黄壁庄水库水质参数遥感反演研究

以石家庄市黄壁庄水库为研究对象,利用ASD FieldSpec Pro野外光谱辐射计进行反射光谱测量和同步水质采样分析,应用高光谱技术阐释了水质参数(SS、COD、TN、TP)与光谱反射率的关系,为今后利用星载高光谱传感器对黄壁庄水库乃至我国北方内陆水体水质参数进行大面积反演提供理论基础。在分析水库水体反射光谱特征的基础上,运用微分光谱技术和统计相关方法直接分析、诊断各水质参数的敏感波段,并建立线性估算模型,确定研究区SS、COD、TN、TP的敏感波段分别为715 nm7、04 nm、595 nm8、73 nm。     

丹江口库区产业发展条件下的生态安全研究——以河南省淅川县辖丹江口水库库区为例

南水北调中线工程是我国全面建设小康社会和实现可持续发展战略的重要基础设施.保证水质达标是工程建设成败的关键,这对调水源头丹江口水库库区的生态环境提出了更高的要求.以河南省浙川县辖丹江口库区为例,研究丹江口库区的生态安全,从库区生态安全的状况出发,分析了主要影响因素,研究提出了实现库区生态安全的建设内容和措施.     

塘坂水库春季养鱼控藻围隔试验研究

塘坂水库作为福州市区的第二水源地,每年4—10月份频繁暴发以微囊藻为优势种的蓝藻水华．为了控制藻类的大量生长,进一步提高库区水质,本研究采用非经典生物操纵理论,进行现场围隔试验．2012年4-5月,在塘坂水库设置围隔放养不同种类的鱼探索其控藻的效果．结果显示：放养鱼类40天后,放鱼组围隔内浮游植物群落结构发生改变,蓝藻所占比例下降,硅藻和绿藻逐渐增加;同时,放养鱼类促使水体叶绿素-a值升高,藻类小型化．     

深圳石岩水库污染状况及综合防治对策

采集石岩水库各来水支流和坝前共计8个样点3种不同深度的水样,由深圳市水质检测中心检测,检测地表水环境质量标准基本项目(除COD)和补充项目,共计28项.水质评价采用单项标准指数法和富营养化评价法.结果表明:根据单项标准指数法,全部采样点均检出超标污染物,共有12种污染物项目超标,其中总氮超标最严重;污染最严重的前3个样点分别是石岩河和深坑坜支流、麻布支流和石岩湖温泉度假村;根据富营养化评价法,水库的整体水质为中营养水平,个别样点已达到富营养化水平,磷是该水库富营养化的限制性营养元素;一些污染物有逐步沉积的现象,其含量随深度逐渐增加,如不加以控制,长期积累也会导致下层首先超标而影响水质.文中提出了对石岩水库污染水质的治理技术方法,并针对各个支流水质的污染特点提出了对应的防治措施.     

三峡库区重庆市万州区塌岸现状调查

水库塌岸是影响三峡水库工程成败的重大地质问题。通过对三峡库区重庆市万州区当前蓄水位下的塌岸现状进行地质调查,查清塌岸段工程地质条件,总结概括了各塌岸类型和特点,同时调查统计了相关的塌岸预测参数。这些工作不但对万州区塌岸预测防治工作提供了地质基础,还可为库区其他地区的塌岸调查防治工作提供良好借鉴。     

二龙山水库水环境保护研究

文章在对二龙山水库水源地环境现状进行系统分析的基础上,划分水源地保护区,确定水质保护目标;并以此为依据,对水源地的水环境容量及主要污染物削减量进行了分析和研究,提出了二龙山水库水源地主要污染物总量控制目标及保护对策。     

三峡库区湿地监测指标体系构建

三峡库区湿地是巨大的人工湿地,库区形成长江两岸长达数百千米与天然湿地季节相反的消落带湿地。为确保三峡水库的安全运营和库区生态安全,需要建立一套三峡库区湿地监测指标。依据三峡库区湿地的特殊性,探索构建一套包括水文、水质、气象、土壤、碳汇等监测内容的湿地监测指标体系,指标体系的建立对三峡库区湿地生态系统监测和保护具有一定的现实意义。     

