Application of stable isotope tracing technologies in identification of transformation among waters in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

In order to investigate the transformation among the precipitation,groundwater,and surface water in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China,precipitation and groundwater samples which were collected at the meteorological station of the Sanjiang Mire Wetland Experimental Station,Chinese Academy of Sciences and the surface water which collected from the Wolulan River were used to identify the transformation of three types of water.The isotope composition of different kinds of water sources were analyzed via stable isotope(deuterium and oxygen-18) investigation of natural water.The results show a clear seasonal difference in the stable isotopes in precipitation.During the cold half-year,the mean stable isotope in precipitation in the Sanjiang Plain reaches its minimum with the minimum temperature.The δ18O and δD values are high in the rainy season.In the Wolulan River,the evaporation is the highest in August and September.The volume of evaporation and the replenishment to the river is mostly same.The groundwater is recharged more by the direct infiltration of precipitation than by the river flow.The results of this study indicate that the water bodies in the Sanjiang Plain have close hydrologic relationships,and that the transformation among each water system frequently occurs.     

Spatial differentiation in stable isotope compositions of surface waters and its environmental significance in the Issyk-Kul Lake region of Central Asia

Stable isotope values of oxygen(~(18)O) and hydrogen(~(2)H) of surface waters were used to study the origin and environmental significances in the Issyk-Kul basin of Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia, which is the most important intermountain basin in the modern Tien Shan orogen. This study is the first analysis of hydrochemical spatial differentiation in the stable isotopes of surface waters in this watershed.75 samples were collected from rivers, springs, lakes,rain and snow during the rainy season in July and August of 2016. Stable isotopes of ~(18)O and ~(2)H were studied for all samples, and cation ratios(Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca) were also determined for lake water samples.Stable isotope values from precipitation scattered around the Local Meteoric Water Line(determined from Urumqi Station of the global network of isotopes in precipitation(GNIP)), together with values of the Deuterium excess parameter(d) from 15.3‰ to30.5‰, with an average of 19.8‰, indicating that the moisture sources are primarily from regions with low relative humidity. The δ~(18)O and δ~(2)H values were significantly different between the river and lake samples, indicating that regional evaporation caused the isotopic enrichment of lake water. Geospatial autocorrelation, measured by Moran's I coefficient,indicated weak spatial autocorrelation within stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the surface waters of the studied area, which is primarily an effect of climate during the water chemistry evolution. The cation ratios Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca in lake water samples were not correlated with the concentration of total dissolved solids, but did show correlation with stable isotopic values, which is significant for paleoenvironmental reconstruction.     

.The Studies of Regional Water Circulation Patterns in the Yerqiang River Basin

Based on the characteristic of ＇one river one oasis＇ in the arid areas, the Yerqiang River Basin, which is the largest irrigated area of Xinjiang, is taken as an example in this paper, and the regional water circulation pattern is investigated through the analysis of 60 groups of isotope data in the basin. From the phreatic evaporation data analysis of different soils, we study the law of phreatic evaporation, complete the research of the main consumption path of the groundwater, and improve the assessment precision of water resources. The transformation mount of regional water resources are predicted by calculation, which provides a scientific basis for water resources assessment and allocation in arid regions, and offers a new method for the study of regional water circulation patterns.     

Spatial variation of stable isotopes in different waters during melt season in the Laohugou Glacial Catchment,Shule River basin

