Comparison of the Influence of Interannual Vegetation Variability between Offline and Online Simulations

This study investigates the influence of interannual vegetation variability. Two sets of offline and online simulations were performed using the Community Earth System Model. The interannual Global LAnd Surface Satellite （GLASS） leaf area index （LAI） dataset from 1985 to 2000 and its associated climatological LAI were used to replace the default climatological LAI data in version 4 of the Community Land Model （CLM4）. The re- sults showed that on a global scale, canopy transpiration and evaporation, as well as total evapotranspiration in offline simulations were significantly positively corre- lated with LAI, whereas ground evaporation and ground temperature showed significant negative correlation with LAI. However, the correlations in online simulations were reduced markedly because of interactive feedbacks between albedo, changed climatic factors and atmospheric variability. In the offline simulations, the fluctuations of differences in interannual variability of evapotranspiration and ground temperature focused on vegetation growing regions and the magnitudes were smaller. Those in online simulations spread over more regions and the magnitudes were larger. These results highlight the influence of interannual vegetation variability, particularly in online simulations, an effect that deserves consideration and attention when investigating the uncertainty of climate change.     

植被覆盖异常变化影响陆面状况的数值模拟

利用NCAR最新的公用陆面模式CLM3．0，通过数值模拟初步研究了植被叶面积指数（LAI，leafareaindex）异常变化对陆面状况的可能影响，结果表明，植被LAI的异常变化能够引起地表能量平衡、地表水循环等陆面状况的异常。（1）植被LAI的异常变化主要影响太阳辐射在植被与地表之间的分配，以及地表的感热、潜热通量。植被LAI增大，能够引起植被吸收的太阳辐射增加，而到达土壤表面的太阳辐射减小，并导致植被的蒸发、蒸腾潜热通量增加，造成地表的蒸发潜热和感热通量不同程度的减小。（2）植被LAI增大时，植被对降水的拦截和植被叶面的蒸发增大，植被的蒸腾作用也明显增强；植被LAI增加会使得热带地区各个季节的土壤表面蒸发、地表径流减小，而土壤湿度有所增加；LAI增加造成中高纬度地区土壤蒸发的减少主要出现在夏季；LAI增加还能够引起中高纬地区冬、春积雪深度不同程度的增加，造成春末、夏初地表径流的增加。（3）植被LAI增加能够使得叶面和土壤温度有所下降，但植被LAI的变化对叶面、土壤温度的影响相对较小。     

The Interactive Climate and Vegetation Along the Pole-Equator Belts Simulated by a Global Coupled Model

The interaction between climate and vegetation along four Pole-Equator-Pole （PEP） belts were explored using a global two-way coupled model, AVIM-GOALS, which links the ecophysiological processes at the land surface with the general circulation model （GCM）. The PEP belts are important in linking the climate change with the variation of sea and land, including terrestrial ecosystems. Previous PEP belts studies have mainly focused on the paleoclimate variation and its reconstruction. This study analyzes and discusses the interaction between modern climate and vegetation represented by leaf area index （LAI） and net primary production （NPP）. The results show that the simulated LAI variation, corresponding to the observed LAI variation, agrees with the peak-valley variation of precipitation in these belts. The annual mean NPP simulated by the coupled model is also consistent with PIK NPP data in its overall variation trend along the four belts, which is a good example to promote global ecological studies by coupling the climate and vegetation models. A large discrepancy between the simulated and estimated LAI emerges to the south of 15°N along PEP 3 and to the south of 18°S in PEP 1S, and the discrepancy for the simulated NPP and PIK data in the two regions is relatively smaller in contrast to the LAI difference. Precipitation is a key factor affecting vegetation variation, and the overall trend of LAI and NPP corresponds more obviously to precipitation variation than temperature change along most parts of these PEP belts.     

