淮南矿区煤矸石的物质组成特征及资源化评价

本文利用各种测试方法,对淮南谢桥、新庄孜和张集煤矿采集的不同层位来源的240个煤矸石样品的化学成分、矿物成分和微量元素的进行测试与分析,得出了淮南矿区不同煤矿煤矸石的化学成分特征及其中微量元素的含量变化,评价了煤矸石中有害元素的环境影响作用。结合煤矸石基本特征,提出了合理的资源化利用途径,为煤矿开采过程的主要固体废物煤矸石综合利用和资源化、煤矿环境保护提供了参考资料。     

煤矸石对地下水污染的机理分析

煤矿露天开采剥离了大量的废弃物，这些废弃物在长期露天堆放的环境中，经历了降雨、淋滤、风化和自燃作用，发生了一系列的物理、化学作用，产生了大量的污染物质，导致了对生态环境的严重污染。本文选取抚顺煤田西舍场煤矸石对地下水污染的实例，阐述了煤矸石对地下水污染的现状，以及煤矸石污染的时空分布规律，煤矸石对地下水污染的途径、机理及发展趋势等。     

山东淄博煤矿区环境中多环芳烃的初步研究

对山东淄博煤矿区的煤、煤矸石、矿坑排水、煤矸石淋滤水以及煤矿地下水中多环芳烃的含量进行了测试研究。结果表明,该煤矿区的煤及煤矸石中含有多环芳烃;矿坑排水、煤矸石淋滤水及地下水中的多环芳烃与煤层及煤矸石的淋滤有关,煤矿开采引起的多环芳烃污染应引起重视。      

中国煤矿废弃物环境效应研究进展

简述煤矿废弃物的环境地球化学效应和治理方法。分别论述了煤矸石山的自燃、淋滤和煤矿矿井水的环境效应。研究发现，煤矸石自燃会释放出SO2、CO、H2S、CO2、NOx、CH4、多环芳烃(PAHs)等多种有毒有害物质；煤矸石中的有害元素As、Cd、F、Hg、Mo、Pb等含量多与硫化物、硫酸盐等正相关，连续化学浸取能将很大部分毒害元素溶出；矿井水直接排放会引起地下水位下降和环境污染。目前我国对煤矿废弃物的环境效应研究已经很重视，但煤矸石和矿井水资源化治理还存在一些问题。     

梁宝寺区环境地质现状分析评价

从大气、煤矸石、水环境和地面变形与沉降等方面,分析了梁宝寺区环境地质的基本特征,并对这些地质环境质量进行了现状评价,为日后煤矿设计、建设和生产阶段的环境治理和环境保护提供了参考资料。     

羊草沟煤矿煤矸石的煅烧特性及制作轻质墙体材料研究

本文研究了羊草沟煤矿煤矸石的高温相变特征;不同温度下煅烧煤矸石的Si、Al活性;以煅烧煤矸石等为原料在常压蒸汽养生条件下制作的轻质墙体材料制品高强度形成机制及反应过程。     

浙江省长兴县煤山盆地地球化学异常特征及环境质量初步评价

农业地质环境调查是新兴的地学研究领域。文章以长兴县农业地质环境调查结果为依据，结合区域浅层、深层土壤及浅层地下水测试分析数据的统计特征，圈定了煤山盆地土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Ni、Pb等重金属和与采煤有关的S、Br、Cl、F等不同元素的地球化学异常图，重点分析了异常的空间表现特征，并对土壤、浅层地下水环境质量进行初步评价。结果表明由于大量的煤矸石露天堆放，随着雨水的冲刷，煤矸石中的有毒、有害元素已进入土壤并发生表层富集现象，致使煤山镇、葆青煤矿一带15．5k^2土壤达到轻度一中度污染程度；煤矿矿灯厂虽然已在20世纪80年代停产关闭，但在长达30多年的生产过程中残渣、废液的排放，与之有关的Cu、Pb等有害元素对其周围1km^2左右范围内的土壤造成的重度污染，至今仍然存在。另一方面，盆地中虽然大量煤矸石的堆放已对局部土壤环境质量造成污染，但与煤矸石有关的有毒、有害物质尚未对浅层地下水造成影响。     

贾汪煤田采煤活动对环境的影响

江苏贾汪煤田的采煤活动,造成了一系列环境问题,主要包括采空塌陷、煤矸石堆放和疏干排水造成地下水资源枯竭等问题。通过采取一系列措施,对塌陷地、煤矸石和煤矿排水进行了综合利用,减少了资源浪费,取得了一定的经济效益和社会效益。     

小煤矿的环境污染及防治措施探讨

通过对盘县、金沙县等部分生产小煤矿及其周边的环境污染问题的调查研究，结合小煤矿的生产实际情况，探讨了煤矸石的应用(作为工业原材料、用于发电等)前景，煤矿污水简易处理(经三级沉淀后，一般可达到工业用水标准)方法及煤尘污染防治(巷道内设立水幕)等措施。     

