永登5.8级地震孕育发生过程中的断层形变与重力场动态图象特征s

初步研究了1995年7月22日甘肃永登5.8级地震孕育发生过程中的断层形变异常和重力场、垂直形变场动态演化特征．孕震过程中近源区有3处断层形变呈,,相变化异常,外围区1993年以来先后有10余处场地断层形变出现台阶、突跳等异常．流动重力监测到震前出现的高值异常区、同震效应及震后恢复正常的演变过程等．资料反映了孕震过程中近源区断层运动由准线性走向非线性的过程,重力场变化由孕育、发震过程的非均匀态走向震后的准均匀态的演化过程,较强地震的孕育发生与区域应力应变场的动态演化密切相关．还简要总结了作者对这次地震中短期预报试验的经验教训．      

岷县漳县6.6级地震前区域地壳运动变形背景与断层形变异常特征

利用甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震区所在的青藏块体东北缘地区的区域水准、GPS、流动重力和跨断层短测线等地形变监测资料,结合地质构造、动力环境和已往的研究结果,分析了不同类型资料反映的震前区域性地壳变形背景、断层形变异常特征和可能的机理.结果认为：（1）岷县漳县6.6级地震前西秦岭、六盘山等构造区不同程度地存在着GPS水平挤压闭锁高应变积累、垂直隆升异常高梯度带和重力升、降差异剧烈变化等中长期背景;（2）震前到震时发震断裂附近及其外围相关构造区域断层形变异常在空间和时间上的起伏波动变化显著,尤其是汶川地震以来的波动变化在一定程度上反映了与本区构造比邻的龙门山断裂带剧烈右旋错动对本区的影响,与本次岷县6.6级地震过程有关;（3）本区有地形变监测资料积累以来缺乏6级以上震例,虽然存在不同程度的中长期形变背景异常,但何时进入短期-短临阶段确实很难把握,需要不断积累总结和探索提高.     

华北地区断层形变异常与地震活动

根据断层形变求解的华北地区异常参数和应变累积率, 研究了华北主要断裂带的断层形变异常及其应震特征。 同一断裂带上的形变异常与该带上的地震有较好的对应性。 河套—张家口—蓬莱活动构造带上发生的强震, 北京地区的断层形变异常参数在总体上几乎都有明显的前兆性异常。 山西带北部的断层形变异常参数对山西断陷带及其延伸部位上的强震同样有较好的反映。 断层应变累积率反映了应力的积累程度, 其值相对较大时, 测点所在地区的地震较活跃, 反之亦然。     

永登5.8级地震孕育发生过程中的断层变形与重力场动态图象特征

初步研究了１９９５年７月２２日甘肃永登５．８级地震孕育发生过程中的断层形变异常和重力场、垂直形变场动态演化特征。孕震过程中近源区有３外断层形变呈α,β,γ相变化异常,外围区１９９３年以来先后有１０余处场地断层形变出现台阶、突跳等异常。流动重力监测到震肖出现的高值异常区、同震效应及震后恢复正常的演化过程等。资料反映了孕震过程中近源区断层运动由准线性走向非线性的过程,重力场变化由孕育、发震过程的非均匀     

汶川8.0级地震前断层形变异常及与其它大震的比较c

用蕴震系统信息合成和地壳形变图象动力学参量方法,对龙门山、鲜水河、安宁河断裂带69条跨断层形变观测时序（1997年1月——2008年1月）整体地作了数据处理,发现龙门山断裂带在汶川MS8.0地震前出现了整体活动强度增高（加速度运动）、突跳异常丛集和近震中断裂的快速滑动．汶川8.0级与唐山7.8级及丽江7.0级地震之前的断层形变异常具有相似性,呈现出一定的可重现性,但前者的异常强度偏低．用系统自组织理论、断裂力学、静地震、慢地震、蠕滑、亚板块挤压与深部物质向上运移的共同作用能初步解释这些异常现象．      

青藏块体东北缘现今构造形变与蕴震特征

利用青藏块体东北缘近30年的精密水准网、跨断层形变测量网复测资料，以及近年来GPS观测分析结果，结合地质构造与地震活动，初步研究和探讨了区域构造形变与强震蕴育的一些特征．结果表明:① 本区现今构造形变时空分布很不均匀:主要边界断裂附近构造形变相对强烈，远离则衰减．垂直差异运动强度和变形状态随时间演变，水平运动与变形呈明显的挤压走滑特征；② 印度板块的北推碰撞引起的青藏块体持续NE 向挤压运动所产生的构造应力场，是本区构造形变与地震蕴育的主控应力．构造形变及地震活动的时空分布演化，与块体活动及区域构造应力场动态演化密切相关；③ 构造块体边界地带出现的垂直形变异常隆起与高梯度形变带，以及显著地断层形变异常，是块体运动受阻、构造应力场强化而蕴育强震的一个标志，往往伴随有６级左右及以上强震活动，但地震并不一定发生在运动幅度最大的部位．断层形变异常呈现趋势积累——加速——转折变化特征的地段及附近，往往是应变能积累、强震蕴育发生的场所．      

