On balanced and unbalanced accommodation/peat accumulation ratios in the Cretaceous coals from Gates Formation, Western Canada, and their sequence-stratigraphic significance

Coal composition was investigated by means of photometric and maceral analyses on closely spaced lithotype-based strip samples over the full thickness of several paralic coal seams from the Cretaceous Gates Formation of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. The aim of this investigation was to test various methods of identifying accommodation trends in coal and use them to refine sequence-stratigraphic interpretation of continental sediments. Conventional sequence stratigraphy derives its subdivisions and significant surfaces from the records left by relative sea-level oscillations. These records either do not project into the continental realm, or are difficult to recognise in clastic non-marine sediments. Paralic coal seams have been selected to study this problem, because they are not entirely removed from marine influence and, compared with most inorganic deposits, coal has stored a greater wealth of information that can be analysed at a higher level of resolution. The study has led to the identification of five new surfaces with chronostratigraphic potential in the sequence-stratigraphic analysis of non-marine sediments. Two of these surfaces, called paludification surface (PaS) and terrestrialisation surface (TeS), occur at the bases of the investigated coal seams, while two other surfaces, referred to as non-marine flooding surface (NFS) and give-up transgressive surface (GUTS), form the tops of the coal. The fifth and probably most important new surface, called the accommodation-reversal surface (ARS), is independent of any particular facies and may either coincide with some of the other surfaces or occur separately. The proportion of detrital minerals has been used as the chief discriminator between different mire types and accommodation trends. Other useful indicators of mire type and peat dispersal have been the proportions of sporinite and inertodetrinite, as well as some derived maceral and/or mineral ratios, e.g., the groundwater influence index and the tissue preservation index. Isometamorphic variations of telovitrinite reflectance and fluorescence, as well as their coefficients of variation were also found to contribute to the identification of cyclic shifts between balanced and unbalanced accommodation/peat accumulation ratios. Some of these cycles, which are backed up by clastic stratigraphy, appear to correspond to the development of shallowing-upward and deepening-upward parasequences. Superimposed high-frequency, low-amplitude perturbations in the coal cycles relate to smaller-scale accommodation cycles of sub-parasequence level, not always recognised in non-marine strata. These sub-parasequence coal cycles do not always continue the shallowing-upward trend typical of conventional parasequences. Several coals were found to contain stacks of small-scale cycles with upward increasing accommodation signatures either in their lower or upper halves, or over the whole seam section.     

Coal facies in a Cenozoic paralic lignite bed, Krabi Basin, southern Thailand: Changing peat-forming conditions related to relative sea-level controlled watertable variations

The Cenozoic Krabi Basin in the southern part of peninsular Thailand contains about 112 million tons proven coal reserves. At present, coal is only produced from the Bang Mark mine located in the southern part of the basin, where the main lignite bed is 7-20 m thick. The lignite bed occurs in an overall paralic succession. The present paper investigates the depositional conditions of an approximately 8 m thick lignite bed (main seam) in the Bang Mark mine using organic petrography, including maceral ratios, and geochemistry. The results are further interpreted in a sequence stratigraphic context. The lignite is of low rank and is completely dominated by huminite indicating generally oxygen-deficient conditions in the precursor mire. Very low inertinite contents suggest rare occurrences of wildfires. The lower part of the lignite bed represents a topogenous fresh water peat mire with open water areas that in few cases may have experienced influx of saline water. The peat mire was subjected to periodic inundations and deposition of siliciclastics. Tissue preservation was relatively poor. The upper part of the lignite bed represents a slightly domed fresh water ombrogenous peat mire with a stable watertable and a balance between peat accumulation and accommodation space creation that favoured preservation of plant tissues. In general, the mire vegetation changed from less woody in the topogenous mire to more arborescent in the ombrogenous mire, where plants with suberinised wood cell walls also were more frequent. Decompacted, the lignite bed corresponds to a minimum ~ 11 m thick peat deposit that records from ~ 22,000 to 55,000 years of peat accumulation. Watertable rise in the peat mire was controlled overall by relative sea-level rise. In a sequence stratigraphic context, the lignite bed overlies a terrestrialisation surface (TeS; sensu Diessel, 2007) and the lowermost part records peat formation during a falling watertable and a decreasing accommodation/peat accumulation ratio (terrestrialisation). An accommodation reversal surface (ARS; sensu Diessel, 2007) indicates a change to paludification style of peat formation characterised by rising watertable and a high accommodation/peat accumulation ratio. Another ARS marks a gradual change to a situation with a balanced accommodation/peat accumulation ratio. The overall watertable rise throughout peat formation, but at a gradually slower rate from base to top, suggests that the lignite bed could be located in the late transgressive systems tract (TST).     

西湖凹陷平湖组层序地层划分和聚煤特征

西湖凹陷是我国东海盆地的一个次级凹陷,在凹陷断陷期的末期阶段发育的平湖组是一套含煤岩系,同时也是西湖凹陷的主力烃源岩。在对西湖凹陷地震、钻测井及岩心资料综合分析的基础上,在平湖组中识别出3个长期基准面旋回,其中发育了10个中期基准面旋回。平湖组发育煤层的主要沉积环境有潮汐影响的三角洲平原、潮汐影响的三角洲前缘的分流间湾和潮上带及辫状河三角洲前缘分流间湾。平湖组发育的3个层序是煤层发育的主要部位,其中长期基准面旋回LSC2是煤层最发育的层段。可容纳空间的大小控制着煤层在西湖凹陷平湖组短期基准面旋回中的发育位置:在高的可容纳空间背景下,煤层主要发育于短期基准面下降半旋回的中上部;在低的可容纳空间背景下,煤层主要发育于短期基准面旋回的最大可容纳空间处。     

Petrography and geochemistry of Carboniferous coal seams in the Donets Basin (Ukraine): implications for paleoecology

The Carboniferous succession in the Donets Basin hosts about 130 seams, each with a thickness over 0.45 m. Nine economically important seams from the (south)western Donets Basin are studied using organic petrographical, inorganic geochemical, and organic geochemical techniques. The main aim of the study is the reconstruction of peat facies of Serpukhovian (Mississippian) and Moscovian (Middle Pennsylvanian) coals.Formation of major coal seams commenced during Serpukhovian times. Early Serpukhovian coal accumulated in a relatively narrow shore-zone and is rich in inertinite and liptinite. Very low ash yields, low to moderate sulphur contents, and upward increasing inertinite contents suggest coal deposition in raised mires.Moscovian coal has a significantly wider lateral extension and is generally rich in vitrinite. Coal properties vary widely in response to different peat facies. Low-sulphur, low-ash k₇ coal was formed in a raised mire or in a low-lying mire without detrital input. l₁ and l₃ seams containing several fluvial partings were formed in low-lying mires. Both seams are more than 2 m thick. Seams m₂ and m₃ contain high-sulphur coal, a consequence of deposition in a peat with marine influence. In contrast, syngenetic sulphur content is low in the m₅^{1 upper} seam, which was formed in a lacustrine setting. The late Moscovian n₁ seam, up to 2.4 m thick, accumulated in a swamp with a vegetation rich in bryophytes and pteridophytes. The properties of the n₁ seam are transitional between those of Serpukhovian and other Moscovian seams. Differences in maceral composition between Serpukhovian and Moscovian coals probably reflect changes in climate and vegetation type.Tuff layers are observed in the l₁, l₃, and m₃ seams. The l₃ and m₃ seams contain abundant authigenic quartz. Trace element contents are high in many seams. As contents are especially high in seams c₁₀², k₇, l₃ and m₃. Ash in the l₃ seam contains up to 8000 ppm As. Co is enriched near the base of several seams. Maxima up to 2400 ppm occur in the ash of the k₇ and l₃ seams. Cd contents in ash are frequently as high as 30 or 40 ppm.     