To evaluate isotopic tracers at natural abundances by providing basic isotope data of the hydrological investigations and assessing the impacts of different factors on the water cycle, a total of 197 water samples were collected from the Laohugou Glacial catchment in the Shule River basin northwestern China during the 2013 ablation seasons and analyzed their H- and O-isotope composition. The results showed that the isotopic composition of precipitation in the Qilianshan Station in the Laohugou Glacial catchment was remarkable variability. Correspondingly, a higher slope of δ~(18)O-δD diagram, with an average of 8.74, is obtained based on the precipitation samples collected on the Glacier No.12, mainly attributed to the lower temperature on the glacier surface. Because of percolation and elution, the isotopic composition at the bottom of the firn is nearly steady. The δ~(18)O /altitude gradients for precipitation and melt water were -0.37‰/100 m and -0.34‰/100 m, respectively. Exposed to the air and influenced by strong ablation and evaporation, the isotopic values and the δ~(18)O vs δD diagram of the glacial surface ice show no altitudinal effect, indicating that glacier ice has the similar origins with the firn. The variation of isotopic composition in the melt water, varying from -10.7‰ to -16.9‰(δ~(18)O) and from -61.1‰ to -122.1‰(δD) indicates the recharging of snowmelt and glacial ice melt water produced at different altitudes. With a mean value of -13.3‰ for δ~(18)O and -89.7‰ for δD, the isotopic composition of the stream water is much closer to the melt water, indicating that stream water is mainly recharged by the ablation water. Our results of the stable isotopic compositions in natural water in the Laohugou Glacial catchment indicate the fractionations and the smoothing fluctuations of the stable isotopes during evaporation, infiltration and mixture.     

江汉平原高砷地下水稳定碳同位素特征及其指示意义

溶解性有机碳（DOC）是地下水中砷释放过程的关键因素,为查明江汉平原高砷地下水稳定碳同位素特征,识别有机质的降解过程对砷富集的影响,采用稳定碳同位素分析测试技术并结合地下水化学特征,对江汉平原典型砷中毒病区的浅层地下水进行了区域采样分析。结果表明:浅层承压水的砷质量浓度为0.23~2 621 μg/L。地表水较地下水具有更负的δ13C_DOC、δ13C_DIC值。地下水中溶解性无机碳（DIC）的δ13C_DIC值在-11.9‰~-3.99‰之间,溶解性有机碳的δ13C_DOC值在-28.5‰~-19.6‰之间。地下水的δ13C_DIC-δ13C_DOC差值与ρ（As）呈一定负相关关系,表明微生物作用下有机质的降解促进了As的富集。δ13C_DIC-δ13C_DOC差值与δ13C_DIC和ρ（DOC）均具有较显著的正相关关系,表明地下水中有机质的氧化分解是导致δ13C_DIC贫化的重要过程,微生物作用下溶解性有机质的降解是地下水中无机碳的重要来源。此外,江汉平原少数高砷地下水呈现较大的δ13C_DIC值,推断江汉平原高砷含水层强还原环境下可能存在的产甲烷过程导致了明显的碳同位素分馏。      

鲁东地热区氢氧同位素特征及地热水补给来源

在野外采样的基础上,通过测试分析温泉及地热井中地热水的同位素2H、18O、3H的特征,利用同位素地球化学方法识别鲁东地热区地下热水的补给来源。结合高程效应确定补给范围为地形较高的丘陵地带。根据3H的测试数据应用法国J.FT.(丰特)来特的经验估算结果和构建δ18O与纬度之间的关系对鲁东地热水的补给来源进行判别,得出鲁东地热区地热水补给来源为现代大气降水。      

Evolution of Yellow River Delta Coastline Based on Remote Sensing from 1976 to 2014, China

Coastal regions are threatened by natural processes, such as erosion driven by storm surges and the effect of jetties, as well as by human behavior. The coastline of the Yellow River Delta(YRD) was monitored using the general high-tide line method, which combines Remote sensing(RS) and geographic information system(GIS) technology, using multi-spectral scanner(MSS), thematic mapper(TM), and enhanced thematic mapper plus(ETM+) images of the YRD from 1976 to 2014 as a data source. The results demonstrated that the shape and length of the YRD coastline has changed dramatically since 1976. The course of the Diaokouhe channel has resulted in mainly inland erosion in the north, and is primarily marine erosion; therefore, it was termed an erosion-type estuary. However, the coastline of the Qingshuigou course has moved seaward, demonstrating an accretion stage, and was therefore termed an accretion-type estuary. The coastline advanced forward before 1997 and shrank after 2003 in the southern part of the river mouth, which was due to the shift in the river mouth in 1996. It has continually extended outward in the northern part of the river mouth from 2003 onward. The coastline in the southern part of the river mouth has moved randomly, with the occurrence of both erosion and sedimentation caused by land reclamation and sea wave intrusion. In most cases, the coastline has extended offshore, especially in the northern part of the river mouth. The YRD coastline has changed frequently and rapidly from 1992 to 2014. The river mouth channel, river water and sediments, and precipitation were the major factors affecting the YRD. The YRD coastline was mainly in an accretion stage during flow periods. The erosion rate decreased and tended to be stable during a dry period. The coastline was basically stable when dry periods occurred over a long period. The location of Yellow River ports and sea erosion were the main factors driving coastline changes. The coastline was mainly influenced by the flow path of the Yellow River, with recent human activity also becoming a factor.     

