基于Delaunay三角网的区域等值线绘制关键算法

基于三角网格法进行等值线绘制比常用气象绘图软件的矩形网格法更客观更快速，而在众多的三角网剖分方案中，以Delaunay三角网最好最正规。本文是关于二维离散场等值线绘制的算法集成，详细介绍了Delaunay三角网的逐点插入生成算法中所涉及到的凸壳生成、初始三角网生成、逐点插入、LOP优化、寻找包含插入点P的三角形等过程的算法流程，并给出了不规则区域等值线绘制中所采用的二次B样条曲线光滑、交点计数法点面关系判识、互为异侧法线段相交判识等关键算法。     

Delaunay三角形网络逐点插入法的优化算法

Delaunay三角形网络逐点插入法虽简单易行,但效率低下。针对其效率低下原因,提出一种改进的Delaunay三角形网络逐点插入生成算法。将已知插入点X坐标大小排序,当X坐标相等时,以Y坐标大小顺序排序构建新的插入点顺序,并得到插入点坐标集合中的最大值和最小值。适当放大插入点坐标中最大值、缩小坐标最小值后,得到X、Y坐标新的两个最大值和两个最小值,用4个值构建4个临时新插入点,可以构建出Delaunay三角形网络矩形的凸壳。按照新的插入点顺序逐点插入构建三角形网络,只判断插入点与以X坐标最大的两个边界矩形顶点为顶点的三角形位置关系。生成三角形网络后删除与4个临时顶点相关的三角形,就是所需要的三角形网络。通过证明每个插入点必定落在X坐标最大的两个边界矩形顶点为顶点构成的三角形上,可以减少插入点与已生成三角形位置关系的判断次数,较大程度提高逐点插入法的效率。将新算法与常规算法计算复杂度比较,结果表明,改进的算法能提高逐点插入效率,运算量稳定,达到逐点插入法的最好水平。     

气象等值线矢量分析方法

气象等值线图应用广泛，以Bowyer-Watson算法的思想为基础，对已有等值线生成方法进行了优化和改进，实现了由任意离散点生成Delaunay三角网格的算法，讨论了等值线自动生成与追踪技术及等值线平滑方法的原理、不同方法间的优劣性，解决了等值线曲线化后拓扑关系的保持问题，提出了等值线端点向边界延伸的方法，探讨了等值线的填充方法，很好地解决了三角网格等值线绘制技术中的难点问题，大大提高了三角网格等值线绘制的速度和质量，最终通过编程实现了快速、客现、便捷、美观的气象等值线的给制，达到了等值线的自动分析、生成、输出的业务化需求。     

indows环境下离散点气象要素等值线绘图软件的设计与实现

介绍了用三角网法绘制非规则网格点等值线的基本原理和计算方法及实现过程 ,并以此方法移植开发了Windows平台下离散点等值线绘图软件 ,该软件可在东北地区测站要素等值线绘制中使用。     

Windows环境下离散点气象要素等值线绘图软件的设计与实现

介绍了用三角网法绘制非规则网格点等值线的基本原理和计算方法及实现过程 ,并以此方法移植开发了Windows平台下离散点等值线绘图软件 ,该软件可在东北地区测站要素等值线绘制中使用。     

Windows环境下离散点气象要素等值线绘图软件的设计与实现

介绍了用三角网法绘制非规则网格点等值线的基本原理和计算方法及实现过程，并以此方法移植开发了Windows平台下离散点等值线绘图软件，该软件可在东北地区测站要素等值线绘制中使用。     

一种改进的Delaunay三角网生长算法

针对Delaunay三角网生长算法构网效率不高的问题,引进逐点插入法中的凸壳技术,利用凸壳作为初始多边形构建Delaunay三角网;在搜索前,按一定规则对搜索范围进行限制;在搜索三角形的第3点时,采用直线方程正负区域进行判别。测试结果表明,改进的算法在构网效率上有明显提高,在精度方面也有一定的改善。     

一种基于网格重心的等值线追踪算法

在气象资料应用中,常常需用到等值线的绘制,本文提出了一种基于小网格重心生成矩形网格等值线的算法。该算法通过设计搜索追踪顺序,引入重心点分析每个网格,合理避免了传统等值线追踪算法起始点选取困难、网格出口边判断复杂的问题,不仅可确保等值线的唯一性,而且更真实地反应等值线整体逐渐变化的特征,此外,每条等值线增加的等值点可为后续光滑提供更多的控制点。最后通过示例说明了本文的算法的可行性,可扩展性,能在气象的雷达、数值预报、站点数据等中应用。     

气象要素场等值线图自动绘制

根据业务的特殊性研制的气象要素等值线图绘制软件,通过把离散站点自动连接成符合Delaunay特性的不规则三角形网格,自动生成的等值线符合人们手工绘制等值线规则,可以绘制气象要素和北太平洋海温等值线分布图,绘制海陆边界并填充颜色。通过自定义的坐标系,很好地解决了屏幕坐标与实际坐标之间的转换、地图投影的实现等问题。程序具有丰富的绘图功能,可以根据需要手工绘制各种矢量图形对象和插入图像对象,能修改对象属性,包括随意移动位置、改变大小等,可以设置各种对象的显示顺序,能设置对象为Alpha混合透明显示。图形对象实现矢量级别的无级缩放,实现精细打印功能,满足日益发展的业务需求。     

Delaunay三角剖分法在降水量插值中的应用

Delaunay三角剖分方法在空间分析中具有重要地位,文中简要介绍了Delaunay三角网特性和常用的3类算法,并对随机增长法实现过程进行了详细阐述.根据三角分片线性插值原理,求得插值系数,实现对任意点的三角分片线性插值.利用2008年中国2200个观测站的08时24 h降水量资料,对全中国范围及划分的8个区域内相应的0.28125°×0.28125°降水量格点场,使用交叉检验方法,对比分析了三角分片线性插值和反距离权重法的估值准确率.结果表明:在各区域,三角分片线性插值法的均方根误差偏小;在站点较密集的区域,均方根误差、平均绝对误差比较中,三角分片线性插值都有一定的优势;在平均误差对比中,三角分片线性插值优势明显,在全中国范围交叉检验中,三角分片线性插值法对应的年平均误差是0.005 mm,而反距离权重法为-0.107 mm,对其可能的原因进行了分析,证明了Delaunay三角剖分法的合理性.同时,从图形上展示了降水量的Delaunay三角网的三维结构图和三角分片线性插值后的格点场,在直观上,Delaunay三角剖分后得到降水分布和实况保持一致,并有较好的视觉效果;通过三角分片线性插值得到的格点场降水量分布图,克服了反距离权重法的固有缺陷,使获得的降水量格点场趋于合理,提高了插值精度.最后,探讨了Delaunay三角网在气象领域的应用前景.     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.