Weathering, shock metamorphism and type distribution patterns of 98 ordinary chondrites from the Grove Mountains, Antarctica

Petrography and mineral chemistry of ninety-eight ordinary chondrites from Grove Mountains (GRV), Antarctica, were presented and their.weathering effect, shock metamorphism and type distribution patterns were discussed in this study. Among them, six are unequilibrated ordinary chondrites, including 3 H3 and 3 L3; and 92 meteorites are equilibrated ordinary chondrites, including 24 H-group (13 H4, 10 H5, 1 H6), 64 L-group (2 L4, 44 L5, 18 L6) and 4 LL-group (3 LL4, 1 LL5). Most GRV chondrites (>90%) displayed minor weathering effect (W1 and W2). About half of the meteorites experienced severe shock metamorphism. They commonly contain shock-induced melt veins and pockets. These heavily shocked meteorites provide us with natural samples for study of high-pressure polymorphs of minerals. In addition, the Grove Mountains collection seems to have more abundant unequilibrated and L group ordinary chondrites compared to the US Antarctic meteorite collection which were mainly found along the Transantarctic Mountains.     

Metamorphism and microstructure of seasonal snow: Single layer tracking in Western Tianshan,China

Snowpack is a combination of several snow layers. Accordingly, snowpack natural metamorphism is composed of several stages. The aim of this study is to investigate the natural snow metamorphism at the snow layer unit. The field investigation was conducted at the Tianshan Station for Snow Cover and Avalanche Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences(43°16' N, 84°24' E, and 1,776 m a.s.l.), during the winter of 2010-2011. A complete metamorphic procedure and the corresponding microstructure of a target snow layer were tracked. The results indicate that: the ideal and complete metamorphic process and the corresponding predominant snow grain shape have 5 stages: 1) unstable kinetic metamorphism near the surface; 2) unstable kinetic metamorphism under pressure; 3) stable kinetic metamorphism; 4) equilibrium metamorphism; 5) wet snow metamorphism. Snow grain size sharply decreased in the surface stage, and then changed to continuously increase. Rapid increase of grain size occurred in the stable kinetic metamorphism and wet snow metamorphism stage. The characteristic length was introduced to represent the real sizes of depth hoar crystals. The snow grain circularity ratio had a variation of "rapid increase–slow decrease–slow increase", and the snow aggregations continuously increased with time. Snow density grew stepwise and remained steady from the stable kinetic to the equilibrium metamorphism stage. The differences in metamorphism extent and stages among snow layers, led to the characteristic layered structure of snowpack.     

Petrology of ureilites from Grove Mountains, Antarctica：Constraints on the origins

Ureilites are a common group of achondrites with a high abundance of carbon. They probably have a genetic relationship with chondrites, hence provide an insight into origin and evolution of terrestrial planets. A new meteorite-rich region, Grove Mountains (GRV), was found by the Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition, with discovery of 9834 meteorites. Of 2433 meteorites classified, 9 ureilites have been identified. In this paper, we report petrography of 6 of these ureilites. Four ureilites contain graphite and exhibit triangle conjunction and common reduced margins of olivine. GRV 052382 probably experienced heavy shock metamorphism followed by fast cooling, as indicated by mosaic texture or fine-grained granular texture of olivine. GRV 022931 was highly reduced of these ureilites, with olivine as isolated grains in abundant carbonaceous matrix. All 9 ureilites are monomict, and are classified into subtype II (with medium FeO content, Fa15-18) and subtype I (with high FeO content, Fa>18) based on compositions of the cores of olivine. The diverse mineral compositions and petrography of these ureilites suggest that they are not paired and reveal a multi-event history of the parent body. Partial melting of the parent body produced carbon-rich magma, followed by crystallization of graphite and silicates. Later, graphite was partially inverted to diamond by shock events. Reburial of the shocked debris experienced various degree of thermal metamorphism. Finally, these rocks were excavated from the parent asteroid and ejected into Earth-cross orbit by another impact event.     

