陕西关中地区冬季一次重霾污染过程及气象条件影响分析

利用陕西关中多站气象观测资料和颗粒物浓度监测资料,对2013年12月16—26日关中一次持续多日重霾污染天气过程的颗粒物污染特征及气象条件进行统计分析。结果表明,此次重霾污染事件主要是由细粒子PM_(2.5)造成。关中各站颗粒物浓度在污染过程中的变化具有区域同步性特征,各站PM_(2.5)浓度日均值的相关系数达0.71~0.96,且严重超标,区域最高小时浓度均值达508μg·m~(-3),污染非常严重。关中盆地特殊的喇叭口地形以及关中东部持续的强东风使得区域污染传输叠加本地污染循环累积,是17日关中各站PM_(2.5)浓度剧增的主要原因。污染严重阶段,西安和渭南持续的弱风和静风使得局地排放的污染物聚集,引起PM_(2.5)浓度振荡上扬;宝鸡21日PM_(2.5)浓度的爆发式增长则是由上游西安和渭南储备的高浓度PM_(2.5)在持续偏东风作用下远程传输所致;而铜川受山谷风影响,PM_(2.5)浓度具有显著日变化特征。长时间贴地、悬浮的多层逆温和低混合层高度的存在,抑制了污染物的垂直扩散,也造成低空水汽聚集在近地层,是PM_(2.5)浓度持续累积增长的重要原因。关中此次重霾污染的快速有效清除最终依赖于冷高压加强南下。     

2015年上海崇明岛PM2.5和PM10浓度变化特征 及气象因素影响分析

通过对2015年1—12月上海崇明岛崇南地区颗粒物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))浓度的连续监测,研究了PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)在不同季节的动态变化特征及与其他因子(SO_2、NO_2、O_3)的相关性,分析了风向风速和降雨对颗粒物浓度的影响。结果表明:崇明岛PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度的季节变化明显,呈现冬季的春季的秋季的夏季的的特征,冬季PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)小时浓度均值分别为0.058 mg/m~3和0.085 mg/m~3,夏季PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)均值分别为0.034 mg/m~3和0.054 mg/m~3。PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度分别与SO_2浓度和NO_2浓度显著正相关,与O_3显著负相关。全年来看,在西南风向时PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度较高,这主要受该方向上游吴淞工业区、宝钢、石洞口电厂、罗店工业区等工业排放影响;从高浓度颗粒物(PM_(2.5)质量浓度≥0.115 mg/m~3)来向看,北和西北风向时出现高浓度颗粒物的频率最高,这主要是受到我国北方采暖季大气颗粒物输送过程对崇明岛区域的脉冲式污染影响所致;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)实时浓度与相应的风速呈显著负相关。降雨量大于5 mm或持续3 h及以上的连续降雨对大气颗粒物起到显著的湿清除作用,降雨后PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度分别降低了68.0%和66.9%,降雨时和雨后PM_(2.5)浓度为0.025～0.033 mg/m~3,均低于我国环境空气PM_(2.5)的一级浓度限值。     

长三角地区城市O_3和PM_(2.5)污染特征及影响因素分析

O_3和PM_(2.5)是影响长三角地区空气质量的主要污染物。利用2016年33个城市大气环境监测站6项污染物的小时浓度及4个省会城市的气象数据进行统计分析,研究了该地区O_3和PM_(2.5)浓度的时空分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:长三角地区O_3年平均浓度为50～73μg·m~(-3),平均为61μg·m~(-3);除芜湖和宣城外,其余31城市均存在不同程度的超标状况,超标率为0.34%～18.86%,平均为5.68%。O_3在5月和9月达到浓度高值;四季O_3日变化均呈单峰型,峰值出现在15∶00,夏季O_3峰值浓度最高值为157μg·m~(-3)。O_3浓度沿海城市整体高于内陆城市;夏季宿迁—淮安—滁州片区O_3污染较重。O_3与NO_2、CO显著负相关,且与NO_2相关性较强;O_3与气温、日照时数显著正相关,与相对湿度、降水呈负相关。PM_(2.5)年平均浓度在25～62μg·m~(-3)范围内,平均为49μg·m~(-3);各城市均出现PM_(2.5)超标,滁州PM_(2.5)超标率最大,为23.91%。PM_(2.5)在3月和12、1月达到浓度峰值;其日变化呈双峰型,09∶00—10∶00和22∶00—23∶00达到峰值。冬季徐州PM_(2.5)浓度最高,为102μg·m~(-3)。PM_(2.5)与NO_2、CO、SO_2、PM_(10)显著正相关,与气温、风速、降水负相关。     

德州市PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)浓度特征分析

通多对德州PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度特征分析得出:德州PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度年平均值分别为82.3μg/m~3和144.3μg/m~3,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度明显超过二级标准。PM_(2.5)占PM_(10)的63%,二者呈明显的正相关,相关系数为0.8695。一天内,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度呈双峰型,最大值出现在8-10时,其次出现在22时;最低值出现在17时。一年内,4~9月PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度较小,8月份最小,PM_(2.5)浓度月均值为44.1μg/m~3。10~次年3月,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度较大,12月份最大,PM_(2.5)浓度月均值为201.2μg/m~3。统计发现:降水、绿色植被、水域能有效降低PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度。     

呼和浩特市2015年冬季空气质量指导预报检验分析

文章对呼和浩特市2015年冬季(2015年11月—2016年1月)空气质量指导预报从单时次预报、逐日预报、过程预报3个方面进行了检验分析。检验分析表明:(1)单时次(08时)PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)等要素浓度预报偏差在可接受范围内,其中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO、NO_2、O_3、SO_2冬季平均绝对误差分别为52.99、68.21、1.25、17.89、26.93、23.76ug·m~(-3),且PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)误差变化趋势较为一致,其相关系数为0.91;单时次(08时)AQI预报准确率为72.94%。(2)逐日AQI检验误差65.41,AQI预报准确率为64%。(3)空气质量污染过程预报较为滞后,其中单峰型污染过程波峰预报时间滞后48~60h;双峰型污染过程中第一个波峰预报时间滞后60h左右,而第二个波峰滞后1d左右;持续性污染过程中波峰预报时间滞后约36h。     

2014-2017年华北平原PM_(2.5)组分消光与能见度对比研究（英文）

华北平原大气污染与低能见度状况一直是人们关切的问题.本文通过分析2014-2017年PM_(2.5)化学成分的浓度和消光效果,研究了华北平原典型城市保定市的大气污染特征.结果表明,PM_(2.5)分的年均浓度显示下降趋势,水溶性无机离子,碳质气溶胶和金属元素分别减少了11μg m~(-3),23μg m_(-3)和1796 ng m_(-3).NH_4~+,NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)是PM_(2.5)污染的主要污染物,三者之和占总离子浓度的82.9%.基于IMPROVE方程对细颗粒物进行重构,在观测期间PM_(2.5)质量浓度平均为93±69μg m~(-3),春季,夏季,秋季和冬季的消光系数分别为373.8±233.6 M m~(-1)±,405.3±300.1 M m~(-1),554.3±378.2 M m~(-1)和1005.2±750.3 M m~(-1).硫酸铵,硝酸铵和有机物对消光的贡献最大,不同季节下占比达55%～77%.通过PM_(2.5)组分进行重构,利用IMPROVE算法计算得到Rbsca,用能见度测量值转换得到Vbsca,二者具有较高的相关性(r2=0.84);但存在Vbsca的高值被低估,Vbsca的低值被高估的现象;特别是当Rbsca 1123 M m~(-1)(对应能见度约小于2.0 km)时,Vbsca的值被低估了17.6%.高浓度PM_(2.5)和高湿度对IMPROVE算法结果有显著的影响.     

北京地区两次重污染过程中PM_(2.5)浓度爆发性增长及维持的气象条件

基于京津冀地区80个环境监测站PM_(2.5)浓度逐时监测资料和气象观测资料,以2016年12月16—21日和2017年1月1—7日雾和霾天气为例,分析PM_(2.5)浓度演变的气象条件。结果表明:气象条件在北京地区污染物浓度爆发性增长过程中具有重要作用。北京地区12月19—20日PM_(2.5)浓度出现爆发性增长,小时浓度在8 h内上升201μg·m~(-3),主要是边界层南风分量由地面增厚至700 m,700 m以上弱下沉抑制作用,结合地面辐合线维持所致;20—21日北京地区PM_(2.5)浓度维持高值且无日变化,是由于低空1.5 km出现弱回暖,逆温层显著增厚增强且无明显日变化,导致高浓度气溶胶无法有效扩散。综合来看,2016年12月16—21日污染物浓度爆发性增长的原因以外源性污染物输送为主;2017年1月3—4日污染物浓度爆发性增长原因与局地极端不利扩散条件及污染排放等其他因素有关。     

吐鲁番市颗粒物浓度变化特征及其与气象要素的关系

依据吐鲁番市2015年3月—2016年2月的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和气象资料,利用统计分析,探讨吐鲁番市PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度的变化特征及其与气象要素的关系。结果表明:冬季PM2.5与PM10浓度的平均值最高(106 ug/m3、184 ug/m~3),春季次之(63 ug/m~3、163 ug/m~3),夏季最低(33 ug/m~3、95ug/m~3),且冬季二者浓度的平均值比夏季分别高大约69%、48%。11月至次年2月,每个月中PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的污染程度在轻度污染以上的天数相比其它月份较多。PM_(10)与PM_(2.5)的日变化曲线特征呈现"双峰双谷"的特点;PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的比值在冬季达到了60%~80%,这说明吐鲁番冬季主要以PM2.5污染为主;PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)与能见度之间存在极其显著的相关性,相关系数分别为-0.904、-0.792,与单一气象要素(如相对湿度、风速、温度等)的相关性不明显,但不同气象要素的共同作用对其有显著影响。     

吐鲁番市颗粒物浓度变化特征及与气象要素的关系

依据吐鲁番市2015年3月—2016年2月的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和气象资料,利用统计分析,探讨吐鲁番市PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度的变化特征及其与气象要素的关系。结果表明:冬季PM2.5与PM10浓度的平均值最高(106 ug/m3、184 ug/m~3),春季次之(63 ug/m~3、163 ug/m~3),夏季最低(33 ug/m~3、95ug/m~3),且冬季二者浓度的平均值比夏季分别高大约69%、48%。11月至次年2月,每个月中PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的污染程度在轻度污染以上的天数相比其它月份较多。PM_(10)与PM_(2.5)的日变化曲线特征呈现"双峰双谷"的特点;PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的比值在冬季达到了60%~80%,这说明吐鲁番冬季主要以PM2.5污染为主;PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)与能见度之间存在极其显著的相关性,相关系数分别为-0.904、-0.792,与单一气象要素(如相对湿度、风速、温度等)的相关性不明显,但不同气象要素的共同作用对其有显著影响。     

北京南郊观象台β射线法和TEOM法PM10质量浓度比对观测的相关分析

利用北京南郊观象台2016年3月1日-2017年2月28日β射线法与TEOM法观测的PM_(10)质量浓度观测数据,通过t检验、线性回归和相关分析等方法对两种方法观测的小时、日、周、月、季等数据进行相关性分析。结果表明:两种方法观测的PM_(10)小时平均质量浓度总体的线性回归方程相关系数R~2为0.870;在低浓度范围(PM_(10)50μg·m~(-3))时二者为微弱相关(R~2=0.073);中等浓度范围(50μg·m~(-3)≤PM_(10)350μg·m~(-3))时二者为低度相关(R~2为0.257～0.346);高浓度范围(PM_(10)≥350μg·m~(-3))时二者为高度相关(R~2=0.686)。二者日平均PM_(10)质量浓度数据总体的R~2为0.929;二者PM_(10)质量浓度小时数据周相关系数为0.598～0.980。二者月平均PM_(10)质量浓度数据间的相关系数为0.628～0.976;二者季节的R~2为0.627～0.944,呈现冬季的秋季的春季的夏季的。由此可发现,两种观测方法观测的PM_(10)质量浓度的结果总体呈显著性的线性相关关系,且浓度越高,相关性越强。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on