地下水控采条件下上海土层变形特征研究

根据上海地区分层标和水位孔的实测资料,分析了2001~2012年间地下水控采条件下地下水位变化及土层变形特征。上海地区潜水层和第一承压含水层水位基本保持不变,第二至第五承压含水层水位都呈现出明显的回升趋势。三个软土层仍在发生压缩变形,其中第三软土层随着水位的回升变形得到了控制,部分地区已出现回弹趋势。在水位全面回升情况下,第一到第四承压含水层表现为明显的塑性和蠕变变形,当水位持续回升时土层仍有沉降,且变形滞后于水位变化;而第五承压含水层主要以弹性变形为主,当水位不断回升时,含水砂层也随之持续回弹,滞后不明显。将上海地区近年来含水层与水位变化关系归纳出四种模式。砂性土单向蠕变试验的结果表明,双屈服流变模型可以较好地反映砂土蠕变变形特征。     

常州地区地面沉降及地层压缩性研究

系统分析了常州地区地下水开采动态和地面沉降发生发展历史,概述了研究区地面沉降的框架,在此基础上,系统研究了常州市分层标从1984年至2002年的分层沉降资料。根据常州地区地下水含水层系统及土层特性,将研究区松散土层垂向划分为四个不同层次,分别研究了它们的压缩变形历时特性及其与累计地下水开采量的关系,研究了各自的应变特性。由于土层结构及物理力学性质的不同、地下水开采层次及强度的差异、土层不同应力历史的影响等诸多因素的综合效应,导致了地面沉降及分层压缩特性的显著差别。常州地区的主要压缩层为第II承压含水层的顶板弱透水层,与含水层距离近的土层变形量及应变量均较大,其次是第II承压含水层本身及其与第III承压含水层之间的弱透水层。地面沉降及地层压缩与地下水开采之间的滞后效应在常州地区表现得并不明显,这一点至少在月或年的时间尺度上是正确的。     

应力历史对弱透水层参数影响试验研究

弱透水层储存的地下水是地下水资源的重要组成部分,弱透水层水文地质参数对地下水资源管理与评价以及地面沉降等具有重要意义。通过室内试验对定降深条件下弱透水层水流运移规律进行了研究,并探讨了弱透水层释水过程中的变形规律和释水规律。试验结果表明,在相邻含水层定降深条件下,弱透水层固结变形滞后于相邻含水层的降深变化,且变形速度逐渐变小并趋于零。基于室内试验,利用配线法求得弱透水层不同应力状态下的水文地质参数,对比分析,大变形和小变形试验中土层的渗透系数变化不大,但贮水率明显变小,土层的固结系数变大。因此,土层的应力历史对土层的渗透系数影响不大,而对贮水率有较大的影响。     

一种确定超固结弱透水层水力参数的方法

弱透水层是含水层系统的重要组成部分。弱透水层的渗透系数K_v和弹性贮水率值S_(ske)对研究地面沉降及地下水资源评价具有重要的意义。在相邻含水层降深随时间周期性波动的条件下,推得了超固结弱透水层中无量纲形式的降深解析解,并基于该解析解进一步得到了超固结弱透水层累计变形量随时间变化的理论曲线。由于弱透水层的低渗透性,其变形总是滞后于相邻含水层的降深变化。根据弱透水层变形的滞后时间与含水层降深波动半周期的关系,提出了一种用以确定超固结弱透水层垂向渗透系数和弹性贮水率的方法,该方法对于弹性变形的超固结土具有很好的适用性。使用该方法之前,首先要根据分层标和水位资料确定含水层降深的变化周期以及弱透水层变形的滞后时间。应用该方法确定了上海地区f_(10-7)分层标处第2弱透水层的水力参数为K_v=4.12×10~(-10)m/s,S_(ske)=1.07×10~(-4) m~(-1)。经实例计算结果具有一定的可靠性。     

基于层间位移协调的承压水降压引起土层变形分析

承压水降压引起的地面沉降由含水层、弱透水层和潜水层的变形组成。当承压层降压时间短、弱透水层固结变形较小时,可以假设弱透水层为严格的隔水层。采用层状弹性体系理论,基于位移协调条件分别建立了单井抽水以及第三类基坑工程降水（隔水帷幕插入降水含水层）引起的土层变形分析模型,与数值模拟和现场抽水试验结果的对比,验证了文中方法的正确性。研究结果表明,上覆土层弹性参数变化对地表变形的影响可以忽略;抽水井附近的土层变形呈现“上小下大”特点,一定距离以外含水层与地面沉降大致相等,根据承压含水层降深要求,可估算出基坑外的水位降深。     