Shock metamorphism of ordinary chondrites from Grove Mountains, Antarctica

Shock effects of 93 Grove Mountains (GRV) ordinary chondrites were studied in this work, including fracture, various types of extinction, and recrystallization of silicates observed under optical microscopy. Shock-induced veins and pockets show various microtextures, decomposition and phase transformation of minerals. The confirmed high-pressure polymorphs of silicates are ringwoodite, majorite, pyroxene glass and maskelynite. Based on the shock effects and assemblages of high-pressure minerals, shock stages of all of 93 GRV chondrites were classified. In comparison with literature, the Grove Mountains meteorites have a higher fraction (23 out of 93) of heavily shocked samples (S4-S5). Most of the heavily shocked meteorites are L group (22 out of 23), except for one H chondrite. The distinct shock metamorphism between H and L groups may indicate different surface properties of their parent bodies. In addition, there is relationship between petrologic types and shock stages, with most heavily shocked samples observed in equilibrated ordinary chondrites (especially Type 5 and 6).     

青海滩间山金矿床成矿模式

滩间山金矿床位于柴达木地块北缘,产于中元古界蓟县系万洞沟群碳质糜棱片岩和华力西晚期侵入岩中。矿床形成与柴北缘区域地壳多阶段演化和多次成矿作用有关,属多因复成矿床。矿床是在热水沉积、区域变质、热变质等预富集的基础上,与区域绿片岩相韧性剪切带的退化演化同步,经历了脆韧性、韧脆性和脆性剪切变形成矿阶段的演化并遭受华力西晚期侵入岩浆活动的叠加改造形成的。成矿物质来自容矿黑色岩系和华力西晚期侵入岩。     

Exposure ages and radiogenic ages of ureilite(GRV 024516) and ordinary chondrite(GRV 024517) from Antarctica

The GRV 024516 and GRV 024517 meteorite samples collected from Grove Montains,Antactica are ureilite and H5 ordinary chondrite,respectively.Based on the study of mineralogy-petrology,the cosmic-ray exposure ages and gas retention ages of these two meteorites were determinated and calculated.Their cosmic-ray exposure ages are 33.3 Ma,51.7 Ma,and gas retention ages are 1936.8 Ma and 3720 Ma,respectively.The ureilite contains diamond,graphite and amorphous C,which are mainly carrier of noble gases indicating obviously shock metamorphism effects,which induced 40Ar partial loss.The H5 chondrite indicates thermal metamorphism of parent body,its gas retention age fall the range between 3220 Ma and 4510 Ma of the least shocked H5 chondrites     

烟台北部古元古代芝罘群变形变质作用及演化

在分析烟台北部芝罘群主要变质岩类的变质矿物共生组合、变质相系及构造岩等特征的基础上 ,对该群变形、变质作用及演化特征进行了探讨。认为该区芝罘群曾经历 1期韧性变形作用和 4期变质作用 (古元古代高角闪岩相、中元古代早期低角闪岩相、中元古代晚期高绿片岩相及新元古代低绿片岩相变质作用 )。     

GRV 051523： A new eucrite

Grove Mountains (GRV) 051523 is a newly identified eucrite, consisting mainly of coarse-grained pyroxene (62.9 vol%) and plagioclase (34.2 vol%), with less abundant opaque minerals (2.7 vol%), minor silica and tiny FeO-rich olivine (Fa75). Coarse-grained pyroxenes show exsolution of augite lamellae in pigeonite or vice versa. Width of most exsolution lamellae in pyroxenes is 1-3 μm. Opaque minerals are mainly chromite, ilmenite and sulfides. The meteorite was heavily shocked, as indicated by breccias and melt veins. Coarse-grained pyroxenes commonly contain abundant tiny or needle-like chromite inclusions with orientation, probably due to heavy shock events. Pyroxenes in various petrographic occurrences exhibit highly homogeneous compositions, indicating that GRV 051523 experienced intense thermal metamorphism in the parent asteroid 4 Vesta. GRV 051523 is classified as Type 5-6. This new eucrite will have additional constraints on chemical composition, magmatic differentiation, multi-stage shock and thermal history of Vesta.     

烟台北部古元古代芝罘群变形变质作用及演化

在分析烟台北部芝罘群主要变质岩类的变质矿物共生组合、变质相系及构造岩等特征的基础上,对该群变形、变质作用及演化特征进行了探讨.认为该区芝罘群曾经历1期韧性变形作用和4期变质作用(古元古代高角闪岩相、中元古代早期低角闪岩相、中元古代晚期高绿片岩相及新元古代低绿片岩相变质作用).     

