Mg/Ca比对微生物成因的碳酸盐矿物种类和形态的影响

研究Mg/Ca比对生物成因的碳酸盐矿物种类和形态的影响是研究各种含镁方解石形成机理的关键。本文在Mg/Ca摩尔比分别为1、2、4、6和8的条件下进行了为期55d的硫酸盐还原细菌诱导碳酸盐矿物形成的实验,利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜研究了Mg/Ca比对碳酸盐矿物种类和形态的影响。实验结果表明:①Mg/Ca比与矿物的种类之间存在密切的关系。在Mg/Ca摩尔比较低(1和2)时仅形成高镁方解石,在Mg/Ca摩尔比为4时,形成的矿物组合为含镁方解石+高镁方解石,在Mg/Ca摩尔比为6和8时,矿物组合为高镁方解石+单水碳钙石+钙白云石;②Mg/Ca比影响矿物的生长速率。Mg/Ca比越高,晶体生长速率越快;③Mg/Ca比明显影响矿物的形态。随着Mg/Ca比的增大,矿物的形态有如下发展规律:哑铃形→花菜状→光球状→刺球状。这些研究结果将有助于探讨制约含镁碳酸盐矿物种类和形态的机制。     

西藏纳木错沉积物中单水方解石的发现及成因分析

单水方解石(CaCO3·H2O)是一种少见的含水碳酸盐矿物,具有重要的环境意义,由于不稳定而很少出现.X射线研究发现,纳木错湖底0～258 cm沉积物中存在单水方解石.单水方解石属三方晶系,六方晶胞,a=0.6080 nm,c=0.7536 nm,z=3.单水方解石的形成经过化学沉积过程,Ca2 先与HCO3-相结合,然后再与OH-结合而成Ca- CO3·H2O,反应进行的条件是生成自由能△G<0.根据相关公式计算,蚋木错表层湖水全年都可以形成单水方解石,纳木错湖水pH=9.4,较高的Mg/Ca摩尔比值(10.03～15.03),成水(矿化度为1.7 g/L)、细菌、绿藻、蓝藻、硅藻和介形类等生物的介入成为通过化学沉积形成单水方解石的直接原因,而碱性环境和低温则是该矿物保存的必要条件.单水方解石出现的时间约为AMS 14C 2.06 cal.ka BP,说明此时纳木错湖水盐度增加,湖水开始咸化.     

西藏纳木错沉积物单水方解石出现前后的环境变化

2005年在西藏纳木错水下60m处钻取一支332cm的湖芯,沉积物皆为灰黑-黑色碳酸盐粘土。对湖芯1cm间隔取样并进行X射线、扫描电镜、Sr/Ca和碳酸盐含量的分析。研究发现,纳木错湖底0～258cm沉积物中出现了单水方解石,扫描电镜下该矿物晶形完好,这是个亚稳定矿物,具有重要环境意义。利用碳酸盐含量（24.12%～54.52%）、Sr/Ca比值（<0.006）、方解石中Mg含量（MgCO₃mol%<3.325%）、石膏、粘土矿物（伊利石和镁绿泥石）、单水方解石成因和沉积速率讨论了单水方解石形成前后湖泊环境的变化。2.1cal.kaB.P.单水方解石开始出现,此时纳木错湖水性质推断为pH>8.6,mol Mg/Ca>6.5,Ca²⁺和SO^2-₄离子浓度足以沉淀少量石膏,演化至现代,表层湖水性质为pH=9.4,mol Mg/Ca=10.03～15.03,SO^2-₄浓度较高,Ca²⁺含量低,不足以沉淀石膏。单水方解石出现之前的3.0～2.1cal.kaB.P.时期,沉积速率低（0.134mm/a）,蒸发作用强度不稳定,湖水温度低,矿化度呈上升趋势。该矿物出现后的2.1～1.7cal.kaB.P.时期,沉积速率快（1.639mm/a）,矿化度稳定,气温低,1.8cal.kaB.P.温度达到最低值,为气候冷事件的表现。较快的沉积速率（>1.168mm/a）是纳木错单水方解石形成的重要原因之一,碳酸盐沉积加快和入湖碎屑物质增加是沉积速率加快的主要原因。     