Integrated Petrophysical Modeling for a Strongly Heterogeneous and Fractured Reservoir,Sarvak Formation,SW Iran

Introducing and applying an appropriate strategy for reservoir modeling in strongly heterogeneous and fractured reservoirs is a controversial issue in reservoir engineering. Various integration approaches have been introduced to combine different sources of information and model building techniques to handle heterogeneity in geological complex reservoir. However, most of these integration approaches in several studies fail on modeling strongly fractured limestone reservoir rocks of the Zagros belt in southwest Iran. In this study, we introduced a new strategy for appropriate modeling of a production formation fractured rock. Firstly, different rock types in the study area were identified based on well log data. Then, the Sarvak Formation was divided into nine zones, and the thinner subzones were used for further fine modeling procedure. These subzones were separated based on different fracture types and fracture distribution in each zone. This strategy provided sophisticated distribution of petrophysical parameters throughout the grids of the model, and therefore, it can handle strong heterogeneity of the complex reservoir. Afterward, petrophysical parameters were used to produce an up-scaled 3D gridded petrophysical model. Subsequently, maps of petrophysical properties were derived for each zone of the Sarvak Formation. Evidences achieved in this study indicates Sarvak Formation zone 2 as the target production zone with better performance of reservoir rock and the southwestern part of the field as area of maximum porosity.     

Complex reservoir sedimentation revealed by an unusual combination of sediment records,Kangaroo Creek Reservoir,South Australia

Despite their direct links to human use, reservoirs are not widely utilised, relative to natural lakes, for deriving sediment histories. One explanation is the complex sedimentation patterns observed in water storages. Here a highly unusual combination of sedimentary records is used to determine the sedimentation history of Kangaroo Creek Reservoir, South Australia. We compare contiguous high resolution (0.5 cm sampling interval) diatom records from an almost 1.3 m core extracted from the bottom of the reservoir and from a 0.4 m monolith of sediment perched 15 m above the reservoir bottom on a disused bridge that was submerged following initial reservoir filling in 1970. The diatom histories are supplemented by evidence provided by other indicators, most notably radionuclide concentrations and ratios. Interestingly, despite the fact that the reservoir has been >20 m deep for more than 70% of its recorded history, distinct sections of the reservoir bottom core, but not the bridge monolith, are dominated by non-planktonic diatoms. We attribute the occurrences of these phases to inflows that occur following heavy catchment rains at times when the reservoir is drawn down. These characteristic sections have, in turn, been used to refine the site’s chronology. Despite having a length of almost 1.3 m, a variety of data suggests that the core has not recovered pre-reservoir sediment, but rather spans the period from 1981 (11 years after first filling) to 2001, when the core was extracted. It is clear, therefore, that sediments in the bottom of the reservoir are accumulating rapidly (>7 cm year⁻¹), although more than 40% of this deposition occurs in less than 5% of the time. It appears that in the period 1996–2001, quiescent sedimentation rates, both in the perched bridge locality and on the reservoir bottom, slowed in response to reduced stream flow. Our findings indicate that, with caution, complex patterns of sedimentation in water storages can be disentangled. However, it was difficult to precisely correlate diatom sequences from the two records even in periods of quiescent sedimentation, suggesting that reservoir bottom diatom sequences should be interpreted with considerable caution. Furthermore, while storm-derived inflows such as those identified may deliver a substantial proportion of sediment and phosphorus load to storages, the ensuing deposition patterns may render much of the phosphorus unavailable to the overlying waters.     