民乐-山丹地震的区域构造变形背景与中短期前兆

利用青藏块体北缘地区2001～2003年GPS水平运动资料和1988—2003年跨断层短水准流动观测资料，借助改进的负位错模型及断层形变应变强度比一时变曲线，研究了与2003年10月25日民乐-山丹Ms6．1，Ms5．8地震孕育有关的区域构造变形背景与中短期前兆异常。分析表明，在昆仑山Ms8．1大震引起的大区域形变调整-短期松弛-开始恢复的背景下，民乐-山丹地震震源位于可能反映应变能积累加速的块体边界压性锁定段之间的剪应力强度增强段北侧；距震中最近的石灰窑口跨断层短水准流动场地在震前3个月呈现显著应变强度比异常，而震前10余天至数月内整个监测区异常个数、震前3个月相对近源区异常集中与局部增强均是对这两次地震的某种预示。     

甘肃及其边邻地区断层形变特征强度时序变化与强震关系

利用甘肃及其边邻地区20世纪80年代末至2009年11月跨断层短水准流动观测资料,提取相关断裂带各段的断层形变特征强度指标,分析其可能揭示的构造变形动态演化特征及与资料积累以来MS5.8级以上地震孕育—发生过程的关系。研究表明:各断裂段断层形变特征强度时序曲线对其内、边缘附近MS5.8级以上地震反映较好,震前数月至1年左右时间内多数对应与构造背景一致的逆断异常;震后异常消失,或者出现短暂的正断异常,反映调整状态。     

唐山、汶川地震地壳形变特征综合研究

通过对比分析1976年唐山7.8级和2008年汶川8.0级地震前后的区域水平和垂直形变场及跨断层形变的时空特征,归纳总结了与大地震孕育物理过程相关联的地壳形变共性特征.主要认识如下:(1)在中国大陆复杂的构造孕震环境下区域地壳形变场充分表现出非稳定态的起伏消长和复杂变化,在强震前孕震区地壳形变经历先增强后弱化的动态特征,剧烈形变局部化可能出现在震源区边缘附近;(2)震源区在震前数年主要表现为弱变形状态,可能是孕震晚期发震断层强闭锁、断层近场应力应变积累趋于极限的表现;(3)两次大地震前发震断层区域形变均显著偏离长期构造应变积累的变形方式,反映在大陆内部小尺度多块体的复杂构造孕震环境下局部应力应变场更容易出现扰动,且小块体边界临近发震的断层响应更为显著;(4)震源区边缘或外围可能出现显著的断层形变异常,而震源区内部由于发震断层处于强闭锁状态而不易观测到断层形变异常.     

1990年景泰6．2级地震前后甘肃东南部地区的区域异常──地震前兆与后效区分

在分析地震活动性、地壳形变和其它前兆资料基础上指出，１９９０年景泰６．２级地震前后甘肃东南部地区的区域异常具有变化速率小，起始时间不同步，异常反映的力学性质不一致等特征，其中以异常变化速率小最为显著。该特征与地壳形变及地震活动性异常变化有较好的一致性。通过分析，认为景泰６．２级地震前甘肃东南部地区出现的群体异常是共和７．０级地震和景泰６．２级地震的区域性前兆，震后该区持续的异常变化反映了强震后大范围内的应力调整过程。甘肃东南部地区构造环境特殊，该地区可能是南北地震带第５、第６强震组的共同调整区之一。     

Fault deformation anomaly and intermediate and short-term prediction of the Jingtai M_s=5.9 earthquake

IntroductionOn June 6, 2000, an earthquake of MS=5.9 occurred in Jingtai county, Gansu Province. The epicenter (37.1(N, 104.0(E) was located in Maomaoshan-Laohushan zone of the western segment of Liupanshan-Haiyuan fault along the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, where is the middle-eastern part of crustal deformation monitoring area of Gansu-Ningxia- Qinghai region. There are more than 50 spanning-fault mobile monitoring sites in the earthquake area and its vicinity (Fig…     

Fault deformation anomaly and intermediate and short-term prediction of the Jingtai M s=5.9 earthquake

