拖网及深海摄像站位位置与水深的初步校正

对在海山富钴结壳调查中拖网取样和深海摄像调查的站位位置和水深的校正方法进行了研究,对其钢缆角度(θ角)等关键参数的选取以及水深校正可靠性的评估进行了分析和讨论,同时还利用MM3海山站位的数据进行了拖网和摄像站位的位置和水深校正,并对其可靠性进行了评估.结果表明:对于拖网站位,对应I至Ⅲ级海况,钢缆θ角分别被确定为15°、20°和25°时,其站位位置和水深校正误差最小,个别存在着较大误差的站位,需通过虚拟水深的验证进行手动校正,以保证校正后数据的可信性;对于摄像站位,当钢缆θ角被确定为25°左右时,虚拟水深和实际校正水深间在±50 m的允许误差范围(此为多波束的允许误差)内时,测站的站位位置和水深校正的效果较好,有超过50%的摄像测站的校正水深在误差允许的范围内.可见该校正方法具有较高的可信度,可基本满足富钴结壳的资源量评估和矿床圈定工作的需要.     

岩石拖网在富钴结壳调查中的应用CSCD

岩石拖网是一种获取结壳和岩石样品的常规地质取样设备,广泛应用于富钴结壳调查和海洋区域地质调查。重点了阐述岩石拖网工作方法、位置精度控制和安全措施,并通过实例说明岩石拖网的成功应用。探讨了进一步高岩石拖网的安全性、成功率和定位精度,使其成为富钴结壳调查中浅钻调查的补充,弥补浅钻调查获取样品量少的不足。     

岩石拖网在富钴结壳调查中的应用

岩石拖网是一种获取结壳和岩石样品的常规地质取样设备,广泛应用于富钴结壳调查和海洋区域地质调查。重点了阐述岩石拖网工作方法、位置精度控制和安全措施,并通过实例说明岩石拖网的成功应用。探讨了进一步高岩石拖网的安全性、成功率和定位精度,使其成为富钴结壳调查中浅钻调查的补充,弥补浅钻调查获取样品量少的不足。     

深海取样绞车牵引卷筒上钢缆张力分析

文中根据深海取样绞车的钢缆和牵引卷筒之间力的关系,利用微积分学原理,对钢缆在牵引卷筒上的张力变化进行了分析,建立了钢缆张力、钢缆与卷筒间的摩擦系数、钢缆在卷筒上的包角等参数之间的关系式,并通过实例对该关系式进行了验证。     

FPSO系泊钢缆断丝松股成因分析及系泊方案改进

以南海某FPSO单点系泊系统为研究对象,针对其服役期间在极端海况下出现钢缆断丝、松股的问题展开研究。建立FPSO单点系泊系统模型,进行时域耦合动力分析,基于细长杆理论和有限元方法编写了单缆动力分析程序,通过与商业软件对比验证了程序的合理性,并发现极端海况下出现了系泊缆上部钢缆频繁触底和底部钢缆起落的现象,易引起钢缆的损伤。研究并提出了系泊缆配置新方案,通过调整分段长度避免了钢缆频繁触底、起落的问题;通过提高预张力,避免了系泊缆出现过度松弛的状态,该方案对于内转塔式单点系泊系统的设计与运维具有参考意义。     

一种基于测深仪的声学Pinger距底高度测量方法

在大洋沉积物取样作业中,实时获取取样器距底高度和准确判别取样器是否触底是整个作业的关键。提出了一种基于测深仪的声学Pinger距底高度测量方法,并成功应用到了2013年"蛟龙"号试验性应用航次的常规调查作业中。实际应用表明,该方法不仅能够实时获取声学Pinger距离海底的高度,而且能够准确判断取样器是否触底。     

静水压力取样器冲击头冲击速度的理论与试验研究

介绍了一种用于海底沉积物取样的静水压力取样器,它能依次利用重力势能和静水压力能,将其转换为冲击动能,以冲击形式将取样管插入海底沉积物进行取样。结合既定取样器对其冲击头的冲击速度进行了理论推导,并提出相关经验公式。通过取样器冲击试验,验证了静水压力取样器冲击头冲击速度理论模型的正确性和合理性。在理论推导和实验验证的基础上,对影响取样器冲击头冲击速度三个主要因素进行了探讨,并提出了提高冲击头冲击速度的具体措施。     

南黄海的海底侵蚀作用

１９９２年５月－１９９３年１０月期间,在南黄海及东海北部海域,利用大洋５０型表层取样器,重力活塞取样及底栖拖网等方法,对海底沉积进行了深入的调查,通过对所获样品的粒度,矿物含量,生物组合及年代地层学多学科综合性的分析研究表明,南黄海及东海北部陆架的沉积环境十分复杂,在南黄海高能侵蚀区海底广泛出露砂质沉积物,其分布范围与强潮夕及风暴潮的活动区相一致,在这些水动力的长期作用下,细粒物质逐渐被悬浮,搬运     

海底沉积物取样的扰动机理研究

海底沉积物取样技术对大洋诸多科学研究来说非常重要,各种研究目标的实现与沉积物样品的质量息息相关.在使用常规管状取样器对松软或轻微固结的沉积物取样时,沉积物样品的扰动总是不可避免的.以机械手持式沉积物取样器为原型机,建立了管状取样器的取样过程模型,分析了沉积物样品的扰动机理;采用球形孔扩张理论获得了沉积物土体受到取样管挤压扩张的理论解;结合太平洋具体沉积物土体物理力学参数,对管状取样器取样造成沉积物扰动的状况给出了一个定量描述,并且提出取样管壁的厚度是减小沉积物扰动的关键参数.     