CMIP5模式对冬季北极涛动的模拟和预估

基于NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和CMIP5的19个模式结果,从异常模态、年代际趋势和周期特征等方面评估了CMIP5耦合模式对冬季北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation,AO)的模拟能力,并对未来RCP4.5、RCP8.5两种浓度路径下AO的可能变化趋势给出了定性的预估。CMIP5模式历史试验结果显示,大多数模式都能够模拟出AO模态的基本结构,但是对中心位置、强度的模拟存在较大的偏差,其中MPI-ESM-LR和Had GEM2-AO能较好地模拟出AO整体模态来。在历史演变和周期特征的刻画方面,模式的冬季海平面气压经验正交函数分解第一模态时间序列(Principal Component,PC1)基本能够反映出1950~1970年以来的减弱趋势,但对1970年以后的增长趋势模拟并不明显,而北半球环状模指数(Zonal Index,ZI)序列对两个阶段的趋势均可模拟出来,模式的PC1和ZI序列总体表现为正的变化趋势。有一半以上的模式对2~3 a高频周期模拟较好,但对20 a左右的周期模拟较差,其中仅有Can ESM2、CNRM-CM5、GFDL-ESM2G这3个模式对ZI指数的两个周期变化模拟较好。在RCP4.5和RCP8.5两种浓度路径下,ZI序列有显著的上升趋势,从长期趋势系数看RCP4.5路径下有14个模式呈现正的变化趋势,其中有10个模式通过了检验。RCP8.5浓度路径下,16个模式为正变化趋势,有11个模式通过了检验,集合平均结果正变化趋势较为显著。两种浓度路径下不同时段的海平面气压变化趋势表明,ZI序列的年代际变化明显,存在3个不同的变化阶段——2006~2039年、2070~2100年为两个上升阶段,2040~2069年为缓慢下降阶段。     

Evaluating the Dependence of Vegetation on Climate in an Improved Dynamic Global Vegetation Model

The capability of an improved Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM) in reproducing the impact of climate on the terrestrial ecosystem is evaluated. The new model incorporates the Community Land ModelDGVM (CLM3.0-DGVM) with a submodel for temperate and boreal shrubs, as well as other revisions such as the two-leaf scheme for photosynthesis and the definition of fractional coverage of plant functional types (PFTs). Results show that the revised model may correctly reproduce the global distribution of tempera...     

一组RegCM4动力降尺度对中国群发性高温事件的模拟评估

基于高分辨率格点数据集CN05.1和区域气候模式RegCM4对4个全球气候模式动力降尺度模拟（CdR、EdR、HdR、MdR）,识别了观测和模拟的1981—2005年中国群发性高温事件（CHTE）。在此基础上,评估了模式对中国CHTE的模拟能力。结果表明：4个动力降尺度模拟以及多模式集合（MME）均能很好地模拟出中国CHTE频次、持续时间和累计强度的空间分布。不过,HdR模拟的CHTE发生次数在新疆地区略偏少,而其他3个模拟试验的CHTE次数在中国东南部略偏多。观测中CHTE持续时间、极端强度、累计强度、最大影响面积、平均影响面积、综合强度等的频率分布规律均能被合理再现。MME也能很好模拟观测揭示的CHTE综合强度以及频次、持续时间、强度、影响面积等单项指标的上升趋势。单模式成员亦可再现大多数指标的上升趋势,但也存在一定不足,如EdR模拟的CHTE综合强度呈减弱趋势,MdR模拟的CHTE频次和极端强度呈弱的下降趋势。     

动态植被模型模拟的植被季节变化及其评估

利用MODIS卫星观测资料,对一个考虑了生态系统碳氮循环过程的动态植被模型ICM的模拟性能进行了评估.重点对反映植被动力学的关键参数--叶面积指数(LAI)的模拟结果与观测进行了对比分析,评估了ICM对LAI季节变化特征的模拟能力.结果表明,ICM基本能够模拟出植被的季节变化特征.总体而言,模拟值在低纬度和高纬度地区大...     

