A general simple method for calculating consolidation settlements of layered clayey soils with vertical drains under staged loadings

Acta Geotechnica - It is well known that the calculation of consolidation settlements of clayey soils shall consider creep compression in both “primary” consolidation and so-called...     

软土蠕变固结特性研究

通过大量对比试验系统研究了广东典型软土的蠕变固结特性和计算模型。试验结果表明：软土的固结和次固结在变形中所占比例和发生受多种因素影响,包括初始荷载、加荷比、土体固结度、含水率、孔隙比;次固结系数与土体的应力历史、当前固结状态及加荷比有关,在预压荷载下会明显减小;次固结系数与压缩指数之比一般为常数,其值在0.025?0.10之间;剪切蠕变特性与土体所承受的固结压力有关,土样蠕变规律呈应变硬化特征;三轴蠕变特性与排水条件关系密切,固结作用可以削弱蠕变效应;同等加荷条件下,偏应力-轴向应变关系在排水剪切中呈线性关系。而在不排水剪切中呈非线性,并有明显的屈服特征;不排水剪切条件下持续加荷的加荷方式可以适当提高不排水强度。根据上述试验成果分别从考虑非线性本构关系和考虑排水条件分析了蠕变固结模型的建立路径。     

Stone column effectiveness in soils with creep: a numerical study

While it is well established that vibro stone columns reduce primary settlement and improve bearing capacity, their effect on creep compression has largely been overlooked to date. However, with increasing pressure to develop marginal sites underlain by soft organic soils, the effect of ground treatment on creep is an important emerging issue in geotechnical engineering. In this paper, a series of axisymmetric unit cell analyses have been carried out using the PLAXIS 2D finite element program in conjunction with the Soft Soil Creep (SSC) model. Examination of the evolution of settlement improvement factor with time has indicated that the presence of creep leads to a lower ‘total’ improvement factor than would be obtained for primary consolidation settlement alone. Separate ‘primary’ and ‘creep’ improvement factors have also been derived; the latter are much lower than the former, but are nevertheless greater than unity. Creep results in a stress transfer process; as the soil creeps, vertical stress is transferred from the soil to the stone column. The additional load carried by the column induces additional yielding and shear-plane formation in closely-spaced columns. The additional increment of stress transferred to the already yielded column reduces its efficacy.     

原状黄土固结蠕变特性试验研究

以陕西杨凌地区黄土为研究对象,对不同初始含水率的原状黄土进行了单向固结试验,获取了各级法向应力下的应变-时间曲线,研究了初始含水率、法向应力水平对黄土固结蠕变耦合特性的影响。结果表明:当初始含水率一定时,法向应力水平对黄土的蠕变固结特性有较大的影响,表现为法向应力愈大,黄土的初始应变愈大;当法向应力水平一定时,含水率对黄土蠕变固结特性影响明显,表现为含水率愈大,初始应变愈大。根据应变-时间曲线特征,推导出杨凌地区黄土的应力-应变-时间关系,拟合得到其中的参数,经验证能较好地模拟杨凌地区黄土的固结蠕变耦合特性。另外,采用BP神经网络对应力-应变-时间关系进行模拟与预测,结果表明该方法具有较高的精度和较好的适用性。     

非饱和红层路堤沉降理论与应用研究

路堤本体主要是非饱和土,其变形由3部分组成,即瞬时压密产生的变形、主固结产生的变形和次固结产生的变形,因此其理论也应反映这3部分变形。以单轴压缩红层蠕变试验为基础,提出基于非饱和土单变量理论的红层非饱和土路堤沉降计算理论;通过算例对遂渝客运专线遂宁段某工点实际填筑过程的进行了数值模拟,并对其工后沉降进行了预则,结果表明,模拟结果与现场监测数据预测的结果相符,说明该理论是正确的?     

Lithospheric structure of the Tornquist Zone resolved by nonlinear P and S teleseismic tomography along the TOR array

The main aim of the TOR project is to study the lithospheric–asthenospheric boundary structure under the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone, across northern Germany, Denmark and southern Sweden. Relative arrival-time residuals of teleseismic P and S phases from 51 earthquakes, recorded by 150 seismic stations along the TOR array, were used to delineate the transition zone in the studied area. The effects of crustal structures were investigated by correcting the teleseismic residuals for travel-time variations in the crust based on a 3D crustal model derived from other data. The inversion was carried out for S phases. The results were then compared with the corresponding P-wave models. As expected, the derived models show that the relatively old and cold Baltic Shield has higher velocity at depth than the younger lithosphere farther South. The models show two sharp and distinct increases in depth to velocities which are low compared to our reference model, as we move from South to North. The location and sharpness of these boundaries suggests that the features resolved are, at least partially, compositional in origin, presumably related to mantle depletion. A sharp and steep subcrustal boundary is found roughly coincident with the southern edge of Sweden. This is below where the edge of the Baltic Shield is usually placed, based on surface geological evidence (the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone). Another less significant transition is recognised more or less beneath the Elbe-lineament. Relatively high d(V_p / V_s) ratios under the central part of the profile (Denmark) indicate relatively low S-velocity in an area where a gravity high supports the hypothesis of extensive mafic intrusions.     

