桩基蠕变效应的计算分析

本文用轴对称有限元法分析了桩基的蠕变效应。用广义开尔文模型和宾汉姆模型来分别模拟土的粘弹和粘塑性状。推导了轴对称条件下桩土接触面及桩周土体的粘弹、粘塑性应变增量公式。在此基础上编制了轴对称弹-粘弹-粘塑性有限元程序,分析了桩基的沉降、承台的荷载分担作用,以及桩体的侧阻力分布等受蠕变的影响,比较系统地研究了桩基的蠕变效应。此外,还进行了桩土接触面的摩擦试验研究。     

分段循环荷载作用下非饱和土轴对称固结特性研究

基于Fredlund等提出的非饱和土轴对称固结理论,采用傅里叶级数展开法和拉普拉斯变换法提出了等应变条件下分段循环荷载作用下同时考虑径向(r方向)和竖向(z方向)渗透的非饱和土轴对称固结半解析解。基于等应变假设和径向边界条件,给出了等应变条件下的超孔隙气压力u_a和超孔隙水压力u_w的控制方程。然后利用级数展开与Laplace变换求解并给出了超孔隙压力及平均固结度的半解析解。此外,通过退化法以及有限差分法验证了所提解和相应结果的正确性。引入3种具体的分段循环荷载,研究了渗透系数之比k_a/k_w、模型尺寸N和荷载特征参数a对非饱和土轴对称固结特性的影响,所得结论更加符合实际,可为非饱和土地基处理提供理论指导。     

饱和砂土爆炸液化特性研究

基于有效应力动力分析法,在Byrne有效应力弹塑性模型的基础上,提出了一个能够考虑主应力轴旋转、饱和砂土含有少量气体、饱和砂土液化后的应变软化和应力重分布特性的弹塑性模型。将该模型编制成分析模块,并与通用岩土分析软件FLAC接口,进而对饱和砂土分别在单点、两点（微差）和多点（微差）爆炸地震波荷载作用下进行数值模拟分析,分别考虑了水平、微倾以及斜坡场地等3种工况,并且对爆炸地震波荷载与天然地震波荷载作用下饱和砂土的动力特性进行了对比研究。数值模拟结果表明,该模型能够很好地表现饱和砂土的爆炸液化气特性;不同动载和不同场地条件下,饱和砂土表现的动力特性以及液化行为也不尽相同。     

偏心荷载下溶洞顶板冲切破坏上限分析

针对冲切破坏模式下溶洞顶板极限承载力问题,进行了不同顶板厚度以及不同荷载偏心距下溶洞顶板极限承载力室内试验研究,依据试验结果将偏心荷载作用下的溶洞冲切破坏假定为轴对称问题,引入Griffith强度准则,基于极限分析上限法,提出了一种适用于轴对称和偏心荷载作用下溶洞顶底板极限承载力的计算方法,并给出了能发生冲切破坏范围的估算方法。试验结果表明：在同一偏心距下,随着顶板厚度的增加,在达到基岩极限承载力之前,顶板极限承载力呈线性增长;当顶板厚度一定时,顶板极限承载力随着偏心距的增加呈非线性增长,偏心距e在能发生冲切破坏的范围之外时趋于平缓,并逐渐达到基岩极限承载力;理论计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

基于FLAC3D对大连某工程桩基承载力数值模拟研究

利用FLAC3D软件针对大连某工程桩基的承载力进行数值模拟,对比分析了普通桩和扩底桩的承载力。研究结果表明:利用FLAC3D软件模拟普通桩Q-s变化,在相同荷载下,模拟与实测的Q-s曲线吻合,说明建立的FLAC3D模型比较适用于本工程问题研究。利用建立的FLAC3D模型对在6000 kN荷载、桩身直径相同的条件下的扩底桩和普通桩进行受力分析,桩顶应力一样的条件下,桩端应力减少50%,改善了桩端受力条件。在桩长不变的条件下,研究了缩小桩径的扩底桩的承载力,其用料占普通桩的61.2%,模拟结果表明,缩小直径扩底桩能够达到工程荷载要求,并且降低了成本。建议对原有的设计进行修正并为类似工程提供理论依据。     

