Adaptations and lifestyle in polar marine environments: a biological challenge for the study of fish evolution

The climatic features of Antarctic waters are more extreme and constant than in the Arctic. The Antarctic has been isolated and cold longer than the Arctic. The polar ichthyofaunas differ in age, endemism, taxonomy, zoogeographic distinctiveness and physiological tolerance to environmental parameters. The Arctic is the connection between the Antarctic and the temperate-tropical systems. Paradigmatic comparisons of the pathways of adaptive evolution of fish from both poles address the oxygen-transport system and the antifreezes of northern and southern species, (i) Haemoglobin evolution has included adaptations at the biochemical, physiological and molecular levels. Within the study of the molecular bases offish cold adaptation, and taking advantage of the information on haemoglobin amino acid sequence, we analysed the evolutionary history of the α and β globins of Antarctic, Arctic and temperate haemoglobins as a basis for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships. In the trees, the constant physico-chemical conditions of the Antarctic waters are matched by clear grouping of globin sequences, whereas the variability typical of the Arctic ecosystem corresponds to high sequence variation, reflected by scattered intermediate positions between the Antarctic and non-Antarctic clades. (ii) Antifreeze (glyco)proteins and peptides allow polar fish to survive at sub-zero temperatures. In Antarctic Notothenioidei the antifreeze gene evolved from a trypsinogen-like serine protease gene. In the Arctic polar cod the genome contains genes which encode nearly identical proteins, but have evolved from a different genomic locus–a case of convergent evolution.     

南极长城站空气微生物的分子生态学分析

微生物是气溶胶的重要组成部分。本研究通过收集南极长城站附近气溶胶,构建气溶胶中空气微生物16S rRNA基因文库,发现南极空气微生物具有很高的多样性,93个克隆子包含了53个OTU(Operational Taxonomic Unit),Shannon指数为3.58,Simpson指数为0.04。南极长城站空气微生物的主要细菌类群为Actinobacteria、Cyanobacteria/Chloroplasts、Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes、Planctomycetes、Proteobacteria及Verrucomicrobia等7个门,Proteobacteria门的细菌是优势类群,占长城站空气微生物细菌克隆文库的65.7%。克隆文库中海源微生物序列及陆源微生物序列各占30.1%,说明长城站附近具有较强的海陆大气交换。我们发现有15个克隆子序列与人类活动相关,占总克隆子数的16.1%,说明人类活动已经影响到了长城站的空气微生物群落结构。     

Dynamics of the Alpine Treeline Ecotone under Global Warming: A Review

The alpine treeline ecotone is defined as a forest-grassland or forest-tundra transition boundary either between subalpine forest and treeless grassland, or between subalpine forest and treeless tundra. The alpine treeline ecotone serves irreplaceable ecological functions and provides various ecosystem services. There are three lines associated with the alpine treeline ecotone, the tree species line (i.e., the highest elevational limit of individual tree establishment and growth), the treeline (i.e., the transition line between tree islands and isolated individual trees) and the timber line (i.e., the upper boundary of the closed subalpine forest). The alpine treeline ecotone is the belt region between the tree species line and the timber line of the closed forest. The treeline is very sensitive to climate change and is often used as an indicator for the response of vegetation to global warming. However, there is currently no comprehensive review in the field of alpine treeline advance under global warming. Therefore, this review summarizes the literature and discusses the theoretical bases and challenges in the study of alpine treeline dynamics from the following four aspects: (1) Ecological functions and issues of treeline dynamics; (2) Methodology for monitoring treeline dynamics; (3) Treeline shifts in different climate zones; (4) Driving factors for treeline upward shifting.     

Aeolian processes on sandy desertification of an alpine meadow: A wind tunnel experiment

In recent years,the desertification of alpine meadows has become a serious ecological problem and has gradually become a threat to regional economic activities in Maqu County.To reveal the mechanism for sandy desertification of alpine meadows,we conducted wind tunnel experiments on aeolian processes over sandy alpine meadows.Results show that the sandflux profile of mix-sized sediment decays exponentially with increasing height.However,the profile pattern of a group of uniform-sized particles depends on the experimental wind speeds.The profile pattern of all the groups studied can be expressed by exponential decay functions when the wind speed is less than or equal to 16 m/s.while that for all the groups studied can be expressed by a Gaussian distribution function when the wind speed is above 16 m/s.The average saltation heights of mixed sands at wind speeds of 12 m/s,16 m/s,20 m/s,and 24 m/s were 2.74,4.19,5.28,and 6.12 cm,respectively.The mean grain size basically first decreases and then increases with increasing height under different wind speeds.The sorting improves with increasing wind speed,while the kurtosis and skewness show relationships with only the characteristics of the parent soil.     