新丰江水库上游氮磷污染的时空变化

新丰江水库流域是广东省最大的饮用水源保护区,对东江下游和香港地区的用水安全有十分重要的作用,水质长期保持在国家地表水I类标准。但随着经济的发展,水库上游地区人类活动加剧,对水质和水量造成潜在威胁。通过2007、2008年对新丰江水库上游流域采样分析氮磷质量分数,发现总氮和总磷超过地表水Ⅱ类标准的采样点比例分别为48%和12%。与总磷相比,新丰江水库上游总氮的污染要更加严重,丰水期超标点明显少于枯水期,而枯水期氮-磷正相关关系较好（P＜0.000 1,R²＝0.868 3）,污染物可能为同一污染源或同期释放。空间上超标点多位于新丰、连平县城和大型城镇居民点如马头、忠信、灯塔镇附近,河流污染主要来自生活污水和养殖废水等人为点源污染。尽管目前新丰江水库库区的水质情况总体较好,但上游水质也存在恶化风险,可能导致水库自净能力降低,水体富营养化加剧,因此需要对新丰江水库上游的水质进行定期监测,通过控制内、外源性氮磷措施,以减少饮用水源安全风险和保证新丰江水库水质长期稳定。     

新丰江水库供水特征及供水安全分析——以2003―2012年供河源市饮用水为例

收集广东省环保局发布的2003―2012年水库蓄水量、水质指数和供河源市的饮用水供水量,并根据逐月数据计算了逐年、月均和干湿季3指标。结果表明,新丰江水库供河源市的饮用水逐月供水量总体呈波动上升趋势,2012年年供水量是2003年的3.3倍之多;各月水质均无任何超标项目,多年平均1月水质最差,年均水质指数总的趋势是下降,水质有所好转。与干季相比,湿季水质更优,供水量更多。统计分析显示,干湿季间供水量差异极显著,水质指数差异显著,而水库蓄水量差异不显著。逐月供水量与水库蓄水量呈极显著正线性关系,与水质指数呈极显著负线性关系。而干湿季和年供水量分别与水库水质指数间的负线性关系均达到显著水平,与同期水库蓄水多寡没有显著关系。总体上近10年来新丰江水库的供水需求和供水能力在不断增加,而水库蓄水量却比较紧缺（10 a间58%的月份水库蓄水量处于紧缺或比较紧缺状态）;虽然水质很好,但流域内存在多个污染隐患（如养殖、采矿、生活污水、林业结构不合理等）。因此水库供需矛盾比较突出,供水安全存在水量和水质的双重隐患。水库供水调度中需要充分考虑供水需求规律,并采取有效措施监控流域污染,才能切实保障水库供水安全。     

Sedimentological and Geomorphological Effects of Reservoir Flushing: The Cachí Reservoir, Costa Rica, 1996

The Cachí Reservoir on the Reventazón River, Costa Rica, is flushed on an almost yearly basis. A field investigation of the 1996 flushing was carried out in order to elucidate from where in the reservoir the material originates, where and to what extent the released sediments will deposit along the river from the dam to the sea, and finally how this can be explained. A reservoir survey was conducted by means of echo-sounding along certain cross-sections before and after the flushing. The material was found to both deposit in between flushings and to be eroded during flushing, mainly in the uppermost and lowermost parts of the old river channel. In the downstream reaches, the pulse of suspended sediment pertaining to the flushing was found to be clearly distinguishable by means of grain-size distribution, even in the lower parts. Surveys were conducted at eight sites along the river downstream from the dam both before and after the flushing such that the volumes of deposited or eroded material were found. By use of the dry bulk density, the results could be calculated in tonnes, thus facilitating comparison to the samplings of the hydrological stations along the river. A major factor in explaining the amounts and distribution of deposits was shown to be the phase lag between water discharge and suspended-sediment con-centration peaks. The influence of this phase lag on the deposition and erosion processes is illustrated by a schematic figure. A more detailed sediment budget is presented for the reach between the hydrological stations c . 10 and 30 km downstream from the dam. It was found that approximately 250 000 tonnes were deposited within the reach. Of these, 82% were channel-bed deposits while 18% were deposited on the river banks.     