边界面模型在FLAC3D中的开发及验证

利用FLAC3D程序提供的二次开发平台UDM在VC++编译环境下实现了一基于修正剑桥模型的简化边界面模型的开发。介绍了边界面模型的基本原理,并给出了开发关键技术和具体实施方法。通过三轴加卸载试验、不排水静三轴试验、不排水动三轴试验等几种数值试验与修正剑桥模型进行了对比研究。计算结果验证了所开发的边界面模型的正确性及相对修正剑桥模型的优越性。     

堆石料三维边界面模型在FLAC3D中的开发与验证

堆石料三维边界面模型结合了统一非线性强度准则,可以反映三维应力空间堆石料的应变硬化、软化以及体积收缩和剪胀等传统本构模型难以反映的力学特性。基于三维边界面模型的基本理论,通过FLAC3D提供的二次开发平台,在VC++环境下实现了三维边界面本构模型的二次开发,并给出基于FLAC3D程序的边界面本构模型开发的关键步骤、编程要点和调试方法。利用开发的本构模型,开展了三轴压缩试验的数值模拟计算,并与理论值进行了对比分析。结果表明,嵌入在FLAC3D中的三维边界面本构模型能够较好地反映设定试验条件下的材料性能,而且三维边界面本构模型模型参数简单,都可从常规三轴试验获得,从而验证了三维边界面模型二次开发程序的优越性与合理性。     

层状土中群桩非线性沉降的摄动分析

采用包含一个内变量的连续化St Venant模型,即连续的Masing-Iwan模型,模拟桩-土界面扰动区土体的非线性行为。基于两种分析单桩的荷载传递模型,假设桩-土-桩相互作用为弹性且服从叠加原理,推导出了适用于群桩中基桩的两种荷载传递新模型。采用荷载传递法建立了单桩和群桩的非线性控制方程,提出了近似求解该控制方程的摄动分析法,得出了单桩和群桩的荷载沉降和轴力分布方程。所得结果表明,在低荷载水平下严格趋近于弹性解;而在高荷载水平下,能够反映直到破坏阶段的桩的荷载-沉降特性。通过一个现场试验的理论预测结果与实测数据的对比分析,验证了方法的有效性和适用性。     

邓肯-张本构模型在FLAC3D中的开发与实现

根据FLAC3D软件提供的二次开发平台,利用VC++环境在FLAC3D软件中实现了邓肯-张本构模型的开发,设计了一系列三轴试验的模拟算例对模型开发的正确性进行了验证。给出了在FLAC3D中开发本构模型的基本步骤和编程要点,为其他用户进行本构模型的修改提供了借鉴和参考。由于FLAC3D开发环境的特点,用户编写的本构模型和软件自带的本构模型的执行效率处在同一水平。     

基于SURPAC的复杂地质体FLAC3D模型生成技术

针对FLAC3D软件在复杂地质体模型构建及单元网格划分等前处理问题上存在的不直观、工作量大等不足,提出了一种新型的基于SURPAC软件的直观、快速的FLAC3D模型生成技术。在利用SURPAC软件构建地质体块体模型的基础上,将模型以数据文件的形式输出,然后对输出的数据文件运用ACCESS数据库进行处理,形成FLAC3D命令流,再将命令流调入FLAC3D软件中执行,从而实现了FLAC3D的直观、快速建模。该建模方法在广西大厂铜坑矿的空区稳定性分析建模中得到了实际应用,结果表明该方法是完全可行的和有效的。     

Numerical ANFIS-Based Formulation for Prediction of the Ultimate Axial Load Bearing Capacity of Piles Through CPT Data

This study explores the potential of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) for prediction of the ultimate axial load bearing capacity of piles (P_u) using cone penetration test (CPT) data. In this regard, a reliable previously published database composed of 108 datasets was selected to develop ANFIS models. The collected database contains information regarding pile geometry, material, installation, full-scale static pile load test and CPT results for each sample. Reviewing the literature, several common and uncommon variables have been considered for direct or indirect estimation of P_u based on static pile load test, cone penetration test data or other in situ or laboratory testing methods. In present study, the pile shaft and tip area, the average cone tip resistance along the embedded length of the pile, the average cone tip resistance over influence zone and the average sleeve friction along the embedded length of the pile which are obtained from CPT data are considered as independent input variables where the output variable is P_u for the ANFIS model development. Besides, a notable criticism about ANFIS as a prediction tool is that it does not provide practical prediction equations. To tackle this issue, the obtained optimal ANFIS model is represented as a tractable equation which can be used via spread sheet software or hand calculations to provide precise predictions of P_u with the calculated correlation coefficient of 0.96 between predicted and experimental values for all of the data in this study. Considering several criteria, it is represented that the proposed model is able to estimate the output with a high degree of accuracy as compared to those results obtained by some direct CPT-based methods in the literature. Furthermore, in order to assess the capability of the proposed model from geotechnical engineering viewpoints, sensitivity and parametric analyses are done.     