近海含煤岩系层序地层学研究现状

20世纪80年代末期兴起的层序地层学,为人们理解聚煤作用提供了新的思路。通过对国内外近海含煤岩系层序地层学研究成果的分析,认识到:海侵过程成煤、幕式聚煤作用、事件成煤作用、海相层滞后时段聚煤等观点的提出,大大促进了含煤岩系研究的发展;含煤岩系层序地层学聚焦于基准面与泥炭堆积关系的研究,煤岩学、煤化学方法与层序地层学的结合使这种关系更加清晰化;地层接触关系、煤层特征、煤岩特征和煤化特征是判断煤层作为成因层序地层边界的重要依据;含煤岩系层序地层学由聚焦于层序格架中煤层位置的研究,逐步转变为关注于煤层中高频基准面旋回的研究和可容纳空间与煤层、煤岩关系的研究。今后的研究要逐渐拓展到内陆湖盆,应建立不同构造背景下的内陆湖盆成煤模式或理论。      

浑江煤田石炭二叠纪含煤岩系层序地层与聚煤作用

运用层序地层学有关理论和方法,分析了浑江煤田石炭系-二叠系含煤岩系的层序,探讨了聚煤作用的控制因素。石炭纪-二叠纪含煤地层共识别出4个层序边界,划分为3个三级层序。为分析煤层厚度与地层厚度及砂岩百分含量的关系,绘制了三维相关图。研究表明,层序2地层厚度在40-70 m时,层序3地层厚度在50-80 m时,煤层发育较厚,而此时砂岩百分含量小于50%,表明有利于煤层聚积的环境是沉降速率中等、陆源碎屑供给相对较少的沉积环境,主要是三角洲间湾以及下三角洲平原地区。研究区含煤岩系层序地层格架中,不同层序沉积时期,煤层的分布有所不同,对于层序2来说,主要可采煤层分布在最大海泛带两侧,而层序3主要可采煤层分布在海侵面附近,此时较低的泥炭堆积速率与较慢的可容空间增加速率相平衡,从而形成该煤层。     

陆表海盆地海侵事件成煤作用机制分析

研究了含煤地层中海侵事件沉积序列,即海侵沉积与煤层直接接触的组合特点,总结了海侵事件和海侵事件成煤特点,提出了陆表海聚煤盆地海侵事件成煤作用理论及海侵事件成煤机制。研究表明,陆表海盆地充填沉积序列中,既有海退成煤作用又有海侵成煤作用发生,而且,海侵事件为陆表海盆地海平面变化的典型特色,海侵的突发性是海侵事件的基本属性,其沉积具有等时性。海侵事件导致盆地事件型聚煤作用发生。本文还深入讨论了海侵事件成煤机制及其在含煤地层层序地层界面识别、层序地层单元划分的重要意义和作用。     

近海型含煤岩系沉积学及层序地层学研究进展

层序地层学是近20年来发展起来的一门新的方法学科,并在聚煤作用分析中得到广泛应用。作者就近海型含煤岩系沉积学研究历史以及煤系层序地层学研究方法及有关问题进行探讨,认为近海环境的聚煤作用实际上是海平面(基准面)上升过程中发生的,同时提出煤层厚度受泥炭堆积速率与可容空间增加速率的控制：靠陆一侧冲积平原和三角洲平原沉积环境中,厚煤层主要出现在最大海泛面位置;而靠海一侧障壁-潟湖或碳酸盐岩台地沉积环境中,厚煤层主要出现在初始海泛面的位置;但就整个三级复合层序来说,层序中厚度最大、分布最广的煤层主要分布于可容空间增加速率最大的最大海泛面附近的位置。对于中国晚古生代近海型煤系中常见的“根土岩-煤-石灰岩”序列,聚煤作用发生于海相石灰岩“滞后时段”,即在海侵之后、海相石灰岩层真正沉积下来之前的时段,这一时段可容空间增加速率与泥炭堆积速率平衡,有利于聚煤作用发生。     

Conceptual models for short‐eccentricity‐scale climate control on peat formation in a lower Palaeocene fluvial system,north‐eastern Montana (USA)