峰峰矿区煤矸石淋滤与水环境污染分析

峰峰矿区煤矸石堆存量与占地面积呈现出逐年增加的趋势,给矿区的水环境造成了污染。采用煤矸石淋滤试验,在矿区6个主要开采煤矿选择了6组煤矸石样品,对其中的有毒有害成分,进行了连续8d的动态淋滤试验。试验结果显示,各样品在淋滤过程中,其浓度高峰一般在淋滤初期的1-3d,第8d达到相对低值。研究发现,煤矸石淋滤液中的pH值均小于地表水和地下水,有利于煤矸石中有毒有害成分的析出;煤矸石淋滤液中的NOx和F-是引起矿区附近地下水和地表水污染的主要原因。该结果为矿区水环境污染情况提供了理论依据,同时也提出了相应的防治措施。     

平顶山矿区煤矸石特征及综合利用途径

在查明平顶山矿区煤矸石占地面积、矸石积存量及年排矸量的基础上，作者系统地采集了全矿区井上和井下煤矸石样品，进行了化学分析、工业分析、光谱分析、Ｘ射线衍射、岩矿鉴定和扫描电镜测定。查明了本矿区煤矸石的成分、矿物及微量元素特征。并指出了各类矸石可资进行综合利用的途径。     

Leaching Behavior of Fly Ashes from Power Plants

The Yanzhou mine district, located in southwestern Shandong Province, is about 1300 km2 with more than 8×109tons of proved coal reserves and there are 10 big power plants in this area. A large amount of coal ashes, which are regarded as waste materials, have been stockpiled in the area and have influenced the environment of the mine district. In this paper, analysis of fly ash samples from three power plants is carried out, the enrichment and concentration of trace elements, Pb, Zn, Cu and As, in coal ashes are analyzed, and petrological and mineralogical characteristics and chemical compositions of coal ashes are studied. The aim of this work is to provide basic scientific data for utilization of ashes and reduction of environmental pollutions.     

Geological controls on natural ecosystem recovery on mine waste in southern New Zealand

Slopes of an abandoned waste rock at Wangaloa coal mine, south-east New Zealand, have naturally developed variable vegetation cover over the last 40–60 years. Three distinct areas of revegetation can clearly be identified: dense cover, patchy cover, and largely unvegetated, and the differences in revegetation success are directly related to the physical properties of different rock types making up the waste rock substrate. The colonizing plants have become established in largely unweathered rock with essentially no soil development. Quartz gravel and siltstone waste rock are the two principal rock types forming substrates for revegetation. The quartz gravel has clasts up to 3 cm, and was derived from the coal-bearing sequence. Siltstone was largely derived from a Quaternary loess cap on the coal mine area. These two substrates have similar mineral contents, and this mineral material provides the low level of available nutrients. However, there is little difference in nutrient status or trace element load of the different substrates, and differences in cohesion, moisture content, and proportion of quartz pebbles control revegetation success. Finer grained matrix has been flushed from quartz gravel waste rock by rain water, leaving a dry surface armour layer of quartz pebbles. This surface layer inhibits plant establishment, so quartz gravel waste rock remains largely unvegetated. Erosion creates deep rills, and steep surfaces creep downslope. In contrast, full vegetation cover was established on the siltstone waste rock that was cohesive and did not erode. Patchy revegetation was localized by siltstone in mixed quartz gravel and siltstone substrate. Invertebrate diversity and distribution were closely linked to the spatial patterns of revegetation. The rate of revegetation and ecosystem recovery was primarily dependent on the proportion of siltstone waste rock in the last dumped truck load. A quartz pebble content <15% is optimal for plant establishment.     

煤层底板断裂突水时间弱化效应机理的仿真模拟研究—以开滦赵各庄煤矿为例

采用现场地应力实测、室内不同含水量情况下的断裂带物质的单轴、三轴常规和流变力学试验以及弹塑性三维可视化数值仿真模拟（FLAC^3D)等研究，获得了断裂带物质弱化效应力学参数，阐述了其弱化机理和主要控制因素，提出了煤层底板断裂构造突水时间弱化效应的新概念。对赵各庄矿13水平（－1100m)F8断层破碎带穿越的首采区安全回采方案做出了预测和评价。     

矿井层间滑动构造定量评价——以潘集一矿为例

煤层及其顶底板中滑动现象极为普遍。层滑构造是导致煤层不稳定的主要因素,常常造成煤层厚度的突然变化,甚至形成无煤区,严重影响煤炭生产。为了掌握并了解矿区层滑构造的分布规律及发育强度,采用模糊综合评判法,取煤层层滑断层密度、煤层异常指数、断层密度、断层的强度指数、构造煤的发育强度指数、岩层组合关系量化参数6个评价指标,对矿区层间滑动构造复杂程度进行评价。结果表明:采用模糊综合评判法所得评价结果与矿区揭露结果相似。结合矿区地质条件预测深部未采区层滑构造发育程度取得了良好的效果,这为矿区生产部署提供了参考依据。      