The time-space distribution characteristics of fault deformation anomaly in the near-source region and its outlying zone in the seismogenic process of the Jingtai M _s=5.9 earthquake occurred on June 6, 2000 in Gansu Province is studied preliminarily. The distribution scope of fault deformation anomaly before the earthquake is wide, the anomaly shape is complicated and the pattern anomalous zone of fault deformation (strain) information index is obvious. The shape and amplitude of fault deformation anomaly in different regions differ significantly, which is closely related with the tectonic location of anomaly. The fault deformation anomaly of α, β, and γ phases along the western segment of Haiyuan fault zone shows the process from the quasi-linearity to non-linearity of fault movement in the near-source region, matches the high-value anomalous area of fault deformation (strain) information index, and reflects the high strain accumulation in the seismogenic region. However, the anomaly of abrupt jump and cusp with a large amplitude occurred in the areas far from the earthquake, such as Liupanshan fault zone which is the tectonic convergent section does not reflect the strain accumulation of its location, maybe it is a sign that the regional tectonic stress field is strengthened in the seismogenic process. Based on the above-mentioned facts and combined with the preliminary summary of experiences and lessons in the intermediate and short-term prediction of the Jingtai M _s=5.9 earthquake, we study and explore the application of fault deformation anomaly to earthquake judgment. Foundation item: National Key Basic Research Development Program (G1998040703 and G1998040705), and State Scientific and Technological Project of the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” (96-913-09-01-02-03 and 96-913-09-02-02-03), China.     

跨断层“点-线-面”研究方法及在震例分析中的应用

基于青藏高原东北缘地区跨断层短水准资料, 采用形变异常强度、 断层合成速率和断层形变趋势累积等多种研究方法, 利用“点-线-面”相结合的研究思路, 全面分析了2013年岷县漳县M_S6.6地震前的应变背景、 断层活动和短期形变特征。 结果显示: ① 该地震处于垂直形变累积率的高值区, 应变积累程度较高; ② 断裂带之间存在显著的运动差异, 发震断裂震前中短期运动速率显著增强, 并造成区域运动的不均衡, 西秦岭局部地区应变积累增加; ③ 随着强震的逼近, 震前显著异常场地分布明显向近震区迁移和集中, 且异常强度也随之增大。 以上结果对强震发生危险地点和发生时间有短期指示意义, 因此, “点-线-面”相结合的研究方法有利于认识地震前兆信息, 对地震孕育背景判定及地震危险性分析具有重要意义。     

The Geodynamic Mechanism of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake

Located on the east boundary of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake is the strongest event to hit the active block since the 2001 Kunlun Mountains Pass earthquake. In this study, a simplified source model of the Wenchuan earthquake is constructed based on the deep/shallow tectonic settings and crust/mantle structure features of the Longmenshan thrust fault zone. On the basis of dynamic model abstraction, we construct a system of dynamical equations for the seismogenic process and obtain the analytical expressions of stress and strain in the seismogenic process. A preliminary study of the seismogenic process of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, based on the analytical solution of the model and observation of tectonic deformation in the Longmenshan region, indicates that the seismogenic process of the Wenchuan earthquake took place over a period of more than 3200 years. The slow process of seismogeny and the long recurrence period of strong earthquakes are attributed to the low deformation rate of the Longmenshan tectonic zone.     

THE RESEARCH OF THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE LUSHAN EARTHQUAKE BASED ON THE SYNTHESIS OF THE DEEP SEISMIC DATA AND THE SURFACE TECTONIC DEFORMATION

The seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake has remained in suspensed until now. Several faults or tectonics, including basal slipping zone, unknown blind thrust fault and piedmont buried fault, etc, are all considered as the possible seismogenic structure. This paper tries to make some new insights into this unsolved problem. Firstly, based on the data collected from the dynamic seismic stations located on the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault deployed by the Institute of Earthquake Science from 2008 to 2009 and the result of the aftershock relocation and the location of the known faults on the surface, we analyze and interpret the deep structures. Secondly, based on the terrace deformation across the main earthquake zone obtained from the dirrerential GPS meaturement of topography along the Qingyijiang River, combining with the geological interpretation of the high resolution remote sensing image and the regional geological data, we analyze the surface tectonic deformation. Furthermore, we combined the data of the deep structure and the surface deformation above to construct tectonic deformation model and research the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake. Preliminarily, we think that the deformation model of the Lushan earthquake is different from that of the northern thrust segment ruptured in the Wenchuan earthquake due to the dip angle of the fault plane. On the southern segment, the main deformation is the compression of the footwall due to the nearly vertical fault plane of the frontal fault, and the new active thrust faults formed in the footwall. While on the northern segment, the main deformation is the thrusting of the hanging wall due to the less steep fault plane of the central fault. An active anticline formed on the hanging wall of the new active thrust fault, and the terrace surface on this anticline have deformed evidently since the Quaterary, and the latest activity of this anticline caused the Lushan earthquake, so the newly formed active thrust fault is probably the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake. Huge displacement or tectonic deformation has been accumulated on the fault segment curved towards southeast from the Daxi country to the Taiping town during a long time, and the release of the strain and the tectonic movement all concentrate on this fault segment. The Lushan earthquake is just one event during the whole process of tectonic evolution, and the newly formed active thrust faults in the footwall may still cause similar earthquake in the future.     

