7% of total protease of the strain are extracellular enzyme. Optimal temperature for proteolytic activity is at 40℃. Protease of the strain keeps stable below 40℃, and shows high proteolytic activity within the pH range from 7 to 11.     

Characteristics of change in the Antarctic sea ice area and its relation to SST in the tropical Pacific

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＢｅｆｏｒｅｔｈｅ１９８０ｓ,Ａｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｄａｔａｗｅｒｅｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙｆｅｗ．Ｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅ１９８０ｓ,ａｌｏｎｇｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍ...