电法测井的三维有限差分正演

研究了电法测井不同测量方式(井—地,地—井,井—井)下点源场井中电法的三维有限差分数值模拟。采用六面体网格剖分方式来对模型进行剖分,运用一维非零元素行压缩存储模式来存储系数矩阵,减少了内存需求和计算量;采用不完全Cholesky共轭梯度(ICCG)方法来求解线性方程组,提高了求解效率;编制了相应的程序实现了井—地、地—井、井—井、倾斜井条件下的电法测井三维有限差分数值模拟。设计的算例结果验证了该算法的正确性和效率性,并且分析了各种情形下的异常特征,为进一步的反演工作打下了基础。     

基于区域Delaunay自动剖分的含水层参数反演

针对地下水有限元数值模拟中区域三角网格剖分复杂难以处理的情况,提出适合其特点的Delaunay三角网格自动剖分方法,并对含有多个参数分区的含水层进行网格剖分,最后利用遗传算法和有限元程序相耦合来反演含水层水文地质参数。结果表明此方法可大大简化地下水数值模拟的前处理工作,并能提高有限元网格剖分的有效性和准确性,从而得到令人满意的数值模拟结果。     

一种电磁法三维数值模拟的建模与网格剖分方法

为满足电磁法三维数值模拟解释对交互建模与可视化网格剖分的需求,利用计算机图形学、人机交互、拓扑关系学等技术,设计了起伏地形下三维矢量交互建模、四面体和六面体网格剖分流程,并开发了软件模块。该软件可提供起伏地形下电磁法三维数值模拟的四面体、六面体网格剖分的实用化工具,提高了电磁法三维在数据模拟与解释方面的可视化程度和计算效率。     

适合地形起伏的二维有限单元数值模拟技术

在有限单元法矩形～三角形单元剖分的基础上,提出了适合复杂地形条件下的网格剖分方法:平行四边形～三角形剖分方法。计算结果表明,该方法具有快速、高效的特点。只要对原有程序稍加修改,即可实现对复杂地形条件下的复杂地电断面进行自动剖分和网格节点自动编号。因此,对于复杂地形条件下的地电模型,该方法能快速地实现较为精确的数值模拟。     

频率域航空电磁法人机交互式二维正演研究

研究了频率域航空电磁法的电磁场理论、边界条件、有限元单元法求解等内容,重点介绍了网格剖分原理,实现了人机交互网格剖分软件以及二维有限单元数值模拟算法。通过二维数值模拟计算,了解了圆柱体模型的响应曲线特征,提高了频率域航空电磁数据的解释水平。     

基于四叉树网格和多边形比例边界有限元方法的岩土工程非线性静动力分析

有限单元法(FEM)作为强大的数值分析技术广泛应用于岩土工程结构数值模拟。由于传统有限元的单元形状局限性以及岩土工程模型的复杂性(分层施工模拟、复杂材料分区等),较难编制通用的高质量网格剖分算法,使得模型网格生成消耗整个分析过程的大部分时间,阻碍快速自动化分析进程。采用四叉树网格剖分技术,联合非线性多边形比例边界有限元(PSBFEM)方法,发展了一种可用于岩土工程结构的快速建模和数值分析方法。对某心墙坝进行了静动力数值模拟,并与传统有限元结果对比验证了其正确性。研究表明,文中方法具有使用简便、网格灵活、生成速度快、质量高等特点,可以大幅降低累赘繁琐的人工干涉,为工程结构快速设计–优化提供有力的技术手段。该方法扩展至三维结构将具有更大的研究价值和工程意义。     

无单元Galerkin法大地电磁三维正演模拟

无单元Galerkin法(EFGM)作为一种相对成熟的无网格方法,避免了网格剖分,其精度高,适用于复杂电导率分布和复杂边界形状的计算。本文将EFGM用于大地电磁三维正演,详述了三维EFGM形函数的构造过程,从大地电磁三维变分问题出发,利用Galerkin法结合高斯积分公式推导了相应的系统矩阵离散表达式,简述了边界条件的加载技术,研究了支持域尺寸对EFGM三维正演计算精度的影响,最后通过数值计算验证了EFGM三维算法的正确性。     

潜水面变动的空间四面体单元网格自动生成方法

提出了一种由平面三角网格自动生成三维空间四面体单元网格的方法,其基本思路是将含水层平面分成三角形单元网格,将每个三角形沿垂直方向对应一个三棱柱,作为最初的三棱柱;依次将每个三棱柱按照潜水面位置和分层信息划分成不同数目的四面体,从而生成三维空间四面体单元网格。剖分结果表明,此方法综合考虑了潜水面的位置和各含水层顶底板的起伏情况,能够简洁地生成层面起伏的空间四面体网格,特别适用于刻画潜水面波动、含水层顶底板起伏和存在透镜体或岩性缺失等含水层结构复杂的情况下,自动地剖分并生成单元信息,为三维计算的实现奠定了基础。     

三维地层的三棱柱剖分与土方计算

三维地层剖分算法是实现地层三维可视化与土方计算的重要基础。采用三棱柱体建模方法构造三维地层,分析任意平面切割三棱柱的不同情形,得出了针对三棱柱地层的剖分算法;提出了以切割面为分界面,将单个三棱柱剖分成多个小三棱柱的三角投影分割法--将三棱柱顶面、底面及切割截面按一定规则进行合理三角化划分,使划分后三角形在水平面上的投影相重合;将该3层三角形组合成以切割面为分界面的2层小三棱柱,从而完成剖分。土方计算中首先给出开挖体的边界控制方程,根据该控制方程所限定的内边界得到开挖区域,结合上述剖分算法,对该区域内所有小三棱柱体积求和,得到开挖土方量。将以上算法应用到广东省某重大水利工程中,实现了基坑模拟开挖及其土方计算。     

基于二次插值的线源可控源有限元数值模拟

在准静态近似条件下,采用矩形网格单元和双二次函数插值就频率域二维线源边值问题进行了有限元数值模拟。在二维地电条件下,给出了边值问题和变分问题,并通过有限单元法对模型进行单元剖分、插值、积分和整体合成,最后通过求解复系数方程组得到了地表视电阻率响应。引入伪delta函数模拟线源,消弱了源带来的奇异性。通过与均匀大地以及层状介质模型的解析解对比,平均相对误差分别为0.71%和1.12%。建立了两个异常体模型,数值模拟表明异常响应比较明显,为进一步实现三维可控源电磁法有限元数值模拟提供了基础。     

ParCYCLIC: finite element modelling of earthquake liquefaction response on parallel computers

This paper presents the computational procedures and solution strategy employed in ParCYCLIC, a parallel non‐linear finite element program developed based on an existing serial code CYCLIC for the analysis of cyclic seismically‐induced liquefaction problems. In ParCYCLIC, finite elements are employed within an incremental plasticity, coupled solid–fluid formulation. A constitutive model developed for simulating liquefaction‐induced deformations is a main component of this analysis framework. The elements of the computational strategy, designed for distributed‐memory message‐passing parallel computer systems, include: (a) an automatic domain decomposer to partition the finite element mesh; (b) nodal ordering strategies to minimize storage space for the matrix coefficients; (c) an efficient scheme for the allocation of sparse matrix coefficients among the processors; and (d) a parallel sparse direct solver. Application of ParCYCLIC to simulate 3‐D geotechnical experimental models is demonstrated. The computational results show excellent parallel performance and scalability of ParCYCLIC on parallel computers with a large number of processors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical modeling of rock failure under dynamic loading with polygonal elements

Polygonal finite elements are gaining an increasing attention in the computational mechanics literature, but their application in rock mechanics is very rare. This paper deals with numerical modeling of rock failure under dynamic loading based on polygonal finite elements. For this end, a damage-viscoplastic constitutive model for rock based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion with the Rankine criterion as a tensile cutoff is employed and implemented with the polygonal finite element method. Moreover, the mineral mesostructure or rock is described by randomly mapping groups of polygonal elements representing the constituent minerals into a global mesh and assigning these groups with the corresponding mineral material properties. The performance of the polygonal elements is compared with that of the linear and quadratic triangular and bilinear quadrilateral elements in numerical simulations of controlled shear band formation under uniaxial compression and lateral splitting failure in the dogbone tension test. Numerical simulations of uniaxial tension and compression tests as well as dynamic Brazilian disc test under increasing loading rates demonstrate that the present approach predicts the correct failure modes as well as the dynamic increase in strength of rock.     

模拟三维裂纹问题的多尺度扩展有限元法

扩展有限元法模拟裂纹时独立于网格,因此该方法是目前求解裂纹问题最有效的数值方法。为了在计算代价不大的情况,实现大型结构分析中考虑小裂纹或提高裂纹附近精度,在裂纹附近一般采用小尺度单元,其他区域采用大尺度单元。提出了分析三维裂纹问题的多尺度扩展有限元法,在需要的地方采用小尺度单元。基于点插值构造了六面体任意节点单元。所有尺度单元都采用8节点六面体单元,这样六面体任意节点单元可方便有效地连接不同尺度单元。采用互作用积分法计算三维应力强度因子。边裂纹和中心圆裂纹算例分析结果表明,该方法是正确和有效的。     

基于非结构化网格的瞬变电磁2．5维有限元正演模拟

利用Delaunay三角化这种网格非结构化方法。通过编程实现了二维模型的非结构化三角形网格剖分,并编写了中心回线法瞬变电磁2．5维有限元正演程序。与前人计算结果对比,在取得相同计算精度的情况下,与结构化网格相比,非结构化网格所需网格和节点数量大大减少,计算效率更高。通过将非结构化网格法引入到瞬变电磁2．5维正演模拟中,实现了对复杂二维地电模型的有限元数值模拟,提高了现有有限元算法的应用范围。     

Interface and embedded joint methods for modeling dynamic fracture opening by explosive products

Two computational approaches are proposed in the paper to model dynamic fracture opening by explosive products. The first method assumes that the fractures may be modeled using flow elements embedded along the mesh lines. This method models crack opening in a straightforward way by splitting the nodes of the computational grid. It can account for crack branching; however, the crack directions are constrained by existing mesh faces, which may lead to mesh dependence. Also, the stress in flow elements is calculated explicitly separate from the surrounding solid elements that can impose additional limits on the time step stability condition for explicit integration. The second approach uses embedded flow elements to model the cracks. Typical thickness of the cracks is much smaller than the element size. Therefore, gas pressure in the cracks is assumed to be in stress equilibrium with the element stress. To achieve this, the crack thickness and the state of the gas is updated simultaneously with the state of the solid element which contains the crack. Therefore, the time step is controlled by the explicit solver applied for the solid and does not depend on the thickness of the crack. The main disadvantage of the second approach is due to the complexity of modeling multiple intersecting cracks, which go through the same element. We discuss the areas of possible applications of these 2 methods and the ways to improve and enhance them for future practical applications.     

三维地质模型构建方法的研究及应用

地质体三维建模是地学信息系统的核心问题之一.对三维GIS及地学领域的空间构模方法的现状进行分析,结合地质体工程特点,提出一种三维地学空间构模方法--似三棱柱(STP)法.该方法以似三棱柱体作为三维地质体建模的基本体元,并采用5类基本元素和6组拓扑关系对似三棱柱体的数据结构进行描述.它能有效地表达各种三维地质现象,也可以更好地与传统的多层TIN模型结合,维护好空间实体的拓扑关系.基于本文的建模方法开发了一个适合地质领域的三维GIS初步原型,并用实际钻孔数据进行了验证.     

地下厂房岩锚梁锚杆涂沥青段有限元模拟研究与应用

基于AutoCAD和OpenGL有限元可视化建模,利用Fortran语言对模型文件中的单元信息进行改写,提出了一种在地下厂房有限元模型中生成沥青单元网格的方法,显著减少了模型单元数与节点数,提高了建模与计算效率。采用隐式杆单元法模拟涂沥青锚杆,隐式柱单元法模拟普通锚杆,推导了其刚度矩阵及有限元迭代计算公式,并应用于地下厂房岩锚梁锚杆涂沥青段的有限元分析中。结果表明,吊车梁附近围岩破坏区减少,围岩深部锚杆应力增大,说明围岩受力特性得以改善,围岩和吊车梁整体安全度增大,符合工程实践经验。所提出的计算和单元再分方法可操作性和实用性大,可为类似工程有限元分析提供参考。     

A dynamic large deformation finite element method based on mesh regeneration

In this paper, a large deformation finite element (LDFE) approach termed ‘remeshing and interpolation technique with small strain (RITSS)’ is extended from static to dynamic soil-structure interaction applications. In addition, a technique termed ‘element addition’ is developed to improve the computational efficiency of both static and dynamic LDFE analyses that involve moving boundaries. The RITSS approach is based on frequent mesh generation to avoid element distortion. In dynamic RITSS, the field variables mapped from the old to the new mesh involve not only the stresses and material properties, but also the nodal velocities and accelerations. Using the element addition technique, new soil elements are attached to the domain boundaries periodically when the soil near the boundaries becomes affected by large displacements of the structure. The procedures of this Abaqus-based dynamic LDFE analysis and element addition technique are detailed, and the robustness of the techniques is validated and assessed through three example analyses: penetration of a flat footing into a half-space and movement of rigid and deformable landslides down slopes.     

Vertical drain consolidation analysis in one,two and three dimensions

A new method, the η or ‘eta’ method, for modeling consolidation by vertical and horizontal drains is presented. The approach is applicable in one, two and three dimensional as well as axisymmetric cases. Material and geometry properties are familiar from unit cell vertical drain analysis and are consistent across dimensions. An uncoupled finite element method (FEM) program is used to test the efficacy of the new approach. Because drains are not explicitly modeled in the finite element mesh, mesh complexity and computational time are greatly reduced. Unlike existing plane strain matching methods there is no special transformation of permeability or drain properties. The analyses conducted indicate that the η method provides an efficient and consistent means of modeling drains in any dimension.     

Parallel finite element analysis of seismic soil structure interaction using a PC cluster

This paper describes an implementation of a highly scalable parallel computational facility with high speedup efficiency using relatively low-cost hardware, which consists of a cluster of desktop personal computers (PCs) connected via a 10-Gigabit Ethernet. Two-levels of parallelization were implemented. Communication between different PCs was achieved using message passing interface (MPI) protocol. Domain decomposition was automated and based on element numbering. Domain continuity was assured largely by re-numbering the elements using a “front squasher” code prior to decomposition. Within each PC, the shared memory parallelization was implemented using either the open-multiprocessing (OpenMP) or the MPI protocol. Analysis of three different problems with number of degrees-of-freedom ranging from about 129,000 to about 2,260,000 shows a speedup efficiency generally above 70%. Super-linear speedup was achieved in several of the cases examined in this study, with the hybrid MPI-OpenMP approach generally performing better compared to the pure MPI method for parallelization. The results demonstrate the feasibility of acquiring a parallel computing facility with relatively modest outlay that is within the reach of consulting or engineering offices.