Fluvial systems in which peat formation occurs are typified by autogenic processes such as river meandering, crevasse splaying and channel avulsion. Nevertheless, autogenic processes cannot satisfactorily explain the repetitive nature and lateral continuity of many coal seams (compacted peats). The fluvial lower Palaeocene Tullock Member of the Fort Union Formation (Western Interior Williston Basin; Montana, USA ) contains lignite rank coal seams that are traceable over distances of several kilometres. This sequence is used to test the hypothesis that peat formation in the fluvial system was controlled by orbitally forced climate change interacting with autogenic processes. Major successions are documented with an average thickness of 6·8 m consisting of ca 6 m thick intervals of channel and overbank deposits overlain by ca 1 m thick coal seam units. These major coal seams locally split and merge. Time‐stratigraphic correlation, using a Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary event horizon, several distinctive volcanic ash‐fall layers, and the C29r/C29n magnetic polarity reversal, shows consistent lateral recurrence of seven successive major successions along a 10 km wide fence panel perpendicular to east/south‐east palaeo‐flow. The stratigraphic pattern, complemented by stratigraphic age control and cyclostratigraphic tests, suggests that the major peat‐forming phases, resulting in major coal seams, were driven by 100 kyr eccentricity‐related climate cycles. Two distinct conceptual models were developed, both based on the hypothesis that the major peat‐forming phases ended when enhanced seasonal contrast, at times of minimum precession during increasing eccentricity, intensified mire degradation and flooding. In model 1, orbitally forced climate change controls the timing of peat compaction, leading to enhancement of autogenic channel avulsions. In model 2, orbitally forced climate change controls upstream sediment supply and clastic influx determining the persistence of peat‐forming conditions. At the scale of the major successions, model 2 is supported because interfingering channel sandstones do not interrupt lateral continuity of major coal seams.     

Petrology of fibrous coal (fusain) and associated inertinites from the Early Paleocene of the central Alberta Plains

Megascopic, micropetrographic and scanning-electron microscopic investigations of fibrous coal indicate that paleo-wildfires were common occurrences in the mire which produced Highvale coals. At least 20 fibrous coal (fusain) horizons have been identified in corehole samples from the pit no. 3 locality at Highvale, in the central Alberta Plains. Thicknesses of individual horizons vary, and are not particular to any stratigraphic position within coal seams. The majority of these fibrous horizons is within the two thick economic seams, the Highvale Nos. 1 and 2, which are characteristically megascopically dull. The dullness of given lithotypes is largely related to inertinite content with fibrous coal containing 51% inertinite on average, and selected horizons comprised of as much as 85% inertinite. Semifusinite and inertodetrinite are the predominant inertinites, with a few horizons exhibiting highly reflecting fusinite. Macrinite is rare, and micrinite is absent. SEM investigations reveal that certain fibrous coals exhibit excellent preservation of the original gymnospermous (Taxodium) woody tissue. Features such as homogenization and swelling of the cell walls, elimination of the middle lamellae, and preservation of bordered pits are clearly indicative of charcoal formation as a product of paleo-wildfires. Depending upon the nature of the fire, temperatures obtained and the nature of the mire vegetation, a wide range of inertinite precursors can be produced.     

鄂尔多斯盆地延安组层序地层格架与煤层形成

研究鄂尔多斯盆地延安组的煤层发育特征,首先建立延安组等时的层序地层格架,进而分析可容空间变化对煤层形成的控制作用。通过分析野外露头、钻孔、测井等资料,识别延安组中发育的关键层序地层界面,将延安组划分为3个三级层序;层序由低位正常湖退、湖侵、高位正常湖退和强迫湖退4个体系域组成,并建立了全盆地范围等时的层序地层格架。研究发现:在等时层序地层格架中,煤层主要发育在层序I、层序Ⅱ湖侵和高位正常湖退体系域的中、晚期和层序Ⅲ的湖侵体系域的晚期;在区域上,盆地北部地势较为平坦,发育中等厚度、区域稳定性较好的煤层,盆地南部发育稳定性较差的厚-巨厚煤层;从滨湖平原到三角洲平原再到河流泛滥平原,厚煤层从位于四级基准面上升半旋回的底部逐渐过渡到中上部。综上可知,不同沉积区可容空间增加速率与泥炭堆积速率达到平衡的位置不同,厚煤层主要发育在二者近似处于平衡状态的位置,并且发育随着沉积相带变化有规律地迁移。     

