富钴锰结壳分析技术评价

简要评介了用于富钴锰结壳成分分析的现代分析技术,包括船上现场分析,陆上实验室的多元素分析,矿物微区分析和元素微区分布特征研究的微探针方法及相关标准物质的研制。讨论了结壳品位分析时的取样问题及干基温度的确定和对“绿色”分析技术的需求。     

中太平洋YJC海山富钴结壳矿物组成与元素地球化学

运用等离子光谱、等离子质谱、X射线衍射、红外光谱和场发射电镜等分析测试方法,对太平洋威克(Wake)海岭YJC海山中的富钴结壳中不同构造层的矿物组成和元素地球化学研究表明:矿石矿物是水羟锰矿和少量的钙锰矿,脉石矿物是磷灰石、石英和方解石等,微量矿物有蒙脱石、高岭石、钠沸石、斜发沸石、伊利石、水黑云母、磁铁矿和角闪石等。老结壳磷灰石的质量分数>10%,P>1%;新结壳磷灰石<10%,P<1%。老结壳相对富集Cu、Ca、P等元素,新结壳相对富集TMn、TFe、Co、Ni、Ba、Zn、Pb、Mo等元素。结壳内部纹层构造的不同位置及包体内的微区成分变化较大,TMn和TFe呈同消长关系,但TMn/TFe值相对稳定。结壳的稀土元素总量为1761.88×10-6,Ce具明显的正异常。老结壳相对富集稀土元素,新结壳略富Eu。     

厚结壳的形成条件及控制因素分析

当前对于大洋厚结壳的研究较少,而厚结壳是未来开发利用的重点,同时它记录的地质历史长,控制和影响结壳生长发育的各种因素必然能在厚结壳上充分体现出来。因此,开展厚结壳的形成条件及控制因素的研究,具有重要的理论与现实意义。文章利用GIS空间分析技术与地质统计方法,对厚结壳的定义、结壳厚度与水深、结壳厚度与基岩、结壳生长与构造活动、结壳厚度与沉积速率、结壳厚度与经纬度、结壳厚度与主成矿元素之间的关系进行了分析,结果表明,结壳的厚度变化受控于水深、基岩、构造活动、沉积速率、经纬度等因素,同时结壳厚度与主成矿元素之间存在明显的相关性。     

中太平洋多金属结壳的地球化学特征

采用XRF和ICP AES法对中太平洋CA等6座海山的4 0多个站位的多金属结壳中化学元素进行测试与分析, 并结合其他资料对调查区结壳主要成矿元素的含量组成、特征变化、元素间的相关关系以及结壳与水深、地形等重要环境因子进行探讨.研究表明太平洋海山结壳中元素丰度特征具有多种变化类型, 中太平洋结壳主成分和成矿元素丰度明显高于马绍尔群岛, 而与西北太平洋、麦哲伦海山相近; 中太平洋结壳化学元素相关关系分析表明: Ca与P、Al与K呈显著正相关性; Mn与Al呈显著负相关性.研究还发现中太平洋结壳富Co(0.6 3%)而贫Cu(0.1 1 %)及高Fe(1 6.9%)低Mn(2 1.3%)的分布特征, 与深海多金属结核在含量分布特征上存在较大差异.与多金属结核相比: 结壳中Mn组元素含量显著降低, Fe组元素含量和稀土总量明显增大, 尤其是Co和REEs的变化最为突出。      

侧扫声呐在富钴结壳探测中的应用前景

随着富钴结壳勘查工作的深入和我国深水调查设备的快速发展,侧扫声呐将会广泛应用于结壳区的调查中。介绍了声学遥测方法侧扫声呐的工作原理,分析了已经在结壳区获取的侧扫声呐数据,列举了在将来的勘查中可能用到的新的侧扫声呐技术和数据解释技术。认为传统的调查手段存在一定的局限性,侧扫声呐的使用将会丰富结壳区的勘查手段,促进富钴结壳区的资源评价和圈矿工作。     

中太平洋WM1和WX海山富钴结壳元素相关性及其层间变化研究

在结壳矿物学等基本特征分析的基础上,对中太平洋WM1和WX海山富钴结壳中的主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素和铂族元素含量、层间变化及其相关性进行了研究,结果表明:本区结壳从下层到上层,粘土矿物和石英等碎屑矿物逐渐增多,很可能与青藏高原的隆升和剥蚀以及亚洲季风演化有关;TFe/Fe2 从结壳下层到上层逐渐增高,反映了结壳的氧化性由下层到上层增强,海山的沉降可能是造成结壳生长后期环境氧化性增强的重要原因;Ti、Co、Pb、As、Mn、TFe等元素与TFe/Fe2 呈正相关,反映结壳中这些元素的富集与氧化环境有关,而Ca、P、Pt和∑REE等元素与TFe/Fe2 呈负相关,反映结壳中这些元素的富集与还原环境有关;Fe与Co显著正相关是本区结壳的重要特点;结壳的Co与(Fe Mn)的相关性大于Co与Fe的相关性及Co与Mn的相关性;P含量小于1%时,Co与P相关性不明显,当P含量大于1%时,Co与P呈明显负相关,磷酸盐化的过程对铁锰结壳吸附Co的能力起到抑制作用。聚类分析将Pt、∑REE与P和Ca分为一组,说明在结壳中Pt和∑REE主要赋存在碳氟磷灰石中,结壳的磷酸盐化的过程对Pt和∑REE的富集起到了重要的作用。     