CMIP模式对冬季北半球大气环流与青藏高原冬春季气温相关关系的模拟评估

本文评估了36个CMIP5模式和39个CMIP6模式对近期观测中揭示的北半球冬季大气环流与高原冬春气温之间的相关关系的模拟能力。利用最大协方差(MCA)分析方法,计算并比较了观测和模式中冬季北半球200 hPa位势高度场与同后期青藏高原近地面气温的耦合关系。整体而言,大部分CMIP模式能够模拟出显著的冬季北半球大气环流与青藏高原气温之间的相关关系,且CMIP6模式模拟相关特征和作用机制的能力较CMIP5均有所提升。与观测相比,历史情景下36个CMIP5模式中有26个能够模拟出显著的大气环流与同后期高原气温之间的相关关系,其中对于相关的位势高度场空间模态的模拟明显好于对高原气温异常场空间模态的模拟。同情景下39个CMIP6模式中有37个能模拟出显著相关关系,且CMIP6模式更能模拟出观测中MCA模态的位势高度场上北极涛动(AO)和西太平洋遥相关型(WP)反相位叠加的大气环流特征。在对MCA模态时间变率的模拟上,大部分模式都能重现青藏高原整体变暖的趋势,部分模式能够模拟出观测中位势高度场时间主成分的年际变率,并且CMIP6表现要优于CMIP5。对耦合环流型的动力诊断显示,相比CMIP5模式,CMIP6中有更多模式可以模拟出极地—高原之间的遥相关波列,且对波列结构的模拟更完整。     

动态冠层模型ICM的改进及其对中高纬地区植被季节和年际变化的模拟试验

植被动态冠层模型Interactive Canopy Model(ICM)考虑了生态系统中较完整的碳氮循环过程,能够较为客观真实地描述较短时间尺度上植被的动态变化特征.本文在ICM原有碳氮分配方案基础上,考虑了植物花、果实等新生组织对碳氮分配的影响,假设新生组织碳库是花期以后植物的主要碳汇之一,并利用物候模型Fore-...     

CMIP5多模式对阿留申低压气候特征的模拟检验与预估

利用观测的海温资料和海平面气压资料,检验了CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5,CMIP5)多模式对阿留申低压(Aleutian Low,AL)特征指数的时空分布和变化的模拟能力;从AL周期及变化趋势等方面,分析了CMIP5模式预估的未来AL的变化特征。结果表明,CMIP5模式及其集合平均能够很好地模拟AL的环流结构,对AL的气候态有着较强的模拟能力,尤其是模式对于东太平洋海表温度的模拟能力直接影响其对于AL的模拟效果。模式的集合平均对变率强度的模拟偏强,且对于变率的模拟效果逊于对气候态的模拟。22个模式中的16个模式能模拟出AL强度指数的年代际变化周期,对年代际周期有着较好的刻画能力。Historical试验下对于AL的变化趋势存在着较大的不确定性,而相对于两种不同排放情景,随着排放的增加,AL更加偏北,强度增强,年际、年代际周期变得更加显著。在两种排放情景下模式的集合平均以及多数模式模拟出AL有着向北和增强的趋势。     

Improving Simulations of Vegetation Dynamics over the Tibetan Plateau: Role of Atmospheric Forcing Data and Spatial Resolution

The efficacy of vegetation dynamics simulations in offline land surface models (LSMs) largely depends on the quality and spatial resolution of meteorological forcing data. In this study, the Princeton Global Meteorological Forcing Data (PMFD) and the high spatial resolution and upscaled China Meteorological Forcing Data (CMFD) were used to drive the Simplified Simple Biosphere model version 4/Top-down Representation of Interactive Foliage and Flora Including Dynamics (SSiB4/TRIFFID) and investigate how meteorological forcing datasets with different spatial resolutions affect simulations over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), a region with complex topography and sparse observations. By comparing the monthly Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Gross Primary Production (GPP) against observations, we found that SSiB4/TRIFFID driven by upscaled CMFD improved the performance in simulating the spatial distributions of LAI and GPP over the TP, reducing RMSEs by 24.3% and 20.5%, respectively. The multi-year averaged GPP decreased from 364.68 gC \begin{document}${\mathrm{m}}^{-2}\;{\mathrm{y}\mathrm{r}}^{-1}$\end{document} to 241.21 gC \begin{document}${\mathrm{m}}^{-2}\;{\mathrm{y}\mathrm{r}}^{-1}$\end{document} with the percentage bias dropping from 50.2% to –1.7%. When using the high spatial resolution CMFD, the RMSEs of the spatial distributions of LAI and GPP simulations were further reduced by 7.5% and 9.5%, respectively. This study highlights the importance of more realistic and high-resolution forcing data in simulating vegetation growth and carbon exchange between the atmosphere and biosphere over the TP.     