上海地区第三硬土层间粉土夹层抽水沉降效应分析

现场对上海第三硬土层间粉土夹层即第⑩夹层承压含水层实施抽水试验,对水位、地表沉降及深层沉降进行观测,采用三维渗流及比奥固结理论模拟,分析了深层承压水抽水过程中的地层垂向变形与地下水水位变化之间的关系,为超深基坑地下水控制提供了依据。     

天津市承压层应力状态及减压引发沉降规律研究

基坑工程中坑内承压水降水引发的坑外土体沉降与含水层土体性质及应力状态密切相关,但在天津地区承压含水层的土体应力状态及其沉降变形规律均缺乏系统地研究。首先通过天津市第一、二含水层组的历史水位变化,分析各含水层组土体的应力状态。再结合2组现场抽水试验,分析了各承压层降水-恢复过程土体沉降变形规律。根据对历史数据的分析表明,受补给关系和自然条件影响,天津市第一含水层组中上部水位变化较小,处于正常固结和轻度超固结状态。而20世纪60～80年代天津市深层地下水由于大规模开采形成了以市区为中心的降深漏斗,造成了严重的地表沉降。80年代后限制开采,天津市区的地下水位得以部分恢复,导致第一含水层组底部和第二含水层组处于严重的超固结状态。抽水试验结果表明,基本处于正常固结状态的第一承压层在抽水-恢复过程中变形以塑性变形为主,处于超固结状态的第二承压层变形以弹性变形为主,在反复降水-恢复中仍然会产生一定量的塑性变形,即当水位恢复时承压层压缩变形并不能完全恢复;受"土拱"作用影响,承压含水层降水引发的土体沉降最大值并不位于地表,而是位于抽水含水层上覆弱透水层附近。     

上海市地下水位大幅抬升条件下土层变形特征分析

过去对地下水位持续下降条件的地面沉降研究较多,但对水位大幅持续抬升过程中的地面沉降研究较少。本文根据 上海大量地面沉降、水位观测和钻孔资料,系统分析上海市90年代末以来地下水位大幅抬升条件下各土层的变形特征。自 1998年以来,上海市通过大幅压缩开采量、回灌地下水等措施使第二、三、四和五承压含水层水位分别平均抬升2.1 m, 3.6 m, 12.4 m, 12.7 m。水位的抬升使上海市地面沉降平均速率由1998年的12.2 mm/a减小到2011年的1.83 mm/a,减少85%。 通过对27组分层标数据分析发现：现阶段主要压缩层位在第一、二软土层,年沉降速率为2~4 mm/a;而第二含水层以下土 层已经有少量回弹。在水位持续大幅抬升过程中,本文总结了两种变形特征：1） 变形和水位变化基本同步,残余变形量非 常小,变形可概化为线弹性变形,这种变形主要发生在第一、二、三和五承压含水层、第五和六弱透水层;2） 压缩速率逐 渐减小,无明显持续回弹趋势,有较大残余压缩量且存在变形滞后现象,变形可概化为弹塑性变形,这种变形主要发生在 地第二、三和四弱透水层。第四承压含水层变形较复杂,两种变形特征都有。其中较大残余变形量主要由塑性贮水率比弹 性贮水率大2个数量级引起;变形滞后主要由弱透水层中超孔隙水压力消散较慢引起。本文研究成果对于掌握水位抬升过 程中土层变形方式、发生发展机理、预测未来地面沉降及地下水科学管理和资源评价具有重要意义。     

深部弱透水层固结变形模型建议

地面沉降模型是地面沉降研究的重要内容,由于弱透水层的变形量占地层全部变形量的比重较大,因此对弱透水层固结模型的研究是地面沉降模型研究中的重要部分。笔者通过对深部弱透水层中粘性土孔隙水类型进行分析,得出深度弱透水层中孔隙水类型并对该类型孔隙水变形特性进行了研究,总结出深部弱透水层固结机理。在机理分析的基础上,提出采用非达西流计算模式对深部弱透水层计算模型进行了修正,并提出了深部弱透水层固结计算模型建议：孔隙水类型主要为扩散层内结合水时,可以采用利用非达西流修正的太沙基固结方程对深部弱透水层变形进行计算,可以参考给出的采用非达西定律修正过的一维固结方程 孔隙水类型主要为吸附结合水时,可以利用弹性本构关系模型对深部弱透水层进行变形计算。     