不同演替阶段人工柠条林丛枝菌根真菌分子多样性研究

采用PCR-DGGE和DNA克隆测序技术对黄土沟壑区一时间演替序列（5、13、20 a和42 a）上的人工柠条林的丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi;AMF)进行群落结构及多样性研究。结果显示,所有DNA序列聚为四个均属于AMF Glomus属的序列群,分别与Genbank上已登录的G.intraradices（同源性≥98%）、G. fasciculatum（=99%）、Glo18（=98%）和G. sp.（=98%）相关,这表明,在特定的时间点上柠条根系的AMF多样性十分低下。这四个序列群在5~20 a的柠条林中均出现,而在42 a的柠条林中只有G. sp.未出现,这表明,AMF群落组成并未随着柠条林的演替而发生显著改变,即AMF群落并未随着人工柠条林的恢复演替而得到恢复;土壤理化性质的稳定以及人工柠条林中的AMF群落与植被之间的正向反馈关系可能是导致这种现象的主要原因。     

孢粉指示鄂陵湖地区晚全新世以来植被与环境演化

通过对黄河源地区鄂陵湖地层剖面的研究,综合分析同一地区不同植被带孢粉代用指标,获得了晚全新世以来鄂陵湖流域植被及气候演变记录。1)1.90~1.60 ka BP,植被类型以高寒草原为主,区域气候干旱寒冷;2)1.60~0.80 ka BP,为高寒草甸景观,孢粉组合反映出次生植被具有垂直地带性,湖滨地区次生植被为十字花科及紫菀属,而阴坡和山顶区则为紫菀属及蒲公英属,干旱程度有所缓解;3)0.80 ka BP~,整体景观为莎草、十字花科、蒿属为主的高寒草甸景观,气候转向暖湿,但整体仍较为干旱。其中,0.66~0.84 ka BP出现一次湿润时期,植被丰富。     

美国蒙大拿州冰川国家公园冰缘条带形地表植物功能属性和土壤微生物随坡位变化（英文）

The retreating snowfields and glaciers of Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, present alpine plants with changes in habitat and hydrology. The adjacent and relic periglacial patterned ground consists of solifluction terraces of green, vegetation-rich stripes alternating with sparsely vegetated brown stripes. We established georeferenced transects on striped periglacial patterned ground for long-term monitoring and data collection on species distribution and plant functional traits at Siyeh Pass and at Piegan Pass at Glacier National Park. We documented species distribution and calculated the relative percent cover(RPC) of qualitative functional traits and used 16 S rRNA from soil samples to characterize microbial distribution on green and brown stripes. Plant species distribution varied significantly and there were key differences in microbial distribution between the green and brown stripes. The rare arctic-alpine plants Draba macounii, Papaver pygmaeum, and Sagina nivalis were restricted to brown stripes, where the RPC of xeromorphic taprooted species was significantly higher at the leading edge of the Siyeh Pass snowfield. Brown stripes had a higher percentage of the thermophilic bacteria Thermacetogenium and Thermoflavimicrobium. Green stripes were co-dominated by the adventitiously-rooted dwarf shrubs Salix arctica and the possibly N-fixing Dryas octopetala. Green stripes were inhabited by Krummholz and seedlings of Abies lasiocarpa and Pinus albicaulus. Prosthecobacter, a hydrophilic bacterial genus, was more abundant on the green stripes, which had 6,524 bacterial sequences in comparison to the 1,183 sequences from the brown stripes. While further research can determine which functional traits are critical for these plants, knowledge of the current distribution of plant species and their functional traits can be used in predictive models of the responses of alpine plants to disappearing snowfields and glaciers. This research is important in conservation of rare arctic-alpine species on periglacial patterned ground.     