重力活塞取样器贯入模型研究

重力活塞取样器贯入深度研究对于取样效率的提高和仪器安全有着重要影响,根据取样海底沉积物类型及工程参数对取样器可贯入深度进行预判是研究的重点。基于重力活塞取样器结构,设计并制造了重量可调的重力取样器模型,增加了底质桶与支架等配套设施。按照控制变量法分别设计了针对取样器质量、贯入速度及沉积物类型的试验。试验结果表明,底质类型、取样器质量和贯入速度都可以对贯入深度产生不同程度的影响。在现有重力取样器贯入深度公式的基础上,根据本次试验得到的数据对其进行修正。改进后的公式计算结果与原来相比误差更小、更接近于真实取样数据。     

Improvement of deep-sea dredging operations through the use of a depth meter

A battery-operated depth meter mounted inside the dredge is used to monitor the time-depth profile of a dredge haul. By comparing is profile with the water depth recorded by the ship's echosounder, the locations at which dredge samples were collected can be determined. The analysis of the time-depth profile can also be used to estimate the minimum length of the dredge wire, thus increasing the efficiency of dredging operations.     

Case study on pile running during the driving process of large-diameter pipe piles

The super-long and large-diameter steel pipe piles are often adopted for the construction of offshore oil platforms in deep sea. One constructability issue related to driving heavy pipe piles is the pile running. The term pile running refers to the quick penetration of a pile into the seabed as a result of its high self-weight and low resistance from the seabed. The unexpected pile running can cause the steel wire of the hammer to break or even the loss of the hammer. A case study of pile running at an oil platform is introduced in this paper. A simplified theoretical method is proposed to explain the mechanisms of the pile running in this case. A factor of friction degradation is proposed to calculate the dynamic skin friction from the static ultimate skin friction of surrounding soil. The comparisons between the predictions to the case history show that the proposed simplified method can be used to predict the pile running condition.     

Catastrophic reduction of the oyster,Tiostrea chilensis (Bivalvia: Ostreidae), in Foveaux Strait,New Zealand,due to infestation by the protistan Bonamia sp.

Between 1985 and 1992, mortality due to infestation by the protistan Bonamia sp. severely reduced the numbers of the oyster, Tiostrea chilensis in Foveaux Strait, New Zealand. In 1990, two dredge surveys gave relative estimates, and a dive survey an absolute estimate, of the size of this oyster population; this allowed us to estimate dredge efficiency precisely. This estimate was used to re‐evaluate the dredge survey of 1975–76 and relate the size of the population in 1990 to that in 1975. By 1990 the population density had declined by 67% while a dredge survey in 1992 showed that the population density had declined by 91% from 1975. A dredge survey in 1993 showed that the population had increased slightly (but not significantly) over the 1992 level. By 1992 the population had probably been reduced below 10% of the virgin level. The fishery was closed in 1993 to allow the population to rebuild. The population surveys have followed stratified random and grid pattern sampling designs and the merits of the designs and methodology are discussed.     

A Cost Effective Method to Enhance Dredge Mine Reconciliation in Heavy Minerals Mining Industry

Heavy mineral deposits of placer origin are mostly found as beach or dune deposits. Suction cutter or bucket-wheel dredgers are used to exploit such deposits when water is present for the maintenance of artificial channels and dredge ponds. Production reconciliation of dredge mining is a complex process because slumping of material causes mixing of material to take place amongst resource blocks during mining operations. This paper reviews the applicability of sonar technology for the determination of material losses taking place in the dredge ponds, and also reviews the applicability of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags in conjunction with sonar technology as a cost effective method to enhance dredge mine production reconciliation in the heavy minerals mining industry.     

The status of geological dredging techniques

Scientific sea-floor dredging is currently used in marine geology primarily by the hard-rock community interested in the recovery of basement rock samples from the unsedimented deep ocean floor. The technique has generally been eclipsed by ocean drilling for recovery of sedimentary rocks, because of perceived uncertainties in the location of sampling and in the representativeness of recovered material. This contribution reviews dredging equipment currently in use by marine geological institutions and refers to pinger attachments that allow precise information on the behaviour of the dredge to be telemetered back to the ship. We argue that improvements in ship navigation and transponder navigation at the seafloor, when used in conjunction with surface and/or deeply towed sidescan and swathemapping surveys, now allow for considerably less uncertainty on the location of dredge sampling. Refined sorting criteria for dredge hauls are now also available. Recent comparisons of regional sample recovery by ocean drilling and by dredge sampling indicate that the dredge hauls can usefully supplement the drilling data in the construction of sedimentary and tectonic histories of seafloor areas.     