黄河上游及源头区生态环境质量综合评价

本文简要介绍了利用遥感和地理信息系统技术进行黄河上游及源头区生态环境质量综合评价中,评价因子的获取及其分值和权值的确定,评价模型的建立及评价等级的划分。评价结果表明,该区环境质量具有垂直分带规律,人类不合理的经济活动是影响环境质量的重要因素。     

Foraminiferal Changes and Response to the Channel Diversion and Discharge Fluctuation of the Yellow River in the North Yellow Sea During the Past Century

Diversion of the Yellow River is a unique geological event in offshore China, causing changes of the sedimentary environment in eastern China Seas. The last diversion took place in AD 1855, with the estuary diverted from the Yellow Sea into the Bohai Sea. The identification of the river diversion events in the shelf sediments would not only provide the definite ages for the sediments, but also give a clue for better understanding of the sedimentation in that area. In this study, 210 Pb, grain size, geochemical element, and foraminiferal data in core H205 from the north Yellow Sea were systematically investigated. A high-resolution sedimentary record was established, which was coupled with the Yellow River diversion and runoff changes. The results show that the foraminiferal composition and foraminiferal abundance of the sediments from the north Yellow Sea had good response to the Yellow River diversion in 1855. Before the change, shallow water assemblages dominated the foraminifera, and the abundance of each foraminiferal species was very low. After the diversion event, the abundance of most foraminifera increased sharply, with a maximum increase of 16 times, and the assemblage was still dominated by shallow water species. Furthermore, the changes in foraminiferal abundance in the core sediments corresponded well with the discharge fluctuation of the Yellow River since 1855. When the Yellow River began entering the Bohai Sea, the Yellow River water, which is rich in nutrients, along with the coastal currents affected the north Yellow Sea, increased the primary productivity in the north Yellow Sea, which is the main reason for the abrupt increase and fluctuation of foraminiferal abundance in this area. At the meantime, the East Asian winter monsoon could also promote the development of nearshore foraminiferal species by enhancing the coastal currents.     

Stable Isotopes in Precipitation and Atmospheric Moisture of Pailugou Catchment in Northwestern China′s Qilian Mountains

Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation have been widely used as effective traces to investigate hydrological processes such as evaporation and atmospheric moisture source. This study analyzed δD and δ~(18)O of precipitation in continuous event-based samples at three stations of Pailugou Catchment from November 2012 to December 2013. The δ~(18)O and δD values ranged from-32.32‰ to +3.23‰ and from-254.46‰ to +12.11‰, respectively. Results show that the δ~(18)O displayed a distinct seasonal variation, with enriched values occurring in summer and relatively depleted values in winter, respectively. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the δ~(18)O and δD values and local surface air temperature at all the three stations. The nearest Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation(GNIP) station(Zhangye), compared to the Meteoric Water Lines for this study, showed the obvious local evaporation effects with lower intercept and slope. Additionally, d-excess(δD- 8δ~(18)O) parameter in precipitation exhibited an anti-phase seasonal variability with the δ~(18)O. The 96-h back trajectories for each precipitation event using Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory(HYSPLIT) model indicated a dominant effect of westerly air masses in summer and the integrated influence of westerly and polar air masses in winter.     