基于流变和固结理论的非饱和红层路堤沉降机制研究

路堤本体的沉降问题一直是公路和铁路路基研究解决的主要问题。路堤本体主要是非饱和土,其变形由3 部分组成,即瞬时压密产生的变形、主固结产生的变形和次固结产生的变形,但主固结和次固结并不是两个完全独立的过程,它们是相互影响的,即路堤本体的变形是非饱和固结-蠕变耦合的结果。以单轴压缩红层蠕变试验为基础,提出了非饱和单变量理论、路堤沉降计算理论;同时采用离心试验和数值模拟方法,对各种压实系数的路堤本体的沉降与填筑高度关系以及工后沉降与时间的关系进行了研究,并对工后最终沉降进行了预测,结果表明,模拟结果与离心试验数据预测的结果相符,说明该理论是正确的?     

厦门海底隧道围岩流变特性及其特征曲线

厦门海底隧道是我国建设的第一条海底公路隧道,其穿越的F1,F2,F3,F4共4条断层破碎带,洞体围岩软弱、破碎,流变属性十分明显。对该类岩石进行了室内三轴压缩流变试验。试验结果表明,幂律型蠕变模型可以用来较好地模拟该类岩石除第三阶段蠕变以外的蠕变行为,并得到幂律型蠕变模型的相关流变参数。将幂律型蠕变方程和Drucker-Prager屈服准则相耦合来描述岩体的非线性黏弹塑性特性,应用数值方法研究了该隧道围岩的变形特性及其特征曲线。     

南宁膨胀土非线性流变模型研究

对南宁非饱和膨胀土进行一系列的加载-卸载固结蠕变试验,得到了不同含水率的膨胀土在不同应力水平下应变-时间曲线和不同时刻的应力-应变等时曲线簇。通过对膨胀土各阶段蠕变变形的分析,得到了膨胀土的固结蠕变是包含有黏弹性变形和黏塑性变形成分的非线性蠕变。采用模型流变与经验流变理论相结合的方法,将膨胀土的蠕变变形分成线性和非线性两部分进行分析,蠕变柔量和线性黏弹性模量随时间减小,而线性黏塑性模量随时间增大。结合膨胀土的线性黏塑性模型和非线性黏塑性经验模型,建立能够描述膨胀土非线性流变的黏塑性本构方程。根据试验所得数据,通过非线性拟合方法得到各模型参数,用该模型进行数值分析得到的理论与蠕变试验结果对比非常吻合。研究成果为实际工程提供了流变变形计算分析的可靠依据。     

Engineering characterisation of Norwegian glaciomarine silt

Guidance is provided for geotechnical engineers designing civil engineering works in silty soils based on a detailed characterisation of a glaciomarine silt from Os in western Norway. It was found that these soils are susceptible to disturbance by good quality fixed piston tube sampling and care needs to be taken when using laboratory derived design parameters, particularly for consolidation and shear strength properties. A technique for assessing sample disturbance using shear wave velocity and suction measurements proved promising. Conventional techniques for determining soil strength from triaxial tests in silt are inappropriate due to the dilational nature of the material and more reliable and logical strength estimates can be made from a limiting strain criterion. Field vane data should be used with caution as measured strength, particularly remoulded values, may be high and it seems more reliable parameters can be derived from CPTU tests. One dimensional consolidation and creep of these silts can be modelled successfully by the well-known Janbu formulation. The behaviour of the Os silts does not fit easily into classical soil mechanics and published frameworks for soft soils. It seems the material is of “transitional” type and this work adds to the database of such soils which includes other natural silts and gap graded soils. For future work it is recommended that larger sample tubes (say 75 mm) with a very sharp cutting edge should be used in parallel with in situ CPTU testing.     