Facies evolution and cyclicity of alluvial coal deposits in the Lower Permian of East Africa (Tanzania)

The Ruhuhu Basin in SW Tanzania contains several small coal basins (i.e. Mchuchuma, Ngaka North, Mbalawala, Lumecha), consisting of fault controlled half-grabens submitted to several stages of tectonic activation. All basins underwent fragmentation in the ? middle Jurassic and late Miocene to Pliocene. Palaeotopography of pre-Karoo basement was partly responsible for the development of coal seam thickness distribution. Facies characteristics of the lower/middle and upper Mchuchuma Formation and the »Scarp sandstone« of the overlying Ketewaka formation exhibit synsedimentary basin subsidence. Vitrinite reflectance data suggest similar temperature gradients and burial history for the Mchuchuma and Ngaka subbasins. The application of a computer simulation program revealed the considerable effect of post-sedimentary tilting of depositional surfaces. In the Mchuchuma basin the back rotation of the base of the economic coal seam was calculated at -2°, the Ngaka basin showed an even higher degree of back rotation of -6°. Cyclicity was determined by Markov chain analysis for both basins. Mainly fining upward cycles prevail being characteristic for a fluvial environment. The depositional model for the Mchuchuma basin represents a meandering river system with a lower basal channel fill and an upper suspension load dominated cycle with accompanying overbank and flood plain sediments. The Ngaka basin shows an environment tentatively attributed to a braided river system. Thinning of coal seams and increased ash values in upper stratigraphic units depict deteriorating peat forming and preserving conditions. Swamp water chemistry was responsible for peat preservation, channel configuration and to some degree differential compaction governed the coal seam geometry. A slightly warmer climate than usually described for the Gondwana coals is proposed for the Lower Permian Tanzania coals. The diversity of microfloral evolution, eustatic sea level rises in the Sakmarian of Australia and available palaeotemperature curves demonstrate a probable mean annual temperature of 10–12 °C for a palaeolatitude of 60° S for the Tanzania coal fields.     

含煤岩系层序地层学研究进展

层序地层学是分析聚煤规律的一种有效方法。层序地层学应用于含煤地层的分析始于20世纪90年代,Diessel最先在经典层序地层格架中建立了煤层的聚集模式;之后,Bochacs和Stuer通过讨论可容纳空间的变化速率和泥炭聚集速率之间比值的变化,具体分析了不同可容纳空间的煤层厚度、连续性及形态。通过对层序地层中煤层发育和分布的研究,多数煤田地质学家们认为,厚煤层主要发育于低位体系域晚期至海侵体系域早期及海侵体系域晚期至高位体系域早期。由于巨厚煤层往往是许多次级层序及界面的复合体,因此巨厚煤层不能简单地作为成因层序地层的界面,但可以通过煤岩学和地球化学方面的指标对其进行精细划分确定。我国煤田地质学家通过对国内海相煤层的研究,提出了海侵事件聚煤和海相层滞后时段聚煤等观点,从而大大促进了含煤岩系层序地层学的发展。      

中国含煤岩系层序地层学研究进展

层序地层学理论为人们理解聚煤作用模式提供了新的思路,通过近二十年的研究,人们认识到含煤岩系旋回性与不同级别的全球海平面变化规律密切相关,认识到有工业价值的煤层形成于基准面(海平面)抬升过程,相继提出幕式聚煤作用、海侵过程成煤、事件成煤作用、海相层滞后阶段聚煤等基于层序地层分析的聚煤作用理论。同时概括出层序地层格架下基于可容空间增加速率与泥炭堆积速率的关系的厚煤层聚集模式。今后的研究将会进一步对不同构造背景下的含煤岩系层序地层格架样式、层序地层格架下的优质煤炭资源聚集模式、煤层在地球演化的长周期过程中的地质意义等方面进行探索,此外,针对中国五大聚煤区的成煤时期及盆地构造背景的特殊性,中国学者还会进一步总结其层序地层格架样式以及聚煤模式,并将其用于指导中国优质煤炭资源预测     

Microfacies and depositional environment of Tertiary Tanjung Enim low rank coal, South Sumatra Basin, Indonesia