Water vapor transport and cross-equatorial flow over the Asian-Australia monsoon region simulated by CMIP5 climate models

The summer mean water vapor transport (WVT) and cross-equatorial flow (CEF) over the Asian-Australian monsoon region simulated by 22 coupled atmospheric-oceanic general circulation models (AOGCMs) from the World Climate Research Programme’s Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) were evaluated. Based on climatology of the twentieth-century simulations, most of models have a reasonably realistic representation of summer monsoon WVT characterized by southeast water vapor conveyor belt over the South Indian Ocean and southwest belt from the Arabian Sea to the East Asian. The correlation coefficients between NCEP reanalysis and simulations of BCC-CSM1-1, BNU-ESM, CanESM2, FGOALS-s2, MIROC4h and MPI-ESM-LR are up to 0.8. The simulated CEF depicted by the meridional wind along the equator includes the Somali jet and eastern CEF in low atmosphere and the reverse circulation in upper atmosphere, which were generally consistent with NCEP reanalysis. Multi-model ensemble means (MME) can reproduce more reasonable climatological features in spatial distribution both of WVT and CEF. Ten models with more reasonable WVT simulations were selected for future projection studies, including BCC-CSM1-1, BNU-ESM, CanESM2, CCSM4, FGOALS-s2, FIO-ESM, GFDL-ESM2G, MRIOC5, MPI-ESM-LR and NorESM-1M. Analysis based on the future projection experiments in RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP8.5 show that the global warming forced by different RCP scenarios will results in enhanced WVT over the Indian area and the west Pacific and weaken WVT in the low latitudes of tropical Indian Ocean.     

北半球陆面过程对全球变暖响应特征的初步分析

利用NCAR气候系统模式CCSM3.0 IPCC AR420世纪气候（20C3M）和21世纪SRES A1B排放情景下的模拟结果,着重分析了未来北半球陆面情况对全球变暖的总体响应特征。对比分析模式对20世纪和21世纪SRES A1B情景下的模拟结果表明：北半球陆面的水、热过程在全球变暖背景下将发生显著的变化。伴随全球地面温度的持续升高,北半球陆面的净辐射通量、感热通量和潜热通量均表现出不同程度的上升趋势,其中潜热通量的增幅明显高于感热通量;伴随着全球变暖,地表的水循环也发生了明显的变化,具体表现为北半球降水持续增多,陆面蒸发明显增加,地表径流也呈现出总体增加的趋势,但土壤含水量则表现出减少的趋势。     

1981—2013年6—7月江淮地区切变线及暴雨统计分析

利用第5次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)提供的39个全球气候模式模拟的1961—2005年逐月500 hPa位势高度场资料,以及同期美国国家环境预测中心再分析资料,通过经验正交函数分解提取主要模态,基于泰勒图方法、概率密度函数的Brier评分和显著性评分指标,探讨CMIP5模式对东亚500 hPa高度场主要模态时空结构的模拟能力,寻求具有较好东亚环流型态模拟能力的气候模式以及模拟较好的主模态。结果表明:(1) CMIP5模式能够模拟出东亚500 hPa高度场主要模态,且各模式对冬季主要模态时空结构的模拟能力都高于夏季。(2) 各模式对冬季模态(西太平洋遥相关型)模拟能力最强,第3模态最差,对冬季主要模态空间结构模拟较好的模式为IPSL-CM5B-LR、MPI-ESM-P、CMCC-CMS、FGOALS-g2、HadGEM2-ES;夏季第1模态空间结构模拟能力最强,其次分别为第2模态和东亚-太平洋型(简记第3模态),西太平洋遥相关型较差,对夏季主要模态空间结构模拟较好的模式为ECEARTH、CanESM2、CMCC-CM、GFDL-ESM2G、IPSL-CM5A-MR。(3)对主要模态时间系数概率密度函数特征的模拟评估表明,模式对冬季第2模态概率密度函数的模拟较好,其次为西太平洋遥相关型,其主要模态时间系数的概率密度函数模拟较好的模式为CESM1-FASTCHEM、HadGEM2-ES、INM-CM4、GISS-E2-H、BCC-CSM1-1;模式对夏季第2模态时间系数的概率密度函数模拟较好,其次分别为第3模态、西太平洋遥相关型,其主要模态时间系数概率密度函数模拟较好的模式为CCSM4、HadGEM2-CC、GFDL-CM3、MRI-CGCM3、NorESM1-M。(4)综合时空结构模式模拟能力,对冬季主要模态模拟较好的前5个模式为HadGEM2-ES、IPSL-CM5B-LR、CESM1-FASTCHEM、INM-CM4、BCC-CSM1-1;夏季前5个模式为ECEARTH、CMCC-CM、CCSM4、CANESM2、MIROC5。     