季冻区草炭土固结特性研究

季冻区草炭土的工程性质很差,具有高压缩性的同时蠕变特性明显,路基工后沉降量大。目前针对季冻区草炭土固结压缩蠕变特性的研究仍相对匮乏,亟需对其固结压缩及蠕变特性进行深入研究,为季冻区草炭土路基的沉降预测提供参数依据。选取吉林省敦化市江源镇典型季冻区草炭土为研究对象,通过一维固结压缩试验和一维固结蠕变试验,获得草炭土压缩系...     

k0固结条件下淤泥土排水蠕变特性研究

利用室内试验研究土体蠕变特性时,因受试验条件限制较少开展土体的排水蠕变特性试验研究。对于先还原土体的先期固结条件,然后再开展土体的三轴排水蠕变特性试验的研究更少。为此,以淤泥土为研究对象,通过 固结三轴排水蠕变试验探讨了饱和淤泥土在轴向加载和侧向减载条件下的排水蠕变特性。由试验数据可知：排水条件下,两种应力路径的轴向蠕变规律基本一致,体积应变明显小于轴向应变,且随时间的延长呈现一定程度的剪缩与剪胀交替性。首次利用三单元力学模型推测出淤泥土的蠕变起始时间为施加偏应力荷载后的100～200 min之间。提出淤泥土蠕变系数的概念并总结其变化规律,得知淤泥土的蠕变系数与偏应力水平密切相关,即不论围压及加载方式如何,蠕变系数均随应力水平增大而增大,且基本呈直线关系,而与前期固结围压大小、蠕变荷载施加方式关系不大。最后提出了淤泥土蠕变本构模型建立的思路,即用南水双屈服面模型描述瞬时变形量和用蠕变经验公式描述蠕变变形量相结合的方式来建立蠕变本构模型。     

常州地区含水层系统土层压缩变形特征研究

根据近十几年来分层标和含水层水位观测资料分析了常州地区土层压缩变形特征,表明承压含水砂层中的压缩变形不容忽视,且含水砂层的压缩变形与弱透水层的粘土、粉质粘土相似,均表现出明显的变形滞后现象.为此从水位与时间关系、土层变形与时间关系和水位与变形关系出发,结合室内试验方法,通过选取常州地区含水层系统中第一、二、三承压含水层以及二、三承压含水层间弱透水层和第三承压含水层下覆弱透水层的原状土样,采用单轴侧限压缩试验,分析了常州地区砂土和粉质粘土的次固结（蠕变）特性.试验结果表明常州地区不论是粉质粘土还是砂土,均存在一定的次固结变形,从而启示我们该地区地面沉降模拟中应同时考虑含水砂层的蠕变特性.     

不同应力状态下软黏土蠕变特性试验研究

土的蠕变性质受到许多因素的影响,在不同的应力条件下土会呈现出不同的性状。天津滨海吹填软土同样具有一般软土的蠕变特性,以其为研究对象,利用土体三轴流变试验机进行了三轴不固结不排水蠕变试验和单轴压缩蠕变试验,并选取了10个时间节点取样进行微型十字板剪切试验,研究抗剪强度变化规律。试验结果表明,单轴压缩蠕变和三轴蠕变历时曲线都具有非线性的特征,随应力水平的提高,单轴压缩蠕变的应力-应变等时曲线向应力轴靠拢,三轴蠕变的应力-应变等时曲线向应变轴靠拢;线性蠕变变形的情况下黏滞系数主要与时间有关,非线性的情况下与时间和应力水平都相关;在三轴蠕变状态下压缩模量随时间增长而减小,长期强度随时间先降低再趋于稳定;单轴压缩时压缩模量随时间增长而提高,长期强度随时间先增长后稳定。最后经过推导得出了不同应力状态下的长期强度随时间、偏应力的函数关系式。     

Stress-path dependent behavior of a weathered clay crust

Triaxial compression and oedometer consolidation tests are commonly performed to evaluate the strength and deformation behavior of soils. However, in the field, the stress paths imposed by various engineering works may deviate from the stress paths conventionally used in laboratory tests. Moreover, the stress-paths followed by different soil elements under a foundation are different. To obtain representative soil parameters, the laboratory stress path should be similar to that followed in the field. In this study, a significant number of stress-path triaxial tests, with stress probes in various directions, have been conducted to study the stress-path dependent behavior of an overconsolidated weathered crust of Champlain clay in Eastern Ontario. Both undrained and drained tests have been conducted for samples isotropically consolidated to the in situ vertical stress and anisotropically consolidated to in situ state of stress. The yield locus of the clay crust has been defined. It has been observed that the strength-deformation and yielding behavior of this weathered clay crust highly depends on the stress-path as well as on the in situ stress history.     