Correlation of Pile Axial Capacity and CPT Data Using Gene Expression Programming

Numerous methods have been proposed to assess the axial capacity of pile foundations. Most of the methods have limitations and therefore cannot provide consistent and accurate evaluation of pile capacity. However, in many situations, the methods that correlate cone penetration test (CPT) data and pile capacity have shown to provide better results, because the CPT results provide more reliable soil properties. In an attempt to obtain more accurate correlation of CPT data with axial pile capacity, gene expression programming (GEP) technique is used in this study. The GEP is a relatively new artificial intelligent computational technique that has been recently used with success in the field of engineering. Three GEP models have been developed, one for bored piles and two other models for driven piles (a model for each of concrete and steel piles). The data used for developing the GEP models are collected from the literature and comprise a total of 50 bored pile load tests and 58 driven pile load tests (28 concrete pile load tests and 30 steel pile load tests) as well as CPT data. For each GEP model, the data are divided into a training set for model calibration and an independent validation set for model verification. The performances of the GEP models are evaluated by comparing their results with experimental data and the robustness of each model is investigated via sensitivity analyses. The performances of the GEP models are evaluated further by comparing their results with the results of number of currently used CPT-based methods. Statistical analyses are used for the comparison. The results indicate that the GEP models are robust and perform well.     

冻结粉质粘土中锥形桩弹性阶段挤扩效应的研究

20世纪70年代, 在原苏联的乌克兰地区, 用锥形桩作基础建造了大量的多层或高层住宅, 取得了显著的经济效益. 我国的科技人员于20世纪80年代初期也开始了这方面的研究, 并于河北省的保定地区进行了试点工作. 但在冻土中采用锥形桩作基础, 迄今为止还未有报道. 通过对冻结条件下粉质粘土中锥形桩在竖向荷载作用下弹性阶段挤扩效应的分析, 根据厚壁圆筒受均匀内压时的弹性理论解答, 计算出了冻结条件下粉质粘土中锥形桩侧表面在弹性阶段末期的挤扩应力值, 并根据锥形桩模型在竖向快速加荷条件下的试验资料, 验证了公式的正确性, 结果令人满意.     

危岩稳定性计算新体系

地质灾害防治研究中,危岩的研究相对较为薄弱,稳定性计算模型体系不够完善。本文在五个常用计算模型的基础上,增加了后缘有贯通陡倾裂隙的滑移式、双结构面滑移式、后缘无陡倾裂隙且形似悬臂梁的坠落式、上缘岩体抗拉强度控制的坠落式四个新的计算模型,形成了危岩稳定性计算模型新体系。依托工程实例对后缘有贯通陡倾裂隙的滑移式危岩新计算模型的稳定性进行运用验证,即:基于刚体力学的极限平衡法计算求出不同工况下危岩单体的稳定性系数,再基于FLAC3D运用摩尔-库伦模型对该危岩单体进行数值模拟,计算求出其在两种不同工况的稳定系数,两种方法相互印证其可靠性。     

Prediction of ultimate axial load-carrying capacity of piles using a support vector machine based on CPT data

The support vector machine (SVM) is a relatively new artificial intelligence technique which is increasingly being applied to geotechnical problems and is yielding encouraging results. In this paper SVM models are developed for predicting the ultimate axial load-carrying capacity of piles based on cone penetration test (CPT) data. A data set of 108 samples is used to develop the SVM models. These data were obtained from the literature containing pile load tests and each sample contains information regarding pile geometry, full-scale static pile load tests and CPT results. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to examine the relative significance of each input variable with respect to ultimate strength prediction. Finally, a statistical analysis is conducted to make comparisons between predictions obtained from the SVM models and three traditional CPT-based methods for determining pile capacity. The comparison confirms that the SVM models developed in this paper outperform the traditional methods.     