The South Sumatra basin is among the most important coal producing basins in Indonesia. Results of an organic petrography study on coals from Tanjung Enim, South Sumatra Basin are reported. The studied low rank coals have a mean random huminite reflectance between 0.35% and 0.46% and are dominated by huminite (34.6–94.6 vol.%). Less abundant are liptinite (4.0–61.4 vol.%) and inertinite (0.2–43.9 vol.%). Minerals are found only in small amounts (0–2 vol.%); mostly as iron sulfide.Based on maceral assemblages, the coals can be grouped into five classes: (1) humotelinite-rich group, (2) humodetrinite-rich group, (3) humocollinite-rich group, (4) inertinite-rich group and (5) humodetrinite–liptinite-rich group. Comparing the distribution of maceral assemblages to the maceral or pre-maceral assemblages in modern tropical domed peat in Indonesia reveals many similarities. The basal section of the studied coal seams is represented typically by the humodetrinite–liptinite-rich group. This section might be derived from sapric or fine hemic peat often occurring at the base of modern peats. The middle section of the seams is characterized by humotelinite-rich and humocollinite-rich groups. The precursors of these groups were hemic and fine hemic peats. The top section of the coal seams is typically represented by the humodetrinite-rich or inertinite-rich group. These groups are the counterparts of fibric peat at the top of the modern peats. The sequence of maceral assemblages thus represents the change of topogenous to ombrogenous peat and the development of a raised peat bog.A comparison between the result of detailed maceral assemblage analysis and the paleodepositional environment as established from coal maceral ratio calculation indicates that the use of coal maceral ratio diagrams developed for other coal deposits fails to deduce paleo-peat development for these young tropical coals. In particular, mineral distribution and composition should not be neglected in coal facies interpretations.     

泥炭沼泽体系的建立及其成煤模式

现代和古代大量煤沉积学事实说明,占据煤层主体的全盆性或大范围分布的煤层,发育在不同的沉积体系之上,与下伏沉积体系之间存在着明显的沉积间断,煤层形成时下伏的沉积体系已经废弃。这些煤层(煤层组)构成了独立的沉积体系——泥炭沼泽体系。本文论述了泥炭沼泽体系的构成和成因。      

低可容空间浅水三角洲沉积层序及聚煤模式:以渤海湾地区下二叠统山西组为例*

为研究低可容空间浅水三角洲体系沉积层序及聚煤模式,以渤海湾地区下二叠统山西组为主要研究对象,开展层序地层研究,在层序地层格架内揭示低可容空间浅水三角洲体系聚煤模式。根据沉积相转换面以及下切谷冲刷面两类不整合面(SU)可将山西组划分为3个三级层序Sq1、Sq2及Sq3,每个三级层序代表 1期三角洲。通过最大洪泛面(MFS)与最大水退面(MRS)将每个三级层序划分为LST、TST及HST 3个体系域,代表 9个四级层序。根据岩性参数等值线绘制一系列特定于层序的沉积相图,在可容空间增长速率及泥炭堆积速率的控制下,三角洲平原泛滥平原及三角洲前缘泥炭沼泽为聚煤中心,位于冀中坳陷东部、黄骅坳陷中北部以及济阳坳陷部分地区。泛滥平原中形成的煤层厚度大,且聚煤中心具有随三角洲推进逐渐南移的趋势,三角洲前缘聚煤环境相对较差,形成的煤层厚度较薄,且易被分流河道砂体冲刷。渤海湾地区下二叠统浅水三角洲层序地层学及沉积学分析为聚煤模式提供了基础,该模式包括LST、TST早期、TST中期、TST晚期以及HST 5个时期的演化。煤层主要聚集在Sq1与Sq2的TST以及HST时期。这些成果对渤海湾地区煤炭资源勘探及提高钻探工程地质效果具有现实意义。     