Finite element analysis of consolidation of layered clay soils using an elastic visco-plastic model

This paper presents a general one-dimensional (1-D) finite element (FE) procedure for a highly non-linear 1-D elastic visco-plastic (1-D EVP) model proposed by Yin and Graham for consolidation analysis of layered clay soils. In formulating the 1-D FE procedure, a trapezoidal formula is used to avoid the unsymmetry of the stiffness matrix for a Newton (modified Newton) iteration scheme. Unlike many other 1-D FE approaches in which the initial in situ stresses (or stress/strain states) are considered indirectly or even not considered, the initial in situ stress/strain states are taken into account directly in this paper. The proposed FE procedure is used for analysis of 1-D consolidation of a clay with published test results in the literature. The FE modelling results are in good agreement with the measured results. The FE model and procedure is then used to analyse the consolidation of a multi-layered clay soils with a parametric study on the effects of the variations of creep parameters in Yin and Graham's 1-D EVP model. It is found that the creep parameters ψ/V and t₀ have significant influence on the compression and porewater pressure dissipation. For some boundary conditions, changes of parameters in one layer will have some effects on the consolidation behaviour of another layer due to the different consolidation rates. Finally, the importance of initial stress/strain states is illustrated and discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

天然沉积结构性黏土原位压缩规律及预测模型研究

通过天然沉积黏土的原状样与重塑样的压缩对比试验,揭示了屈服后土结构性的渐进性破损过程以及由常规 曲线确定的压缩指数 随固结压力呈非线性变化性状给实际工程沉降计算参数选取带来不便。采用 双对数坐标表示方法,通过不同初始结构大小的黏土试验数据证实了 压缩曲线在屈服前后段具有良好的线性关系,实现了结构屈服应力、屈服前后压缩指标有效统一确定。在该坐标体系下给出了考虑取样扰动影响的原位压缩曲线恢复方法,建立了结构性黏土的双线性压缩模型,结合文中与文献中试验数据给出了结构屈服应力与不排水强度、屈服后压缩指标与稳定指数SI和液限wL的经验关系。研究结果可为天然沉积土地基固结沉降计算参数的合理选取提供依据。     

基于标准压缩模量和液限推求地基土全压力段压缩模量的分析方法

以京沪高铁深厚地层细粒土固结试验数据为基础,以e-lgp曲线包含分式函数的复合函数表达和土体液限与压缩指数的线性关系为依据,提出了基于土体基本物性指标标准压缩模量E1?2和液限wL推求正常固结原状地基土全压力段压缩模量的简化方法,其适用性得到了京津城际铁路试验数据的验证。结果表明,Harris函数能较好地描述土体压缩的e-lgp曲线特征,E1?2和wL能分别反映曲线低压力段割线斜率和高压力点切线斜率,建立的地基土压缩模量估算方法具有良好精度,其中,100～1 000 kPa常压力段的误差均值仅为7.89%,高压力段约为13.70%,只在低压力段变异性较大;研究成果提供了缺少e-lgp曲线情况下简便快速获取土体压缩模量的新途径。     

Creep behaviour of frozen soils in uniaxial compression tests

The stress—strain behaviour of frozen soils is often described by means of creep curves from uniaxial or triaxial creep tests. Ten or twelve tests of similar samples are required to obtain a good relationship between stress σ, strain ε, temperature T and time t or strain rate ε. To reduce the required number of samples it is possible to apply the compression load in creep tests stepwise. Therefore creep curves for different stress levels can be obtained from one sample.

In this paper the bearing capacity of cylindrical samples of frozen medium sand under constant uniaxial compression stress and under stepwise increased stresses is compared. It is shown how to use these different creep curves to describe the stress—strain behaviour of frozen soils.     

爆炸挤淤作用对海相软黏土压缩特性的影响

浙江漩门三期围垦项目中采用爆炸挤淤置换法进行筑堤工程,为了对爆炸置换后海堤的固结沉降预测及稳定性评价提供可靠的试验参数,取爆炸前后地基范围内的海相软黏土,进行一维压缩和各向等压固结试验,并对该地区软土的压缩变形与结构特性进行初步研究。试验结果表明,海相软黏土存在一定的结构特性,表现出与其重塑土不同的性质;通过引入孔隙指数的概念,研究该地区软黏土的结构性,证实土体结构性的存在是其压缩特性不同于重塑样压缩曲线的内在原因,在高压力范围内其压缩曲线趋近于固有压缩曲线。爆炸挤淤作用对海相软黏土产生较强的扰动效应,也对其基本物理性质与压缩特性均产生重要影响;扰动效应造成软黏土的结构屈服应力降低,结构强度下降,采用新定义的结构破坏比来定量评估爆炸挤淤作用对海相软黏土结构性的破坏程度,可为爆炸挤淤置换法处理软基的海堤工程提供一定的理论基础。