龙羊峡库区土地资源的可持续利用

黄河上游的龙羊峡水利枢纽位于青海省共和盆地 ,盆地内以高寒干旱为主要特征的气候导致这里的生物—土地系统较为脆弱。近年来 ,随着人口的增加 ,对土地的掠夺式利用日甚 ,生态环境恶化有加重的趋势。共和盆地各种环境问题集中分布于龙羊峡库区。库区内土地沙漠化、草场退化、水土流失等环境问题与当地农牧民的贫因、草场超牧、滥采滥樵相互影响 ,成一恶性循环机制 ,严重影响着龙羊峡水库的正常运营及其下游地区的安全 ,制约着龙羊峡水库周边民族地区经济的可持续发展。利用国家自然科学基金项目“龙羊峡库区环境遥感动态监测系统”中所获近十年来龙羊峡库区环境恶化的有关证据 ,用持续发展的观点 ,对龙羊峡库区土地资源的持续利用提出了一些见解 ,认为库区生态环境治理和保护是当前区内经济发展的最迫切要求 ,文章中所提的土地可持续利用原则皆围绕此而进行     

官厅水库近三十年的水质演变时序特征

基于过去的研究成果,综述了官厅水库近三十年来的水质演变过程,分阶段探讨了官厅水库水污染的来源和特征。与此同时,从污染物的角度探讨了官厅水库典型污染物的时空变化规律。研究结果表明,官厅水库的水质演变先后经历了四个阶段,依次为1972～1975年以有机毒物和重金属污染为特征的水体污染,1981～1992年以有机污染为主体的水体再污染,1992～1995年增加了大肠杆菌污染的水体复合污染,以及1996年至今以氮磷污染为明显特征的水体有机复合污染。从主要污染物的时间变化上看,库区COD和主要重金属含量均在缓慢上升,挥发酚的含量呈现波动趋势,氨氮和总磷的含量持续大幅度上升。污染物在库区的空间分布规律相似,入库处污染物浓度明显高于出库处的污染物浓度。     

Implementation of Rock Typing on Waterflooding Process During Secondary Recovery in Oil Reservoirs: A Case Study,El Morgan Oil Field,Gulf of Suez,Egypt

Waterflooding is one of the most common secondary recovery methods in the oil and gas industry. Globally, this process sometimes suffers a technical failure and inefficiency. Therefore, a better understanding of geology, reservoir characteristics, rock typing and discrimination, hydraulic flow units, and production data is essential to analyze reasons and mechanisms of water injection failure in the injection wells. Water injection failure was reported in the Middle Miocene Hammam Faraun reservoir at El Morgan oil field in the Gulf of Suez, where two wells have been selected as injector’s wells. In the first well (A1), the efficiency of injection was not good, whereas in the other analog A2 well good efficiency was assigned. Therefore, it is required to assess the injection loss in the low efficiency well, where all aspects of the geological, reservoir and production data of the studied wells were integrated to get a complete vision for the reasons of injection failure. The available data include core analysis data (vertical and horizontal permeabilities, helium porosity, bulk density, and water and oil saturations), petrographical studies injection and reservoir water chemistry, reservoir geology, production, and injection history. The quality of the data was examined and a set of reliable X–Y plots between the available data were introduced and the reservoir quality in both wells was estimated using reservoir quality index, normalized porosity index, and flow zone indicator. Integration and processing of the core and reservoir engineering data indicate that heterogeneity of the studied sequence was the main reason for the waterflooding inefficiency at the El Morgan A1 well. The best reservoir quality was assigned to the topmost part of the reservoir, which caused disturbance of the flow regime of reservoir fluids. Therefore, it is clearly indicated that rock typing and inadequate injection perforation strategy that has not been aligned with accurate hydraulic flow units are the key control parameters in the waterflooding efficiency.