The Impacts of the Interannual Variability of Vegetation on the Interannual Variability of Global Evapotranspiration: A Modeling Study

The impact of the interannual variability (IAV) of vegetation on the IAV of evapotranspiration is investigated with the Community Land Model (CLM3.0) and modified Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM). Two sets of 50-year off-line simulations are used in this study. The simulations begin with the same initial surface-water and heat states and are driven by the same atmospheric forcing data. The vegetation exhibits interannual variability in one simulation but not in the other simulation. However, the climatological means for the vegetation are the same. The IAV of the 50-year annual total evapotranspiration and its three partitions (ground evaporation, canopy evaporation, and transpiration) are analyzed. The global distribution of the evapotranspiration IAV and the statistics of evapotranspiration and its components in different ecosystems show that the IAV of ground evaporation is generally large in areas dominated by grass and deciduous trees, whereas the IAV of canopy evaporation and transpiration is large in areas dominated by bare soil and shrubs. For ground evaporation, canopy evaporation, and transpiration, the changes in IAV are larger than the mean state over most grasslands and shrublands. The study of two sites with the same IAV in the leaf area index (LAI) shows that the component with the smaller contribution to the total evapotranspiration is more sensitive to the IAV of vegetation. The IAV of the three components of evapotranspiration increases with the IAV of the fractional coverage (FC) and the LAI. The ground evaporation IAV shows the greatest increase, whereas the canopy evaporation shows the smallest increase.     

7个CMIP5模式的平流层、对流层温度趋势与SSU/MSU观测资料的对比

采用1979—2005年美国大气海洋局(NOAA)的卫星观测资料和IPCC第5次全球气候变化比较试验(CMIP5)的模式资料,对全球对流层和平流层近26 a的气温趋势进行了研究。结果表明,CMIP5模拟的全球平均大气温度趋势与观测结果较一致,能够再现平流层冷却和对流层增温等特点,但是在气温趋势的经纬度分布上,模式资料与观测资料间存在较大差异,同时模式间也存在明显的不一致。与观测资料相比,CMIP5模式资料低估了平流层在热带地区的降温速率,而且明显高估了对流层中部到平流层下层的南极区域的降温趋势。不同CMIP5模式间的最大标准方差出现在平流层的南北极区域,但是在对流层所有纬度上标准方差都保持着较小值。     

Does the integration of the dynamic nitrogen cycle in a terrestrial biosphere model improve the long-term trend of the leaf area index?

The carbon cycle strongly interacts with the nitrogen cycle. Several observations show that the effects of global change on primary production and carbon storage in plant biomass and soils are partially controlled by N availability. Nevertheless, only a small number of terrestrial biosphere models represent explicitly the nitrogen cycle, despite its importance on the carbon cycle and on climate. These models are difficult to evaluate at large spatiotemporal scales because of the scarcity of data at the global scale over a long time period. In this study, we benchmark the capacity of the O–CN global terrestrial biosphere model to reproduce temporal changes in leaf area index (LAI) at the global scale observed by NOAA_AVHRR satellites over the period 1982–2002. Using a satellite LAI product based on the normalized difference vegetation index of global inventory monitoring and modelling studies dataset, we estimate the long-term trend of LAI and we compare it with the results from the terrestrial biosphere models, either with (O–CN) or without (O–C) a dynamic nitrogen cycle coupled to the carbon–water-energy cycles. In boreal and temperate regions, including a dynamic N cycle (O–CN) improved the fit between observed and modeled temporal changes in LAI. In contrast, in the tropics, simulated LAI from the model without the dynamic N cycle (O–C) better matched observed changes in LAI over time. Despite differential regional trends, the satellite estimate suggests an increase in the global average LAI during 1982–2002 by 0.0020 m² m^?2 y^?1. Both versions of the model substantially overestimated the rate of change in LAI over time (0.0065 m² m^?2 y^?1 for O–C and 0.0057 m² m^?2 y^?1 for O–CN), suggesting that some additional limitation mechanisms are missing in the model. We also estimated the relative importance of climate, CO₂ and N deposition as potential drivers of the temporal changes in LAI. We found that recent climate change better explained temporal changes in LAI when the dynamic N cycle was included in the model (higher ranked fit for O–CN vs. O–C). Using the O–C configuration to estimate the direct effect of climate on LAI, we quantified the importance of climate-N cycle feedbacks in explaining the LAI response. We found that the warming-induced release of N from soil organic matter decomposition explains 17.5 % of the global trend in LAI over time, however, reaching up to 40.9 % explained variance in the boreal zone, which is a more important contribution than increasing anthropogenic nitrogen deposition. Our analysis supports a strong connection between warming, N cycling, and vegetation productivity. These findings underscore the importance of including N cycling in global-scale models of vegetation response to environmental change.     