钱家营矿六采区地震地质条件分析

为提 高对 采 区 范 围内 地 质 构 造的 控 制 程 度,开 滦钱 家 营 矿 先后 在 六 采 西区 、辅 六采 区 进 行 了三 维 地 震 探 测 ,以 查明 该 区内 的地 质 构造 、煤 层赋 存 状况 及火 成 岩分 布情 况 ,从目 前 的部 分实 见 情况 看,探测 结 果同 实 际情 况 有 较 大出 入。根 据实 见资 料 结合 该区 的 地震 地质 条 件分 析其 主 要原 因是 该 区地 震地 质 条件 复杂 ,造 成多 次 波发 育,对煤 层 波产 生了 强 烈的 干扰 ,影 响 了有 效波 的 接收 ,使 探测 结果 出 现偏 差。     

Environmental characterisation of coal mine waste rock in the field: an example from New Zealand

Characterisation of mine waste rock with respect to acid generation potential is a necessary part of routine mine operations, so that environmentally benign waste rock stacks can be constructed for permanent storage. Standard static characterisation techniques, such as acid neutralisation capacity (ANC), maximum potential acidity, and associated acid–base accounting, require laboratory tests that can be difficult to obtain rapidly at remote mine sites. We show that a combination of paste pH and a simple portable carbonate dissolution test, both techniques that can be done in the field in a 15 min time-frame, is useful for distinguishing rocks that are potentially acid-forming from those that are acid-neutralising. Use of these techniques could allow characterisation of mine wastes at the metre scale during mine excavation operations. Our application of these techniques to pyrite-bearing (total S = 1–4 wt%) but variably calcareous coal mine overburden shows that there is a strong correlation between the portable carbonate dissolution technique and laboratory-determined ANC measurements (range of 0–10 wt% calcite equivalent). Paste pH measurements on the same rocks are bimodal, with high-sulphur, low-calcite rocks yielding pH near 3 after 10 min, whereas high-ANC rocks yield paste pH of 7–8. In our coal mine example, the field tests were most effective when used in conjunction with stratigraphy. However, the same field tests have potential for routine use in any mine in which distinction of acid-generating rocks from acid-neutralising rocks is required. Calibration of field-based acid–base accounting characteristics of the rocks with laboratory-based static and/or kinetic tests is still necessary.     

Post-mine metal transport and attenuation in the Keno Hill mining district, central Yukon, Canada

 The Keno Hill mining district in central Yukon was the second largest silver producer in Canada with mines operating from 1913 to 1989 on more than 65 vein silver deposits. The seven and a half decades of mining activities have generated large volumes of mine waste disposed on the land surface, resulting in elevated metal contents in numerous small drainages. To assess the extent of metal mobilization, old mine workings and the associated mine waste were examined and the water courses draining to a major river valley sampled. The results of field observations and an array of water and sediment analyses led to three major conclusions. 1. Acid mine drainage is not widespread because of galvanic protection of pyrite from oxidative dissolution and neutralization by carbonates in the country rock. 2. Mechanisms operative to limit aqueous metal transport in small streams in the district include cryogenic precipitation, coprecipitation and sorption. 3. The near-surface concentration of metals limits the options of waste disposal in future mining developments due to potential metal-leaching problems. Received: 12 December 1995 · Accepted: 26 March 1996     

Uranium migration and retention during weathering of a granitic waste rock pile

This study investigates the post-mining evolution of S-type granitic waste rocks around a former uranium mine, Vieilles Sagnes (Haute Vienne, NW Massif Central, France). This mine was operated between 1957 and 1965 in the La Crouzille former world-class uranium mining district and is representative of intra-granitic vein-type deposits. 50 years after mine closure and the construction and subsequent re-vegetation of the granitic waste rock pile, we evaluate the environmental evolution of the rock pile, including rock alteration, neo-formation of U-bearing phases during weathering, and U migration. Vertical trenches have been excavated through the rock pile down to an underlying paleo-soil, allowing the investigation of the vertical differentiation of the rock pile and its influence on water pathways, weathering processes and U migration and retention. Arenization dominantly drives liberation of U, by dissolution of uraninite inclusions in the most alterable granitic minerals (i.e. K-feldspar and biotite). Retention of U in the matrix at the base of the waste rock pile, and in the underlying paleo-soil most likely occurs by precipitation of (nano-) uranyl phosphates or a combination of co-precipitation and adsorption reactions of U onto Fe (oxy)hydroxides and/or clay minerals. Even though U-migration was observed, U is retained in stable secondary mineral phases, provided the current conditions will not be modified.