铼金属矿床类型、元素赋存形式和富集机制

铼是一种战略性的稀散金属矿产,很少形成独立的矿床,多数以伴生元素的形式产出于斑岩型岩浆热液系统。研究表明,富铼矿床主要分布于活动大洋或大陆板块边缘,成因上主要与板块俯冲或碰撞作用紧密联系。富铼矿床成矿时代较新,主要为喜马拉雅期和燕山期。已报道的铼独立矿物约11种,主要包括自然铼、硫铼矿、铜铼矿、钌铼矿、氧化铼等,其中以硫铼矿为主。大多数的铼主要以类质同像的形式赋存于辉钼矿中,其次为黄铜矿、黄铁矿、黑钨矿等。富铼辉钼矿通常形成于中低温热液体系,辉钼矿中铼常显示不均匀性和多阶段性富集特征,最普遍的置换机制为Re~(4+)?Mo~(4+)。自然界中,由于铼独特的化学行为,铼可以以气相、络合物或离子的形式迁移。在不同的物理化学(如温度、pH、氧逸度、硫逸度等)条件下,相对低温、低pH、还原环境更有利于铼的富集沉淀。为了进一步完善铼金属成矿理论,需着重加强铼的成矿物质来源、赋存状态以及铼富集机制的研究。     

铼-锇同位素定年法中丙酮萃取铼的系统研究

文章较为系统地研究了铼-锇定年法中丙酮萃取铼的实验条件,对萃取介质的碱度和萃取剂的用量进行了优化,并对振荡萃取时间以及碱洗进行了选择。优化后的实验条件对铼有较高的回收率,对其他杂质元素也有较高的分离系数,不仅简化了实验流程,而且节约了化学试剂。     

安徽省金寨县沙坪沟钼矿中贵重分散元素铼的分析

采用Na2O2-CaO混合熔炉,达到完全分解辉钼矿和其它难溶矿的目的,干扰元素经两次沉淀分离消除,利用高铼酸根对碲酸还原产生催化极谱波,进行碲加入量和和干扰元素的试验,采用H2SO4-Na2SO4-Te底液催化极谱法,在JP-2D极谱仪上中辉钼矿痕量的铼,收到满意效果。解决了地勘一线实验室无ICP-MS等大型设备测定辉钼矿中分散元素铼     

东秦岭地区钼矿床中辉钼矿的铼含量及多型特征

辉钼矿是铼的最主要载体矿物。研究表明,东秦岭地区不同类型钼矿床中,辉钼矿的Re平均含量多为10—20ppm,其中仅黄龙铺碳酸岩脉型钼(铅)矿床的辉钼矿平均含Re高达152.5ppm。尽管辉钼矿中的铼含量有变化,但均呈类质同象取代钼而存在。同时,这些矿床辉钼矿的铼含量差异,主要取决于成矿热流体中原始铼含量。辉钼矿多型有2H型和2H+3R混合型。铼含量和成矿温度对辉钼矿多型没有影响,故辉钼矿多型对于钼矿床类型没有标型意义。     

江西富家坞矿床铜钼矿石中铼元素的赋存状态及其回收影响因素分析

查明铼在矿石矿物中的赋存状态是对铼进行综合回收的前提。以往研究缺乏针对德兴富家坞矿床铜钼矿石中铼的赋存状态研究。对此,本文通过化学分析、岩矿鉴定、电子探针分析、筛析试验和平衡配分等方法和手段,对富家坞矿床中蚀变花岗闪长斑岩型和千枚岩型铜钼矿石进行了系统的工艺矿物学研究,查明了矿石中铼的赋存状态及影响其回收利用的因素。研究未发现独立铼矿物,铼分散分布于辉钼矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、方铅矿和锆石等矿物中,含量范围为0.001%~0.267%。辉钼矿为铼的富集和回收的目标矿物,其铼含量高达684×10~(-6),且铼在不同粒级中与钼的品位变化具趋同性。对两类铜钼矿石的铼进行综合回收时需考虑辉钼矿含量及脉石矿物种类的差异性,分类利用矿石;同时,对矿石进行破碎细磨时,应避免矿石过粉碎问题,以提高+0.023 mm粒段中铼的综合回收率。     