基于TetGen的复杂FLAC3D模型可视化建模方法

为了充分发挥FLAC3D在数值计算方面的优势,解决在复杂地质体条件下岩体工程开挖存在的计算模型构建难度大、多采用简化模型而影响计算结果可靠性及准确性的问题。提出采用三维表面模型重建方法建立地质体及岩体工程的表面模型,确定岩层、开挖等的封闭空间区域;在此基础上,通过约束德洛内四面体剖分的方法对三维表面模型形成的空间区域进行网格剖分。分析了网格生成器TetGen的输入、输出数据结构,确定表面模型数据至TetGen、TetGen网格划分结果至FLAC3D的对应关系,实现能够准确描述地质体与工程开挖的FLAC3D计算模型的构建。通过某大型深部开采铜矿的多个岩层和首采区3个盘区63个采场的模型构建实例,证明该方法简单、可行、有效并且健壮。     

DEM modelling of cone penetration tests in a double-porosity crushable granular material

A three-dimensional discrete element model is used to investigate the effect of grain crushing on the tip resistance measured by cone penetration tests (CPT) in calibration chambers. To do that a discrete analogue of pumice sand, a very crushable microporous granular material, is created. The particles of the discrete model are endowed with size-dependent internal porosity and crushing resistance. A simplified Hertz–Mindlin elasto-frictional model is used for contact interaction. The model has 6 material parameters that are calibrated using one oedometer test and analogies with similar geomaterials. The calibration is validated reproducing other element tests. To fill a calibration chamber capable of containing a realistic sized CPT the discrete analogue is up-scaled by a factor of 25. CPT is then performed at two different densities and three different confinement pressures. Cone tip resistance in the crushable material is practically insensitive to initial density, as had been observed in previous physical experiments. The same CPT series is repeated but now particle crushing is disabled. The ratios of cone tip resistance between the two types of simulation are in good agreement with previous experimental comparisons of hard and crushable soils. Microscale exploration of the models indicates that crushing disrupts the buttressing effect of chamber walls on the cone.     

压缩蠕变力学试验的数值模拟研究

由于蠕变试验费时长、耗资大,在实际操作中比较困难,长期以来制约着蠕变试验的发展。本文利用岩土分析软件FLAC3D建立试验模型,对室内蠕变试验进行模拟研究。采用同实际试验相同的试验状态、加载设计和时间设置,得到了同实际情况相似的蠕变曲线并进行了蠕变变形分析,进而延伸到常规三轴压缩的试验状态。     

Prediction of Uplift Pile Displacement Based on Cone Penetration Tests (CPT)

Accurate prediction of uplift pile displacement is necessary to ensure appropriate structural and serviceability performance of civil projects. On the other hand, in recent years, machine-learning models have been applied to many geotechnical-engineering problems, with some degrees of success. The scope of this research includes three main stages: (1) the compilation of load–displacement data sets, obtained from the published literature, (2) analysis of machine learning models that predict the uplift pile displacement based on the cone penetration test data, and the relative importance of input parameters that have been evaluated using senility analysis by the artificial neural network, In addition, this paper also examines the different selection of input parameters and internal network parameters to obtain the optimum model, (3) A parametric study has also been performed for the input parameters to study the consistency of the suggested model. The statistical parameters and parametric study obtained in this research show the superiority of the current model. It is demonstrated that machine learning models such as ANN and GP models outperform the traditional methods, and provide accurate uplift pile displacement predictions.     

金沙江某高拱坝坝肩变形稳定计算分析

为了论证和评价金沙江拟建某水电站高拱坝坝肩岩体的变形稳定性,应用有限差分程序FLAC3D对坝肩岩体在天然状态和荷载后的应力、变形和破坏的发展特征模拟研究,分析了坝肩岩体在正常工程荷载下的变形特征及超载状态下变形破坏特征,结果表明坝肩岩体在正常工程荷载下处于稳定状态,得到了坝肩岩体在超载条件下的变形破坏机制,并评价了坝肩岩体的整体稳定安全度和超载能力.