一种走滑剪切-逆冲推覆相互转换的变形体系——以桂东南那卜地区NE向和NW向两组韧性剪切带为例

桂东南那卜地区宁潭超单元及其围岩中,主期变形变质作用形成的韧性剪切带可分为2类NE向右行走滑性质的韧性剪切带;NW向逆冲推覆性质的韧性剪切带.通过对以上2类韧性剪切带的构造样式、显微组构以及运动学特征等的综合分析表明,它们形成的构造应力是NE-SW向的,在这一应力的作用下,使早期NE向和NW向构造重新活动,从而构成了一种NE向走滑-NW向逆冲的相互转换程式,即NE向右行走滑性质韧性剪切带和NW向逆冲推覆性质韧性剪切带相互转换的韧性变形体系.     

丹凤群斜长角闪岩中角闪石的环带及变质作用

在丹凤群中,部分斜长角闪岩含有由阳起石内核和镁普通角闪石外环组成的环带角闪石。外环形成于主变质期,而内核是早期变质矿物的残余。早期变质作用属低压相系的斜长石-阳起石相环境,发生在丹凤群形成之初;而主期变质发生在加里东晚期的中压相系的角闪岩相。大约在海西—印支期后又出现了伴随韧性剪切作用的退变质现象。早期变质和主期变质作用可能分别与秦岭造山带的裂谷作用和裂谷闭合过程有关。     

天堂山花岗质岩石条带状构造的成因与演化

天堂山地区花岗质岩石中条带状构造异常发育,据成因可分为分异条带状构造和构造置换———复合条带状构造两种类型。它们的形成与岩石变形变质作用有密切关系,形成和演化过程可分为３个阶段：递进变形变质阶段;重熔活化阶段;构造置换改造阶段。分异条带状构造是岩石在递进变形变质作用过程中具不同熔点的矿物发生分离和分异形成的;构造置换———复合条带状构造是重熔活化阶段形成的长英质脉体和先期分异条带一起又受到强烈的构造置换改造,发生平行化而成。     

The collision experiment between rolling stones of different shapes and protective cushion in open-pit mines

Though gravel cushions are used worldwide in open-pit mines and railway slopes to control the impact of rolling stones, no universal technical standards have been put in place to guide engineers in their correct design, and few laboratory test results are available with which to characterize collisions between rolling stones and a gravel cushion. We carried out a large number of experiments in which rolling stones made of the same material but differently shaped were dropped from various heights onto cushions with various particle sizes and thicknesses. We investigated the characteristics of the resulting collisions, and the relationships between coefficients of restitution(CORs) of blocks with different shape and release height H, cushion thickness h and particle diameter d are obtained through linear fitting method. Orthogonal testing reveals the relative influence of block shape, release height, and the particle size and thickness of the cushion on the collision characteristics, which can assist engineers in designing a gravel cushion suitable to the distribution and weathering characteristics of rolling stones in a specific area.     

辽南韧性剪切带中的变质作用与退变质作用

辽南韧性剪切带为一大型韧性滑脱剪切带。糜棱岩呈大面积席状展布。在糜棱岩化过程中,既有进变质作用,又有退变质作用。主滑脱面之上的盖层岩石产生进变质作用;主滑脱面之下的太古宙片麻岩(变质核杂岩)则产生退变质作用。进变质作用和退变质作用研究表明,韧性剪切带活动时期的高峰温度相当于低绿片岩相,但是,同构造基性岩床只退变至角闪岩相的矿物组合。这是因为这一件矿物组台是以准稳态保留下来。变质核杂岩的显微构造特征表明,在整个演化过程中,它是逐渐抬升的。在变质核杂岩的抬升过程中,又有新的一轮退变质作用产生。     

谈早前寒武纪侵入岩定位、变形、变质的同期性

依据鲁西地区早前寒武纪花岗质侵入岩普遍具有塑性流变特征和退化变质特征，以及变质作用和变形作用相协调等现象，认为岩体的侵位与变形、变质是同一期构造岩浆作用形成的，是岩浆就位后逐渐冷凝过程中，在持续应力作用下发生的，与后期的地质构造作用无关；固态岩石只能发生脆性变形和局部的脆韧性变形。并从热力场、动力场和化学场的变化趋势对变形、变质作用的制约因素作了简要分析。     