山地生态学的研究进展、重点领域与趋势

在全球变化背景下,山地生态系统的剧烈变化不仅对陆地生态系统格局与功能产生较大影响,而且也显著制约着人类社会的可持续发展.在明确山地生态学研究的重要性和迫切性的基础上,通过对国际上山地生态学研究进展的全面综述,阐明了现阶段山地生态学研究的重点领域和前沿科学问题.对我国山地生态学研究的重要性进行了系统分析,并讨论了研究现状及其存在的主要问题.认为作为世界第一山地大国,我国山地生态科学研究应得以重视和发展,以应对全球变化对我国生态和环境安全的影响.     

青藏高原高寒草地净初级生产力(NPP)时空分异

基于1982-2009 年间的遥感数据和野外台站生态实测数据,利用遥感生产力模型(CASA模型) 估算青藏高原高寒草地植被净初级生产力(NPP),分别从地带属性(自然地带、海拔高程、经纬度)、流域、行政区域(县级) 等方面对其时空变化过程进行分析,阐述了1982 年以来青藏高原高寒草地植被NPP的时空格局与变化特征。结果表明:① 青藏高原高寒草地NPP多年均值的空间分布表现为由东南向西北逐渐递减;1982-2009 年间,青藏高原高寒草地的年均总NPP为177.2×10¹² gC·yr^-1,单位面积年均植被NPP为120.8 gC·m^-2yr^-1;② 研究时段内,青藏高原高寒草地年均NPP 在112.6~129.9 gC·m^-2yr^-1 间,呈波动上升的趋势,增幅为13.3%;NPP 增加的草地占草地总面积的32.56%、减少的占5.55%;③ 青藏高原多数自然地带内的NPP呈增加趋势,仅阿里山地半荒漠、荒漠地带NPP呈轻微减低趋势,其中高寒灌丛草甸地带和草原地带的NPP增长幅度明显大于高寒荒漠地带;年均NPP增加面积比随着海拔升高呈现"升高—稳定—降低"的特点,而降低面积比则呈现"降低—稳定—升高"的特征;④ 各主要流域草地年均植被NPP均呈现增长趋势,其中黄河流域增长趋势显著且增幅最大。植被NPP和盖度及生长季时空变化显示,青藏高原高寒草地生态系统健康状况总体改善局部恶化。     

2000-2010年黄河源玛曲高寒湿地生态格局变化

玛曲湿地作为黄河上游重要的水源涵养以及补给区之一,对于调节黄河水量与泥沙量、维持生物多样性和区域生态平衡以及实现社会经济的可持续发展具有重要意义。为揭示和分析近10 年来玛曲高寒湿地系统动态变化特征及其区域差异性,应用2000 年、2010 年两期Landsat TM卫星影像提取玛曲景观类型信息,对玛曲湿地分布格局变化进行分析;利用S-G 滤波以及最大值合成法处理后的2000-2010 年MODIS归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据,进行一元线性回归分析,模拟湿地生态系统的空间演变趋势;运用长期气候观测数据,采用最小二乘法对玛曲湿地变化与气候之间的相关关系进行分析与探讨。结果表明：近10 年来玛曲夏季年际NDVI值呈现波动减小的趋势,“黄河第一弯”玛曲腹地的阿万仓处NDVI减少明显,且存在沼泽草甸向亚高山草甸类型转化趋势。另外,玛曲高寒湿地变化与降水量及温度的年际变化均有关系,但与降水量的相关关系更强。     

Consensus maps of cloned plant cuticle genes

Plant cuticle,which covers the plant surface,consists of waxes and cutins,and is associated with plant drought,cold,and salt resistance.Hitherto,at least 47 genes participating in the formation of plant cuticle have been cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana,Oryza sativa,Zea mays,Ricinus communis,Brassica napus,and Medicago truncatula;and about 85% of them encode proteins sharing above 50% identities with their rice homologous sequences.These cloned cuticle genes were mapped in silico on different chromosomes of rice and Arabidopsis,respectively.The mapping results revealed that plant cuticle genes were not evenly distributed in both genomes.About 40% of the mapped cuticle genes were located on chromosome 1 in Arabidopsis,while 20% of the mapped cuticle genes were located on chromosome 2 but none on chromosome 12 in rice.Some cloned plant cuticle genes have several rice homologous sequences,which might be produced by chromosomal segment duplication.The consensus map of cloned plant cuticle genes will provide important clues for the selection of candidate genes in a positional cloning of an unknown cuticle gene in plants.     