多接收器等离子体质谱精确测定铼含量及其同位素丰度

利用多接收器等离子体质谱建立了快速精确测定铼含量及其同位素丰度的方法。溶液中加入铱元素进行铼同位素的质量分馏校正,在常规的溶液雾化进样条件下,采用同位素稀释法可准确测定纳克级的铼含量。铼标样A的自然同位素丰度的测量结果为185Re(37.437±0.008)%、187Re(62.563±0.008)%(2σ,n=5);铼稀释剂的同位素丰度测量结果为185Re(5.576±0.018)%、187Re(94.424±0.018)%(2σ,n=7);与未进行分馏校正的同位素组成的测量结果相比,精度和准确度均有提高。利用同位素稀释法测得铼标样A的浓度为(516.48±0.35)ng/g(2σ,n=5);测量精度和准确度均优于0.10%;利用反同位素稀释法对铼稀释剂B进行了详细的测量,平均测量结果为(62.74±0.26)ng/g(2σ,n=15),在分析误差范围内与其标定值完全一致;与未进行分馏校正的浓度测量结果相比,铼同位素丰度及铼含量的测量准确度均明显提高。     

开鲁盆地钱家店铀矿区铼的地球化学特征与成矿作用

通过对开鲁盆地钱家店铀矿床中稀散元素铼（Re）的地球化学特征研究,并结合前人成果,探讨了研究区与铀相伴生的铼元素成矿作用。结果表明,钱家店铀矿床砂岩铀矿石中稀散元素Re的含量高,已完全达到伴生矿综合利用指标,可以尝试在地浸液循环过程中加以析出。Re与Fe2+/Fe3+、Se、U及有机碳相关性好,有较密切的共生关系;与稀土元素相关性极差,揭示了相异（相反）于稀土元素表生稳定的性质。钱家店地区铼矿床的形成经历了五个阶段:铼预富集阶段、上白垩统姚家组含矿主岩形成及沉积成矿阶段、层间渗入氧化水动力主成矿阶段、古近纪浅层氧化改造及热活动铼叠加成矿阶段、新近纪油气扩散还原保矿阶段,这五个阶段与该区铀的空间分布具有较好的相似性。     

层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿中铼的地球化学行为及找矿意义探讨

铼是地壳中一种极度分散的元素。在层间氧化带边界上 ,铼与铀的沉淀条件近似 ,在铼富集的层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床中 ,铼富集的范围几乎与铀矿卷重叠。本文根据自然界已查证的层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿中铼、铀同消长的基本事实 ,对现阶段铼在层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿勘查中的找矿意义提出质疑。     

中国铼矿成矿规律和找矿方向研究

铼是重要的稀散元素,主要应用于国防和航空航天以及石油化工领域,具有不可替代性。但对中国铼矿尚未开展过系统的研究。本文通过对全国铼矿产资源勘查和科研成果的系统梳理,初步总结了中国铼矿的资源特征与成矿规律。研究认为,中国铼矿分布较广泛,具有较大的资源潜力和找矿前景。将中国铼矿划分为斑岩型、矽卡岩型、碳酸岩脉型等8种矿床类型,以斑岩型、矽卡岩型及其复合类型最为重要,占估算资源量的90%以上。铼成矿作用的时间跨度很大,从古元古代到新生代均有发育,以喜马拉雅期形成的资源量最多,次为燕山期、印支期和加里东期,呈现出越年轻铼越富集的趋势。将内生铼矿划分为25个成铼带,以冈底斯成铼带和东秦岭成铼带最重要。首次划分了铼矿的矿产预测类型,包括斑岩型、矽卡岩型、岩浆-热液脉型、陆相沉积型和海相沉积型5种类型,对每种预测类型的有利找矿区域进行了分析,指出了找矿方向,并对未来铼资源调查和产业发展提出了建议。     

川北硅质岩型铼多金属矿可选性试验

为了解川北新发现的硅质岩型铼多金属矿可选性,开展了铼及伴生硫、硒、钒、钼等多种元素的回收工艺研究.试验确定,采用"重选选硫一尾矿氧化焙烧挥发回收铼硒-碱浸回收钒钼"的工艺,可以有效回收矿石中的铼、硒,并综合回收矿石中伴生的黄铁矿和钒、钼元素.重选工艺可以得到产率10.68％、硫品位48.33％的优质硫精矿产品,硫的回收率62.72％;选硫尾矿在950℃氧化焙烧2h,硒的挥发率可达到99.96％以上,铼的挥发率为91.69％;选硫尾矿焙砂碱浸工艺,钒的渣计浸出率88.09％、液计浸出率91.49％,钼的渣计浸出率92.13％、液计浸出率92.52％.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the