Response of the distributary channel of the Huanghe River estuary to water and sediment discharge regulation in 2007

The water and sediment discharge regulation (WSDR) project, which has been performed since 2002 before flood season every year, is of great significance to the river management in China. Until 2007, six experiments have been fulfilled to evaluate the effect of the project on the natural environment. To fill the gap of investigations, a study on flood and suspended sediment transportation and channel changing along the distributary channel of the Huanghe (Yellow) River was conducted during the WSDR project period in 2007. The lower channel was scoured rapidly and the channel became unobstructed gradually several days after the flood peak water was discharged from the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. Within four days after the flood peak at 3 000 m³/s entered the distributary, the channel in the river mouth area was eroded quickly. Both the mean values of area and depth of the main channel were tripled, and the maximum flood carrying capacity increased to 5 500 m³/s or more. Then, the river channel was silted anew in a very short time after completion of the WSDR. Favored by the WSDR project, the river status in April 2008 became better than that of the year before. The adjustment ranges of main channel parameters were about 30%, 10%, and 10% at sections C2, Q4, and Q7, respectively. The process of rapid erosion-deposition was more active 15 km away in the channel from the river mouth due to the marine influence. It is reasonable for discharging sediment at concentration peak from Xiaolangdi Reservoir at the end of the flood peak. As a result, the sediment peak reached the river mouth about two days later than that of the water current. In addition, the WSDR project has improved the development of the estuarine wetland. Wetland vegetation planted along the river banks restrained the water flow as a strainer and improved the main channel stability. It is suggested to draw water at mean rate of 150 m³/s from the Huanghe River during flood periods, because at the rate the water in the wetland would be stored and replenished in balance. Moreover, we believe that cropland on the river shoal of the lower Huanghe River should be replaced by wetland. These activities should achieve the Huanghe River management strategy of “To concentrate flow to scour sediment, stabilize the main channel, and regulate water and sediment”.     

根治黄河断流的基本途径

本文介绍了影响河流造福或致灾的因素,分析了黄河致灾的原因,指出了根治黄河断流的基本途径在于提高黄河的流域调节功能,对黄河进行综合治理     

Origin of sulfur and mode of gypsum formation in central Iraqi soils

The δ18O and δD values of gypsum crystallization water together with δ18O and δ34S of sulfates were used as reliable techniques to study source of sulfur and mode of gypsum formation in selected central Iraqi soils.Six representative pedons on different geologic units were studied.The slope of 3.2 for δ18O and δD plot of gypsum crystallization water showed that evaporation was the major process of gypsum deposition in the study area.The mean δ34S value of +17.58 ‰ showed that Cretaceous sea sulfate followed by Tertiary is the source of sulfur in studied soils.The heavier δ34S value(+17.58 ‰) of the study area compared to central Iran(+13.5 ‰) proved that gypsum in central Iraq soils has been formed in the later stage of evaporation and that Iraqi landforms were cut off from the Tethys seaway after central Iran was evolved.     

基于水文地球化学特征的黄河流域(济阳段)地热水成因机制研究

黄河流域(济阳段)地热资源丰富,阐明地热田的成因机制对区域地热水资源的开发利用和黄河流域高质量发展具有重要意义。以黄河流域(济阳段)齐广断裂以南灰岩热储为研究对象,进行水化学分析和同位素分析,结果表明研究区地热水水化学类型主要为SO₄·Cl-Ca·Na型、SO₄-Ca·Na型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型、SO₄-Ca型,地热水总体上受大气降水的入渗补给,地热水补给区高程范围为497.81～2117.97m,地热水属于亚现代与近期补给的混合水和现代水。     

孤永东输油管道穿越改造工程对黄河防洪影响评价

根据防洪影响评价有关规范,对输油管道穿越黄河河道处河势演变情况、主河槽摆动范围、主河槽及滩地冲刷深度等进行深入分析．提出管道穿越河道改造工程有关技术指标,就管道穿越工程对黄河的防洪影响做出综合评价并提出有关防治措施。     

黄河三角洲南部冲洪积扇区地下淡水调蓄条件研究

黄河三角洲南部冲洪积扇区浅层地下水由于长期大量开发利用,早已形成了区域性漏斗群。通过对漏斗区地下水赋存条件和调蓄条件的分析,提出了由新建的引黄主干渠引黄河水,采用河渠、坑塘内施工回灌引渗,以及丰水期大气降水地表径流拦蓄引渗和引黄河水引渗回灌联合调度的方案,并从调蓄资源增量、调蓄可行性和调蓄效益等方面进行了论证。     