麦哲伦海山区MA,MC海山富钴结壳元素间关系及成因意义

为探讨富钴结壳中元素的成因,采用了化学容量法、原子吸收、Ｘ－射线衍射分析、电子探针、等离子光谱等技术,对太平洋麦哲伦海山区曲ＭＡ海山、ＭＣ海山上的富钴结壳分老世代和年青世代层进行了矿物成分与元素万分分析。据分析结果,区内主要赋存水成富钴结壳,富钴结壳中的矿物组分以锰相矿物的水羟锰矿为主,其次为铁相矿物（针铁矿等）,还有磷灰石和少量次要矿物（钙十字石、石英等）。老世代富钴结壳,磷酸盐化明显,个别层内     

大洋磷酸盐化作用对富钴结壳元素富集的影响

中国首次对与大洋富钴结壳密切相关的磷酸盐化作用进行了研究。对取自西太平洋麦哲伦海山区一厚度为 10cm的富钴结壳样品 ,自顶至底以 5mm间距采取了 2 0个分层样品进行了成矿元素和稀土元素分析。结果表明 ,未被磷酸盐化的新结壳和磷酸盐化的老结壳间主要成矿元素的含量相差显著。老结壳中Fe、Mn、Si、Al、Zn、Mg、Co、Ni、Cu元素亏损 ,亏损次序为Co >Ni>Mg >Al>Mn >Si>Cu >Zn >Fe;而Ca、P、Sr、Ba、Pb元素含量增加 ,富集次序为P >Ca >Ba >Pb >Sr。研究认为 ,结壳中磷酸盐化作用的强弱制约着富钴结壳成矿元素含量的变化 ,磷酸盐化作用是造成老结壳中主要成矿元素Co、Ni等贫化流失的根本原因。研究还表明 ,磷酸盐化作用对富钴结壳的稀土元素丰度也产生一定影响 ,使老结壳的稀土总量和Ce含量高于新结壳 ,但未显著改变其稀土配分模式和分馏特征。研究证实 ,老结壳的Y正异常与磷酸盐化作用无关。磷酸盐化作用的研究为富钴结壳矿产资源的评价和综合利用提供了有用信息。     

地球科学中的现代分析技术

简述了现代地质分析的观念，在此基础上，从整体分析、微区原位分析和元素微区分布分析、显微观察和结构与形态分析、有机分析、地质年代学和稳定同位素分析及现场分析技术 6个方面评介了当今地质分析的现代技术与方法。地学需求是地质分析技术发展的原动力，现代分析科学是其发展的技术基础。最后指出了未来地质分析发展的主要趋向。     

手持式X射线荧光光谱仪在富钴结壳资源勘查中的应用

便携式X射线荧光光谱仪具有快速、无损分析的特点,本文重点研究了手持式X射线荧光光谱仪在富钴结壳碎块和浅钻岩心野外现场原位分析中的应用能力。采用压片法制样,以富钴结壳国家标准物质(GBW 07337~GBW 07339)和多金属结核国家标准物质(GBW 07249、GBW 07295和GBW 07296)作为校准样品,建立了手持式X射线荧光光谱仪测定富钴结壳样品的校准曲线。方法经国家标准物质GBW 07339验证,元素Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cu的精密度(RSD)在0.3%~3.0%之间,满足富钴结壳样品现场分析的要求。在海上资源勘查现场,应用手持式X射线荧光光谱仪对富钴结壳碎块和浅钻岩心原样进行了现场原位分析。富钴结壳碎块原样烘干后直接测试分析数据与实验室压片制样XRF分析数据对比表明,Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cu元素的测定值一致性良好;浅钻岩心的原位分析数据与实验室人工分层分析数据对比表明,各层位Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cu元素直接测试数据与实验室压片制样XRF分析数据分布趋势基本一致。实际应用研究表明,手持式X射线荧光光谱仪适合于现场原位分析,满足野外富钴结壳资源快速评价的要求,同时原位分析能更真实地反映原始富钴结壳岩心不同层位中各元素的变化特征,为进一步研究富钴结壳成矿机制提供更丰富的数据资料。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)