GRAVITY VARIATION BEFORE AND AFTER THE MS5.4 EARTHQUAKE IN CANGWU IN 2016

Based on the mobile gravity observation data in 2014-2016 in Guangxi and its adjacent areas, this paper systematically analyzed the changes of regional gravity field and its relation to the M_S5.4 Cangwu, Guangxi earthquake on July 31, 2016, and combined with GPS observation data and seismic geological survey results, discussed the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the changes of regional gravity field and its mechanism. The results show that:(1) Before and after the M_S5.4 Cangwu earthquake, the gravity anomaly changes near the earthquake area were closely related to the major faults in space, which reflects the crustal deformation and tectonic activities that caused the surface gravity change along the seismogenic fault in the period of 2014-2016; (2) The gravity changes near the epicenter before and after the M_S5.4 Cangwu earthquake showed an evolution process in which the positive gravity anomaly zone changed to the negative gravity anomaly zone, a gravity gradient belt appeared along NNE direction and the earthquake occurred in its reverse change process; (3) The epicenter of the M_S5.4 Cangwu earthquake located both near the gravity gradient belt and in the zero transition zone of the surface strain gradient and the edge of the high maximum shear strain rate area, the observational fact further proved that the dynamic image of gravitational field and deformation field have important instruction significance to the location prediction of strong earthquakes; (4) in recent years, the gravity dynamic change in northwestern Guangxi presented a four-quadrant distribution pattern, and there is the risk of generating earthquake of magnitude about 5 in the center of the quadrants.     

青藏高原东南缘多尺度重力场及构造含义

本文基于EGM2008重力场模型研究了青藏高原东南缘均衡重力异常和多尺度的布格重力异常特征, 以鲁甸和景谷地震为例, 认识其深部构造环境和动力学过程, 为该区域的构造运动和地震孕育环境研究提供依据。 结果表明, 研究区布格重力异常和均衡重力异常与地质构造格局相关性较好, 川滇地块剧烈的区域布格重力异常和非均衡状态与其强烈的地壳变形、 断裂及地震活动密切相关。 强震多分布在断裂带两侧重力异常的过渡地带和高梯度带, 断裂带两侧横向和垂向的显著介质密度差异是强震孕育的深部构造背景。 布格重力异常和均衡重力异常揭示的鲁甸、 景谷震源区深浅差异性的重力异常特征, 暗示鲁甸和景谷地震孕震环境的不同。     

华北盆地强震孕育的动力学机制研究

强震活跃区通常出现在地壳变形剧烈的地区.但是,华北盆地地壳变形速率小,而破坏性强震却十分频繁.文中利用有限元方法对华北盆地发震断层下方可能存在的速度异常体进行了力学分析,计算结果显示：无论这个异常区是低速异常还是高速异常,在水平构造力的作用下（无论是挤压还是引张力作用）,应力及应变能密度都在空间某些区域积聚.根据本文的工作及前人的研究结果,认为华北盆地强震孕育的物理机制如下：华北克拉通在减薄、破坏过程中,浸入的岩浆或上涌的地幔物质经过漫长的地质时期演化,成为低速异常体.当断裂带下面存在这种低速异常体时,水平向构造力的作用,会使异常体上方应力集中、应变能积聚.当异常体上方的应力水平达到某种限度,介质发生破坏.在破坏过程中,异常体释放的能量,使断裂带上的应变能集聚速度加快;另一方面,异常体的破坏使断层的闭锁面积减小.随着外部构造应力的持续加载,当发震断层上的应力及能量积累达到一定极限,断层产生错动,发生强震.同时,文中结果还显示,断层在从闭锁、积累能量到解锁、发生强震的过程中,其下方的低速异常体起着重要的推进作用.     

由孕震后期非线性层次演化探讨短临预报问题

鉴于震源区为最后失稳区,震前前兆信息量最少,最弱以最晚出现,而近源区的调整单元（弱介质区域蠕滑断层等）前兆信息量最多,最强以及最早出现,提出由异常区边界交汇法确定震源位置（以场求源）;又鉴于孕震过程存在阶段性和层次性,提出由阶段性和层次性表现的时间特征确定主震发生时间（简称层次法）由上述二个思路和方法,本文对１９９５年永登地震孕震全过程和短临预报了研究了,研究表明,在地点中期预报基础上进一步由层次