     

Robust Rule-Based Aggradational Lobe Reservoir Models

Stratigraphic rule-based reservoir models approximate sedimentary dynamics to generate numerical models of reservoir architecture with realistic spatial distributions of petrophysical properties for reservoir forecasting and to support development decision making. A few intuitive rules for the sequential placement of surfaces bounding reservoir units render realistic reservoir heterogeneity, continuity, and spatial organization of petrophysical property distributions that are difficult to obtain using conventional geostatistical pixel- and object-based subsurface methods. While these methods are emerging in applications specifically for deepwater and fluvial clastic reservoirs, there are some remaining obstacles to broad application, such as selection of rule parameters and addressing emergent non-stationarities over the sequence of the placed surfaces. Firstly, there is a need to tune rule parameters to ensure the models honor natural heterogeneities. We demonstrate this for the compensational rule. Secondly, invariants over model sequence (from the base to the top of the model) may occur with respect to shape, volume, undulation, and gradients of surfaces. For example, for a stack of compensational lobes, the volume of individual lobes may decrease due to the onlapping of previous bathymetry and also increasing undulation over model sequence may occur. In addition, for stacking of compensational lobes, the interfacial width and average gradient of the composite surface may initially increase, but then saturate and stabilize. Such non-stationarities represent numerical artifacts that may bias the results from these rule-based models. It is essential that these features are quantified and mitigated as a prerequisite for robust application of rule-based aggradational lobe methods for reservoir modeling.

     

二滩库区地质灾害分布规律及发展趋势分析

库区地质灾害的分布规律及今后的发展趋势对二滩水电站的运营寿命有着重要的影响。电站自1998年蓄水以来,库水位涨落、侵蚀基准面的抬高等变化,对库区地质灾害的稳定性和发展起到什么样的影响,是研究所要解决的主要内容。在实地收集资料的基础上,系统地分析和评价了库区地质灾害,为水电站下一步工作规划提供了重要的依据。     

Static Reservoir Modeling of the Eocene Clastic Reservoirs in the Q-Field,Niger Delta,Nigeria

Natural Resources Research - This work integrates seismic and well log data to establish a 3D reservoir model of the Q-Field, which is a prolific onshore hydrocarbon field situated in the Central...     

东濮凹陷文西斜坡古盐湖沉积的油气储层预测

早第三纪的东濮凹陷是一个典型的盐湖含油气盆地。与传统的“干盐湖”理论沉积模式相比 ,东濮凹陷下第三系沉积组合明显具有砂岩储集层层薄而且少的特点。作者讨论了在高分辨率层序地层研究基础上 ,使用地震岩性反演技术等方法预测东濮凹陷古盐湖沉积超薄储集层分布的实例。在层序地层解释的基础上 ,利用稳定泥岩的区域展布特点 ,使用JASON软件系统的储层反演功能可预测潜在的储集层分布情况 ,追踪含油气砂岩储集层的展布特征 ,预测文西斜坡的储集层展布。     

中国三峡库区土壤侵蚀及泥沙控制

三峡库区严重的土壤侵蚀与泥沙输移是三峡库区泥沙重要的来源之一,威胁三峡工程安全。坡耕地是三峡库区泥沙主要源地,占入库泥沙的46%;大规模的库区后靠移民工程引起的土地利用变化与山区开发及三峡工程建设过程的工程扰动加剧了土壤侵蚀与产沙。三峡工程建设及运行后引发的滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害将进一步增加入库泥沙量。为了有效控制三峡库区土壤侵蚀,减少水土流失,保护库区环境,从1989年开始以小流域综合治理为典型模式的水土保持工程在三峡库区广泛开展,有效控制了库区土壤侵蚀与泥沙输移。宜昌市夷陵区太平溪小流域综合治理模式是三峡库区小流域综合治理的成功模式,文章分析了其治理模式与水土保持及泥沙控制效益。应用水保法评价了三峡库区水土保持与小流域综合治理的减沙效益,并把评价结果与遥感监测分析法进行了对比分析,认为两种评价结果均在可接受范围。结果表明经过16年的水土保持与小流域综合治理,截至2005年三峡库区年均减少土壤侵蚀43.75–45.94×106 t ,减少入库泥沙12.25–12.86×106 t 。