黄河河口湿地景观变化影响丹顶鹤生境的评价分析

上世纪90年代以来,在全球气候变化及人类活动的影响下,黄河河口湿地景观发生了显著变化,对河口湿地生态系统及生物多样性保护带来深远影响。本文以景观生态学理论为指导,利用遥感技术和GIS空间分析方法,在对河口湿地景观变化过程分析的基础上,以丹顶鹤为指示物种,重点探讨了湿地景观变化对物种生境的影响,进而为河口退化湿地生态系统恢复和重建,以及湿地生境保护提供理论依据和决策支持。本文研究表明,1992-1999年,黄河三角洲河口湿地干旱化趋势明显,芦苇沼泽和翅碱蓬滩涂萎缩严重,丹顶鹤适宜生境面积大幅度减少,近30%的栖息地生境发生退化,严重退化的生境占11%。1999-2006年,在水量调控及湿地恢复措施的影响下,芦苇沼泽、翅碱蓬滩涂,以及水面湿地面积都有显著增加,占栖息地总面积28.7%的生境,得到一定程度的改善。但受不断加剧的景观破碎化影响,生境得到较好恢复的栖息地面积只占12%。研究认为,对于退化湿地的修复,在改善湿地景观的同时,加强生境管理,减轻人为活动引起的生境破碎化影响,是一重要的措施。     

黄河下游断流问题的环境地质效应分析

黄河客水是黄河下游沿黄地带重要供水水源,由于受流域内持续干旱、中游来水量减少和下游引黄量增加等因素,自1972年以来,黄河下游断流现象日趋严重。由此引发了一系列环境地质问题,带来了明显的环境负效应：河道萎缩与河口海岸侵蚀使"悬河"不稳定因素增强;大量兴建平原水库和引黄工程增多造成土地减少,土地砂化、盐碱化、沼泽化加重,生态环境恶化;水资源不合理开发诱发了地面沉降、海（咸）水入侵等地质灾害。对此,从环境地学角度出发,笔者认为对黄河水资源开发应统一规划、统一管理、涵养水源、节约用水和进一步加强黄河下游地区地下水勘查开发、建设平原地下水库。     

基于多特征指标和层次聚类分析的河源区范围自动划分方法研究

河源区边界是重要的国家基础地理信息之一,但除长江、黄河等大江大河外的我国大部分其他中小流域仍缺乏确切的河源区边界信息,需要科学划定河源区边界以支持流域水生态保护相关政策的规划与实施。对此,本文在确立河源区划分原则、明确划分依据的基础上,提出了基于多特征指标和层次聚类分析法的河源区边界划定方法。以沁河流域为研究案例,首先利用均值变点分析法计算沁河流域子流域提取的最佳汇流累积量分位数阈值为0.15%,再基于子流域的多特征指标运用层次聚类分析法最终确定河源区范围边界,并将该方法应用于长江、黄河流域进行验证分析。结果表明：① 基于多特征指标和层次聚类分析提取的沁河流域河源区范围处于河底比降法、水文站点方法得到的源区范围面积之间;② 该方法在长江、黄河流域河源区划分结果的交并比分别达到85.40%和79.99%,侧面验证了本文方法进行河源区边界划分的合理性与适用性。基于多特征指标和层次聚类分析的河源区边界自动划分方法可以简捷高效地识别缺乏明确河源区边界信息的流域河源区范围,为我国河源区生态安全屏障识别、水资源保护相关政策的规划和实施提供科学支撑。     

STUDY ON EVAPORATION OF BIELAHONG RIVER BASIN

Asatypicalmarshriver,theBielahongRiverliesinthehinterlandofthehoiangPlain.ItrisesinandgoeSthroughl~areasofplainma-rsh.Themarshrateinthebasinis45Percent.ThehydrologicalcharacteristicsoftheBielahongRiverbasincanreflectthehydrologicalcharacteristicsofthewholernaxshplain.Thereare1.119x106hamarshintheSanjiangPlain.AlterlOng-timedevelopment,marshisstillthemainnaturallandscapeandsoiltypeintheplain.Waterisoneofthemostactiveelementsinmarshecosystem.Itaffectsplantsgrowth,speciesdistribution,soilfo…