低可容空间浅水三角洲沉积层序及聚煤模式:以渤海湾地区下二叠统山西组为例*

为研究低可容空间浅水三角洲体系沉积层序及聚煤模式,以渤海湾地区下二叠统山西组为主要研究对象,开展层序地层研究,在层序地层格架内揭示低可容空间浅水三角洲体系聚煤模式。根据沉积相转换面以及下切谷冲刷面两类不整合面(SU)可将山西组划分为3个三级层序Sq1、Sq2及Sq3,每个三级层序代表 1期三角洲。通过最大洪泛面(MFS)与最大水退面(MRS)将每个三级层序划分为LST、TST及HST 3个体系域,代表 9个四级层序。根据岩性参数等值线绘制一系列特定于层序的沉积相图,在可容空间增长速率及泥炭堆积速率的控制下,三角洲平原泛滥平原及三角洲前缘泥炭沼泽为聚煤中心,位于冀中坳陷东部、黄骅坳陷中北部以及济阳坳陷部分地区。泛滥平原中形成的煤层厚度大,且聚煤中心具有随三角洲推进逐渐南移的趋势,三角洲前缘聚煤环境相对较差,形成的煤层厚度较薄,且易被分流河道砂体冲刷。渤海湾地区下二叠统浅水三角洲层序地层学及沉积学分析为聚煤模式提供了基础,该模式包括LST、TST早期、TST中期、TST晚期以及HST 5个时期的演化。煤层主要聚集在Sq1与Sq2的TST以及HST时期。这些成果对渤海湾地区煤炭资源勘探及提高钻探工程地质效果具有现实意义。     

超厚煤层分布与成因模式

煤厚的分级主要是从煤炭开采的角度来确定的,大于8m的厚煤层一概以巨厚煤层来称之。世界上,煤层总厚最大的是澳大利亚的吉普斯兰盆地,总厚达到700多米;加拿大哈溪煤田二号露天区则为单层煤厚最大的矿区,煤厚达510m;中国内蒙古自治区胜利煤田胜利东二号露天煤矿,单层（6煤层）厚达244.7m,总煤厚达320.65m。从沉积、层序地层与构造诸角度出发,依据现代泥炭堆积与阴沉木堆积等现象进行厚煤层的成因研究,对异地成煤及一些超厚煤层的成因模式进行了介绍和初步评价。     

陆表海背景下障壁海岸体系沉积层序及聚煤模式 ——以渤海湾地区晚古生代太原组为例

渤海湾地区位于华北板块东部,是我国重要的煤炭产区,晚古生代发育多套可供工业开采的煤层,其中以陆表海背景下发育的海相煤层分布范围最广。为研究陆表海背景下障壁海岸体系沉积层序及聚煤模式,本文以渤海湾地区晚古生代太原组为研究对象,结合钻井及野外剖面资料,对该地区展开沉积学及层序地层学研究。在识别岩性及沉积相基础上,开展层序地层研究,在层序地层格架内揭示障壁海岸体系聚煤模式。太原组岩性以黄褐色、灰黑色泥岩及黄绿色、灰白色砂岩为主,夹数层海相灰岩及煤层。沉积相类型主要为潮坪相、潟湖相、障壁岛相及台地相。在障壁海岸体系背景下,基准面与沉积界面基本一致,层序界面多为沉积界面。根据沉积相转换面与下切谷冲刷面两类不整合面(SU)以及海侵方向转换面(TDS)可将太原组划分为3个三级层序Sq1、Sq2及Sq3。通过最大海泛面(MFS)与最大海退面(MRS)将三级层序划分为低位体系域、海侵体系域及高位体系域3个体系域,代表 8个四级层序。Sq1时期,盆地内部地区未能提供稳定聚煤环境,煤层发育厚度较薄。Sq2时期,海平面升降对盆地内部影响增大,聚煤作用达到顶峰,煤层整体厚度增加并连接成片。Sq3时期,聚煤作用相对减弱,聚煤中心分布范围收缩,且孤立发育。统计钻井资料中煤层累积厚度可知,厚煤层发育主要集中在冀中坳陷东部、黄骅坳陷及济阳坳陷等地区。将研究区太原组聚煤模式划分为LST、TST早期、TST中期、TST晚期及HST五期演化过程。受可容空间增长速率及泥炭堆积速率的控制,泥炭坪及潟湖为有利聚煤中心。