基于DEM-NDVI的高山植被带定量刻划

根据不同高山植被类型具有不同归一化植被指数响应的特点,通过对NDVI的分析来定量刻划高山植被带的海拔分布。首先,利用DEM、NDVI构建DEM-NDVI散点分布图;然后,结合地面调查资料与WorldView-2高分遥感影像对DEM-NDVI散点分布图进行统计回归分析;最后,利用分析结果定量刻划高山植被垂直分带结构。将该方法应用于四川卧龙大熊猫保护区的卧龙关沟,结果表明：① NDVI随海拔升高而呈“Z”字形变化;② DEM-NDVI散点图比样本点DEM-NDVI分布图能更完全地表达高山植被NDVI随高程变化的特征;③ 卧龙关沟东北坡高山植被带海拔高度为3255~4415 m,西南坡高山植被带海拔高度为3193~4473 m,与地面调查得到的区域代表植被的分布高度基本一致。     

Seasonal changes in pasture biomass, production and offtake under the transhumance system in northern Pakistan

An understanding of seasonal changes in pasture biomass, production and offtake of different range types is fundamentally important for the efficient management of livestock grazing. However, few studies have quantified these changes for transhumance systems, despite the fact that transhumance is still the main form of livestock management in several regions of the world and is often critical for the livelihoods of the people. One such area is the Northern Areas of Pakistan, where six villages and their pastures were selected for study. Pastures were categorized within foothill, dry temperate and alpine range types, and seasonal biomass, production and offtake of the vegetation was estimated by clipping paired caged and uncaged quadrats. The alpine range type had by far the highest biomass and offtake; the foothill and dry temperate range types were much more sparsely vegetated. Although alpine pastures were heavily used, particularly in spring, there was no evidence for consistent over-utilization of pasture resources. Within the dry temperate range type, production was highest during spring but significantly under-used. This indicates a potential for increased use of dry temperate pastures during spring, an important period both for early recovery of livestock body condition after winter and to reduce the heavy pressure on the alpine pastures at this time.     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON TRE ZONE OF ALPINE SCRUB AND MEADOW OF QINGHAI-XIZANG (TIBETAN) PLATEAU

Locatedinthenuddle-eastempartofQingl1ai-XizangPlateau,thezoneofalpinescrubandmeadow,charaCterizedbyhigl1landsubpolarhu1hid/subhumiddimate,isatransitionalroponfromdeePgorgestoinIandofh1eplateauproper.ThezoneofalpinescrtlbandmeadowstretchesinadireCtionofWSWtoENE,forminganaturalzoneontheplateau.Tl1enaturalzoneisLutiqueinphyslcalenvirorunentsandnaturalecosystems,andcouldnotbefoUndatthelowlandselseWhereonEarth(Figurel).I.CharacteristicsofPbysicalEnvironmentsStartedfromZoigeandAbaofSichuan…     

1982~2013年青藏高原高寒草地覆盖变化及与气候之间的关系

利用GIMMS NDVI数据和地面气象站台观测数据,对青藏高原1982~2013年高寒草地覆盖时空变化及其对气象因素的响应进行研究,结果表明：青藏高原高寒草地生长季NDVI表现为从东南到西北逐渐减少的趋势,近32 a来,整个高原草地生长季NDVI呈上升趋势,增加速率为0.000 3/a (p<0.05);高寒草地生长季NDVI年际变化具有空间异质性,整体为增加趋势,呈增加趋势的面积约占研究区域面积的75.3%,其中显著增加的占26.0% （p<0.05）,类型主要为分布在青藏高原东北部地区的高寒草甸;比例为4.7%,草地类型主要为高寒草原,主要分布在高原西部地区;基于生态地理分区的分析显示,青藏高原草地与降水、温度的相关关系具有明显的空间差异,高寒草地生长季NDVI均值与降水呈显著正相关,对降水的滞后效应显著;高原东北部温度较高,热量条件较好,降水为高寒草地生长季NDVI变化的主导因子;东中部地区降水充沛,温度则为高寒草地生长的制约因子;南部地区降水和温度都较适宜,均与高寒草地生长季NDVI相关性显著(p< 0.05),共同作用于草地的生长;中部和西部地区,气候因子与高寒草地生长季NDVI关系均不显著。     