常州市地面沉降以及用水化学标志研究的探讨

常州市过量开采第Ⅱ承压含水层的水使水位大幅度下降,造成含水砂层压密和粘性土层固结而导致地面沉降。试验资料表明该区粘性土层的压缩性较低,它们的压密主要是由主固结阶段完成的。视压榨液,浸提液成分和含水层多年水质的变化,以及抽水时水质与氚量资料说明粘性土层释水在造成本区地面沉降中起着相当重要的作用。这种条件下,用对含水层水化学成分的检测来监视地面沉降的发生、发展是一个经济可靠的方法。     

饱和砂性土流变模型的试验研究

正确合理的土体本构模型确定是地面沉降模拟的关键之一。上海和江苏地区多年来野外分层标的实际观测资料表明该区含水层系统砂层变形具有流变特征,表现出变形滞后于含水层水位变化的现象。本文基于粘弹性理论,选取了常州含水层系统原状砂性土样进行单轴压缩试验,分析了砂性土流变荷载曲线,并选择现有的相关本构模型进行识别,从而确定能更好反映研究区土体变形规律的流变模型。结果表明,研究区砂性土可采用Burgers模型进行描述,反演获得的4个流变参数随荷载的增加表现出一定的规律性。     

Laboratory study on the relationship between soilmass deformation and water seepage in North China

The study on the relationship between the soilmass deformation and water seepage under certain stress in North China was conducted through combined tests of the consolidation deformation and water seepage. The results showed that the actual deformation of the clay soil under stress is greater than the deformation induced by the seepage. On average, the deformation induced by seepage was about 60% of the actual clay deformation under stress. The actual deformation of sandy soil, however, is less than the deformation induced by seepage. On average, the seepage-induced deformation was approximately 125% of the actual sandy soil deformation. These results indicated that the sandy soil did not have complete plasticity. Clay had the highest amount of water seepage and deformation, while silty soil, calcareous highly cemented clayed soil and sandy soil had less water seepage and deformation. The underlying mechanisms were also discussed. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of land subsidence mechanism and rough estimation of groundwater exploitation.     

Characterization of land subsidence induced by groundwater withdrawals in Su-Xi-Chang area, China

Su-Xi-Chang area is one of the typical regions in China which suffers from severe land subsidence. Various tools of field monitoring were integrated to study the characteristics and mechanisms of land subsidence in this region. The occurrence and the development of the land subsidence in this region are strongly related to the groundwater pumping both in time and space. The main consolidation layers are the soft mud layers; however, the compressibility of the confined sandy layers should not be ignored. The second and third confined aquifers contributed more than 30% of total subsidence. Meanwhile, irrecoverable deformations were also observed in the sandy layers. Different sandy layers deform diversely under different stress conditions. Some have the elastic feature. But the soil strata, including both sandy layers and clayey layers, located in the center of the groundwater level depression cone exhibited obvious viscous mechanical behavior which caused the common lag phenomenon. The sand composition (mingled with small clay particles or interbeds) and sand rheology are the two main reasons for the lag phenomena in sandy layers. A series of laboratory tests for modeling the effective stress changes due to groundwater withdrawals, were conducted to investigate the mechanism of the lag phenomenon. Based on the test results, the relationship of stress–strain–time for saturated sands is obtained; and it could be expressed as power functions. The results also showed that the compression of the sandy layers was time dependent, and its deformation could be remarkable. When establishing land subsidence model, the deformation for the similar soil formation could be elastic, visco-elastic and even visco-elastic–plastic, because of the different groundwater level fluctuation experienced.     

基于DFOS的排灌水条件下土体变形响应模型试验研究

黏土层和砂土层交替变化的多层土体在强烈开采地下水作用下极易产生压密固结而引发地面沉降灾害。本文针对含水层释水引起地面沉降问题,研制了地面沉降试验装置,进行了排灌水条件下含水层系统的沉降及回弹试验。采用分布式光纤感测技术对土体内部应变分布及含水率变化进行耦合监测,并分析了各分层对水位变化的响应特征。结果表明:黏土层和砂土层均表现出了排水压缩和灌水回弹特点,黏土层变形较砂土层明显。各层变形与含水率变化具有良好的对应关系,表现为砂土层变形和含水率变化基本同步,而黏土层变形略微滞后于含水率变化。黏性土压缩曲线具有明显的分段特征,排水时当含水率低于液限后迅速减小,黏土层压缩速率明显加快;回灌时当含水率高于液限后,回弹速率明显加快。试验结果对研究地面沉降机理、评价地面沉降潜力及地下水利用具有重要意义。     

Excessive groundwater withdrawal and resultant land subsidence in the Su-Xi-Chang area,China