高分辨率统计降尺度数据集NEX-GDDP对中国极端温度指数模拟能力的评估

利用1986—2005年中国地面气象台站观测的格点化逐日气温资料（CN05.1）评估了高分辨率统计降尺度数据集NASA Earth Exchange/Global Daily Downscaled Projections（NEX-GDDP）中21个全球气候模式对中国极端温度指数的模拟能力。在选用了日最低温度最大值（TNx）、日最高温度最大值（TXx）、暖夜指数（TN90p）和暖昼指数（TX90p）来研究极端温度事件的变化。结果显示:（1）除MRI-CGCM3模拟的日最高温度最大值外,其余模式对4个指数的模拟结果均表现出与观测一致的上升趋势,但模拟结果的平均值相对观测平均低0.26℃/（10 a）（日最低温度最大值）、0.19℃/（10 a）（日最高温度最大值）、2.21%/（10 a）（暖夜指数）、1.04%/（10 a）（暖昼指数）。（2）不同模式对各指数变化趋势空间分布特征的模拟存在较大差别,对日最低温度最大值、日最高温度最大值、暖夜指数和暖昼指数模拟能力最优模式分别为CCSM4、CESM1-BGC、MIROC-ESM-CHEM和bcc-csm1-1。模式模拟的日最低温度最大值和日最高温度最大值气候态平均值与观测值的相关系数在0.97以上。暖夜指数和暖昼指数模拟结果与观测值的标准差比值为0.34—1.58,均方根误差变化为1.6%—3.47%,对这两个指数模拟能力较优的模式分别为MIROC-ESM-CHEM（暖夜指数）和CESM1-BGC（暖昼指数）。（3）综合模式对4个指数在气候态平均值和变化趋势模拟能力的评估结果来看,CanESM2、CESM1-BGC和MIROC-ESM-CHEM显示了相对较高的模拟能力。因此,在利用GDDP-NEX研究未来极端温度事件时,建议将它们作为优选模式。      

巴州植被盖度的变化和状况评价

利用2004和2005年4￣9月250×250m分辨率Modis资料,计算了巴州绿洲区域的植被盖度。巴州2005年植被盖度与2004年同期相比,低盖度植被面积变化较大,中、高盖度植被面积相对较稳定。在低盖度植被变化中,1级负变化比较明显,说明低植被覆盖地区生态环境脆弱,植被的生长不稳定,需要加大保护力度。     

The Warming and Wetting Ecological Environment Changes over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Driving Effect of the Asian Summer Monsoon

The impact of warming and wetting on the ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (TP) under the background of climate change has been a concern of the global scientific community. In this paper, the optimized interpolation variational correction approach is adopted for the analysis of monthly high-resolution satellite precipitation products and observations from meteorological stations during the past 20 years. As a result, the corrected precipitation products can not only supplement the “blank area” of precipitation observation stations on the TP, but also improve the accuracy of the original satellite precipitation products. The precipitation over the TP shows different spatial changes in the vegetation growing season, known as the time from May to September. The precipitation in the vegetation growing season and leaf area index (LAI) in the following month show a similar change pattern, indicating a “one-month lag” response of LAI to precipitation on the TP. Further analysis illustrates the influence of water vapor transport driven by the Asian summer monsoon. Water vapor derived from trans-equatorial air flows across the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea is strengthened, leading to the increase of precipitation in the central and northern TP, where the trend of warming and wetting and the increase of vegetation tend to be more obvious. By contrast, as a result of the weakening trend of water vapor transport in the middle and low levels in southern TP, the precipitation decreases, and the LAI shows a downtrend, which inhibits the warming and wetting ecological environment in this area.