Hammer's Impact Force on Pile and Pile's Penetration

Methods of energy and momentum conservation, vibration theories, and model tests are employed to research the impact force of a hammer on a pile and the pile's penetration. An analytical formula of impact force of the hammer on pile is obtained. A comparison of results from the three methods finds that the analytical formula proposed by this article conforms well to practical situations. Research results show that if the hammer's impact energy remains unchanged, penetration increases with the increase of hammer weight and cushion stiffness. In addition, the impact force received by the pile head degrades with the increase of hammer weight, but increases with the increase of cushion stiffness. Impact time decreases with the increase of cushion stiffness, but increases with the increase of hammer weight. The model test shows that, when compared with a cotton cloth cushion, an elastic cushion's advantages lie in that the relatively small pile head impact force can achieve significant pile penetration. The cotton cloth is gradually compacted with the increase of blow counts; hence, the impact force the pile head receives tends to increase gradually.     

Impacts of aggregate dredging on sediment composition and associated benthic fauna at an offshore dredge site in the southern North Sea

Dredging and associated screening at a dredge site in the southern North Sea (Area 408) is associated with areas of well-sorted fine sand that extend for up to 3 km to the south-east of the dredged area and overlay sediments with a more variable particle size composition. This well-sorted fine sand may reflect deposition and transport of material mobilised by the dredging and screening processes at the dredge site. Multivariate analysis of the benthic community structure suggests that marine aggregate dredging, at the level of intensity employed in the study area prior to sample collection, has had a limited impact on benthic community composition compared with that reported from studies elsewhere. This is ascribed to the likely rapid rates of recolonisation by the mobile opportunistic polychaetes and crustaceans that dominate the macrofauna of the sandy gravel deposits at this particular dredge site. Analysis of variance showed, however, that significant differences existed between the sample treatments in terms of species evenness (Pielou's J). Dredged samples were found to have the lowest mean species evenness (0.71) when compared to controls (0.77). The present study highlights the inherent difficulties in the application of general impact/recovery predictions to dredged sites with varying environmental characteristics.     

The fate of dumped sediments monitored by a high-resolution multibeam echosounder system,Weser Estuary,German Bight

With the development of high-resolution multibeam echosounder systems (MBES) for surveying shallow-water areas a new tool is available to monitor rapid changes in seabed morphology as, e.g., caused by the dumping of dredge spoil in coastal waters. In this study, four data sets of repeated bathymetric surveys with a MBES were processed and analyzed. The data were collected in a 1.94-km² dumping site in the outer Weser Estuary (German Bight). Between June and December 1998, 2.6 million m³ of dredged sediment were deposited there. The bathymetric maps generated in the course of this study reveal features such as subaqueous dunes, scour holes, and mounds of dumped dredge spoil. The mean water depth decreased by about 1 m during the dumping period. Furthermore, difference grids showing changes in sediment volume allowed a calculation of the sediment budget for the monitored area. After a time period of only 5 months, 0.5 million m³ of the originally dumped 2.6 million m³ of dredge spoil had already been removed from the dumping site.     

The impact of water jet dredging for razor clams,Ensis spp., in a shallow sandy subtidal environment

The effects of water jet dredging for Ensis spp. on the seabed and benthos were examined through experimental fishing. Immediate physical effects were apparent, with the dredge leaving visible trenches in the seabed. While these trenches had started to fill after five days, and were no longer visible after 11 weeks, the sediment in fished tracks remained fluidised beyond this period. The majority of the studied infaunal community is adapted morphologically and behaviourally to a dynamic environment, and other than initial removal through dispersal, is not greatly affected by the dredge at the site studied. Species that are likely to be affected (e.g. the heart urchin Echinocarium cordatum, Arctica islandica and other large bivalves) were very rare in infaunal samples, but present in dredge catches, where damage was noted, and ranged on average from 10 to 28% of individuals. Epifauna were scarce in the study area, and unaffected by the fishing, except that epifaunal scavenging species were attracted to the fished tracks. On the evidence of the present and previous studies, it would appear that there was little difference between the biological impact of hydraulic and suction dredging, although the latter may have a greater physical effect (larger trenches).     

Nautilus矿业公司SMS勘探中采用的取样技术与装备

海底大块状硫化物(SMS)富含铜、锌、铅等金属,特别是富含贵金属金、银,引起了国际采矿业的浓厚兴趣。近年来,以澳大利亚Nautilus矿业公司为先驱代表的国际大型资源开发商和投资商已介入海底多金属硫化物的商业化开采。文中介绍了Nautilus公司在巴布亚新几内亚专属经济区针对海底块状硫化物矿床开展的一系列以商业开采为目的的勘探取样活动,详细介绍了勘探中所采用的基本方法与技术,并重点对其地质调查中所应用的拖网挖掘取样、ROV海底表面取样、大洋钻探船岩芯取样和专门开发的ROV岩芯钻探取样的装备、取样结果及作业效率进行了较为系统全面地介绍。