Excessive groundwater withdrawal has caused severe land subsidence in the Su-Xi-Chang (SXC) area, China. The restriction and prohibition on groundwater pumping have been carried out since the late 1990s. Based on the latest updated field data, the changing pattern of groundwater level and the distribution of land subsidence are analyzed. The distribution of land subsidence in SXC is closely related to that of the cone of depression in the second confined aquifer in time and space. But land subsidence is not in synchronization with the changing groundwater level. Both aquitards and aquifers compacted continuously in the early period of groundwater level rising and behaved as creep materials. A series of laboratory tests were conducted on aquifer sands, which indicated that the creep deformation under virgin compression is much greater than that under recompression and unloading, and that the creep of sands decreases rapidly with the cycles of repeating load. The test results reveal the mechanism of sand creep under the condition of long-term groundwater pumpage. As a consequence of the restriction and prohibition on groundwater pumping, groundwater level has obviously recovered in the vast majority of the SXC area, and land subsidence has slowed down and even a little rebound has occurred in some sites in Suzhou and Changzhou. If the pumpage is strictly limited continuously, the groundwater level will not decline below the historical lowest value but fluctuate within a certain range. In such a case, land subsidence in SXC will no longer develop obviously.     

北京平原区现阶段主要沉降层位与土层变形特征

超量开采地下水引发的地面沉降已成为北京平原区最主要的地质灾害之一.精准识别现阶段地面沉降主要贡献层位,查明不同水位变化模式下土层变形特征,对实现地面沉降精准防控,建立合适的地下水-地面沉降模型具有重要意义.本文根据北京市7个地面沉降监测站内分层标和水位近十几年观测资料,对不同深度土层沉降变化特征和主要沉降层位进行了精准...     

上海市承压含水层系统应力-应变特征及地面沉降防治对策

1990年以来，上海市地下水开采与人工回灌格局发生了较大的变化。承压含水层地下水位变化与压缩变形均表现为新的特点与发展趋势。通过对上海中心城区含水层系统的应力一应变特点分析，总结了承压含水层随地下水位下降所表现出的弹性一弹塑性一塑性变形的演化规律。上海中心城区第Ⅱ、Ⅲ承压含水层总体上处于地下水开采与人工回灌的平衡状态，表现为弹性变形；而第Ⅳ、Ⅴ承压含水层由于地下水位目前已严重低于其“临界水位”，表现为持续压缩的塑性变形。目前，第Ⅳ承压含水层对中心城区地面沉降贡献率已达到了49．3％，西部华漕地区第Ⅴ承压含水层变形的贡献率为46．7％。针对各承压含水层不同的变形特点，提出了地下水资源管理与地面沉降防治对策。     

北京地面沉降区土体变形特征

因过量开采地下水而引发的地面沉降问题已成为北京平原区最主要的地质灾害。北京地面沉降监测网络从2002年开始建设,到2008年底已经基本覆盖整个平原区。本文基于地面沉降分层标和地下水位监测资料,从土体变形与水位随时间的变化、土体变形和水位的关系出发,分析了不同岩性、不同深度土体在不同的水位变化模式下的压缩变形特征,最终将土体在水位变化下的变形特征概括为5类。结果表明:现阶段北京地面沉降区浅部土体压缩减缓,中深部土体和深部土体多以较快的速度持续压缩。砂层以弹性变形为主;不同埋深的粘性土体存在弹性变形、塑性变形和蠕变变形,具有显著的粘弹塑性。     

Investigation into subsidence hazards due to groundwater pumping from Aquifer II in Changzhou,China

This paper presents an investigation into increased deformation of Aquifer II caused by groundwater pumping from the aquifer in Changzhou, China. As groundwater levels of aquifers have been decreasing in recent decades due to uncontrolled water pumping, land subsidence is becoming a serious geohazard in Changzhou. Based on recently reported field data, the compression of aquitards has not increased compared to that of aquifers with the same scale of layer thickness. The Cosserat continuum model was adopted to analyse the observed phenomenon in this study. A classic Cauchy continuum model is also used for comparison. The comparison between these two models indicates that the proposed approach can interpret the increased deformation well, and the classic Cauchy continuum model underestimates the aquifer deformation as it does not consider shear displacement and macro-rotation. A discussion on the relationship between the groundwater level in the aquifer and subsidence is then undertaken. The results show that the severity of the annual subsidence is correlated with the variation in groundwater level in Aquifer II. To mitigate the subsidence hazards, countermeasures should be adopted to avoid the shear stress in aquifers which results from the high hydraulic gradient, by the appropriate allocation of pumping wells and by restricting groundwater withdrawal volume from each pumping operation.