变质岩的变质序列分析──以辽河群为例

通过对辽河群岩石中主要变质矿物的观察和研究，以岩石的变形历史作为变质结晶作用的相对时标，确定了矿物生长的时序特征及其演化过程。发现变质与变形既是有密切联系的又是各自独立的地质作用，辽河期的变形作用存在明显的３个变形幕，而辽河期的变质作用是个连续的完整的过程，无明显的热波动。变质作用高峰和变形作用高峰存在时间差。     

岷县漳县MS6.6地震近场地震波谱质心分布与发震构造

采用近场15个地震台记录的2013-07-22岷县漳县MS6.6地震主震波形,计算平均谱质心频率并给出地理分布。结果表明,高频分布椭圆分布在临潭-宕昌断裂主支的西南侧。由此认为,这次地震的逆冲块体应是处于临潭-宕昌断裂西南侧的另一平行次级断层之间的块体,发震构造并非临潭-宕昌断裂;谱质心最高频率的分布范围揭示了地震波能量辐射最强的区域,与现场考察的宏观极震区相吻合。     

芝罘群岩石地层划分及区域对比

芝罘群分布于烟台市区北部芝罘岛、崆峒岛、担子岛等岛屿上,自下而上划分为老爷山组、兵营组及东口组.东口组为新建岩石地层单位.该群岩石组合为白云母钾长片麻岩、含电气石钾长石英岩、钾长石英岩、镜铁矿钾长石英岩、石英岩、白云母石英片岩夹黑云片岩、透辉变粒岩及大理岩等.其原岩为富钾、铁、硼的长英质碎屑岩夹粘土岩及富镁碳酸盐岩.兵营组单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄为2171Ma,其成岩时代属古元古代早期.芝罘群区域上可与辽东地区古元古代榆树砬子群对比.     

Mid-Holocene Climate Variations Recorded by Palaeolake in Marginal Area of East Asian Monsoon： A Multi-proxy Study

Traditionally, the mid-Holocene in most parts of China was thought to be warmer with higher precipitation, resulting from a strong Asian summer monsoon. However, some recent researches have proposed a mid-Holocene drought interval of millennial-scale in East Asian monsoon margin areas. Thus whether mid-Holocene was dry or humid remains an open issue. Here, Zhuyeze palaeolake, the terminal lake of the Shiyang River Drainage lying in Asian monsoon marginal areas, was selected for reconstructing the details of climate variations during the Holocene, especially mid-Holocene, on the basis of a sedimentological analysis. Qingtu Lake (QTL) section of 6.92m depth was taken from Zhuyeze palaeolake. Multi-proxy analysis of QTL section, including grain size, carbonate, TOC, C/N and δ13C of organic matter, was used to document regional climatic changes during 9-3 cal ka B.P. The record shows a major environmental change at 9.0-7.8 cal ka B.P., attributed to a climate trend towards warmth and humidity. This event was followed by a typical regional drought event which occurred during 7.8-7.5 cal ka B.P. And a warm and humid climate prevailed from 7.5 to 5.0 cal ka B.P., attributed to the warm/humid Holocene Optimum in this region. After that, the climate gradually became drier. Moreover, comparison of the climate record from this paper with the summer insolation at 30°N indicates that the climate pattern reflecting the Asian monsoon changes was caused by insolation change.     

胶东金矿省成矿作用初析

胶东半岛的原生金金属储量约占全国的1/7.郯-庐断裂两侧的地质差异由新太古代延续到早白垩世晚期,指示胶东半岛为一独立大地构造块体.结合大别-苏鲁超高压-高压变质带的被错开及该变质带的三叠纪同位素年龄峰值,郯-庐断裂的主活动期可限定在后三叠纪-早白垩世晚期.金矿的同位素年龄和半岛南部广泛的金矿化指示区域成矿主要发生在侏罗纪-早白垩世,乳山矿区的矿化蚀变特征则暗示成矿作用与变质热液无关;由于区内主变质期早于新元古代,故认为半岛的成矿起因于晚中生代大范围基底部分融熔及与此相关的岩浆热液活动,与欧亚陆缘演化有关.因此,胶东半岛的金矿与典型"绿岩型”金矿不可比,而火成岩密集区则应在找矿中加以重视.