三江源植被净初级生产力估算研究进展（英文）

The Three-River Headwater Region(TRHR), known as the "Water Tower of China", is an important ecological shelter for national security interests and regional sustainable development activities for many downstream regions in China and a number of Southeast Asian countries. The TRHR is a high-elevation, cold environment with a unique, but typical alpine vegetation system. Net primary productivity(NPP) is a key vegetation parameter and ecological indicator that can reflect both natural environmental changes and carbon budget levels. Given the unique geographical environment and strategic location of the TRHR, many scholars have estimated NPP of the TRHR by using different methods; however, these estimates vary greatly for a number of reasons. To date, there is no paper that has reviewed and assessed NPP estimation studies conducted in the TRHR. Therefore, in this paper, we(1) summarized the related methods and results of NPP estimation in the TRHR in a systematic review of previous research;(2) discussed the suitability of existing methods for estimating NPP in the TRHR and highlighted the most significant challenges; and(3) assessed the estimated NPP results. Finally, developmental directions of NPP estimation in the TRHR were prospected.     

Plant functional traits and microbes vary with position on striped periglacial patterned ground at Glacier National Park,Montana

The retreating snowfields and glaciers of Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, present alpine plants with changes in habitat and hydrology. The adjacent and relic periglacial patterned ground consists of solifluction terraces of green, vegetation-rich stripes alternating with sparsely vegetated brown stripes. We established georeferenced transects on striped periglacial patterned ground for long-term monitoring and data collection on species distribution and plant functional traits at Siyeh Pass and at Piegan Pass at Glacier National Park. We documented species distribution and calculated the relative percent cover (RPC) of qualitative functional traits and used 16S rRNA from soil samples to characterize microbial distribution on green and brown stripes. Plant species distribution varied significantly and there were key differences in microbial distribution between the green and brown stripes. The rare arctic-alpine plants Draba macounii, Papaver pygmaeum, and Sagina nivalis were restricted to brown stripes, where the RPC of xeromorphic taprooted species was significantly higher at the leading edge of the Siyeh Pass snowfield. Brown stripes had a higher percentage of the thermophilic bacteria Thermacetogenium and Thermoflavimicrobium. Green stripes were co-dominated by the adventitiously-rooted dwarf shrubs Salix arctica and the possibly N-fixing Dryas octopetala. Green stripes were inhabited by Krummholz and seedlings of Abies lasiocarpa and Pinus albicaulus. Prosthecobacter, a hydrophilic bacterial genus, was more abundant on the green stripes, which had 6,524 bacterial sequences in comparison to the 1,183 sequences from the brown stripes. While further research can determine which functional traits are critical for these plants, knowledge of the current distribution of plant species and their functional traits can be used in predictive models of the responses of alpine plants to disappearing snowfields and glaciers. This research is important in conservation of rare arctic-alpine species on periglacial patterned ground.

     

青海湖高寒湿地生态系统服务价值动态

以1987、2000、2010年3个时期的TM影像为主要数据源,基于对中国生态系统单位面积服务价值的生物量修订,研究了青海湖湿地生态系统服务价值的动态特征。结果表明：1987-2010年青海湖高寒湿地总生态系统服务价值增加到了232.34亿元,年均增加0.18亿元,其中,湖泊、高寒草甸、高寒沼泽和温性草原生态系统服务价值是其主要构成部分。人类活动行为和气候变化驱动着其生态服务价值动态。研究区生态服务功能以水文调节、废物处理、气候调节、维持生物多样性功能为主,此4种功能的价值占到了总价值的70%以上。近24年里除原材料生产功能外,其他各项生态系统服务功能均在不同程度地增加,生态服务价值波动最大的是水文调节、废物处理和气候调节功能。     

基于景观基因“地域机制”的客家文化保护与传承开发——以湖南省炎陵县为例

根据客家文化景观基因理论及其"地域机制",以客家扩展聚居区炎陵县为例,结合历史文献查阅和实地调研,发掘分析该县客家文化的景观基因。研究结果表明:(1)迁徙由来、地域背景分别是客家文化景观的共同基因、本土基因;(2)由共同基因以"反客为主"的作用方式与本土基因形成了地方客家景观本质特性的主体基因;(3)保护与传承意识形态是决定其主体基因能否在世代遵循并坚守着"原汁原味"文化传统和文化精神传承过程中的人为基因。基于这些独特基因构成内在相关联的地域机制而所表达的特征,提出了应加强客家文化景观基因的数字化保护管理、传承开发政策等对策。