梭菌SN-1菌株参与下形成的碳酸盐矿物组合及其主要矿物成分的动态变化

在Mg/Ca比值为6的Lagoa Vermelha改良培养基中,对分离自青海湖湖底沉积物的梭菌(Clostridiumsp.)进行了为期100 d的碳酸盐矿物培养实验,同时还完成了一组无菌对照实验。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别对矿物成分和形态进行了测定和观察。实验结果表明:细菌培养实验的沉淀物数量始终多于无菌对照实验;在梭菌SN-1菌株作用下形成的碳酸盐矿物组合的变化趋势是方解石→方解石+单水碳钙石→单水碳钙石+方解石→单水碳钙石,而无菌对照实验产物中矿物的演化方向是单水碳钙石+方解石→方解石+单水碳钙石;在综合分析SEM和XRD观测结果的基础上,推测哑铃状矿物可能是高镁方解石,而球状矿物可能是单水碳钙石。     

氯化物对方解石和白云石矿物溶解度的影响

借助PHREEQC软件,文章对方解石、白云石分别在无CO2和大气PCO2条件下NaCl、KCl、CaCl2和MgCl2溶液中的溶解度进行了模拟计算,结果显示:方解石在NaCl、KCl、和MgCl2溶液中以及白云石在NaCl、KCl溶液中的溶解度比纯水中大得多,其原因主要是盐效应。由于同离子效应,在CaCl2溶液中可降低方解石溶解度,而白云石在较高浓度CaCl2或MgCl2溶液中,虽发生同离子效应,其溶解度仍较纯水中有不同程度提高。模拟还显示,方解石在MgCl2溶液中以及白云石在CaCl2溶液中溶解时将分别发生白云石化和去白云石化反应,从而促使不全等溶解继续发生。在常规离子中,按方解石、白云石溶解度提高发挥作用的重要性排序为:阴离子中都是SO24->Cl-;对于方解石溶解,阳离子中Mg2+>Na+>K+>Ca2+;对于白云石溶解,当PCO2=0或PCO2=10-3.5bar且CaCl2浓度大约在1.5mol/L以下时,Na+>K+>Ca2+>Mg2+;当PCO2=10-3.5bar且CaCl2浓度大约在1.5mol/L以上时,Ca2+>Na+>K+>Mg2+。     

煤矿酸性“老窑水”低Ca/Mg成因机制

山西省阳泉市山底河煤矿“老窑水”循环系统多年水质监测数据计算结果显示,煤矿酸性“老窑水”的Ca/Mg值普遍偏低,且存在Ca/Mg值随酸化程度的增强（SO₄2?含量增加或pH减小）而减小的规律。针对这一问题,结合研究区的地球化学物源条件,通过室内试验以及野外监测水样的石膏、方解石、白云石矿物饱和指数与pH变化关系,分析煤矿酸性“老窑水”低Ca/Mg值的成因机制。研究表明:区内石炭系－二叠系的煤系地层中碳酸盐岩夹层、分散状态分布的菱镁矿、黄铁矿是“老窑水”中Ca2+、Mg2+、SO₄2?的物质来源;在黄铁矿氧化水解形成的以硫酸根为主导的酸性溶液中（pH为2.0~4.5）,代表硫酸对石膏、方解石、白云石可溶解性的饱和指数排序为石膏>方解石>白云石,受石膏在高浓度硫酸活性降低并发生沉淀、方解石溶解受Ca2+同离子效应抑制和饱和状态的平衡调节的综合影响,使Ca2+相对含量减少,由于MgSO₄溶度积大于CaSO₄,故Mg2+含量未受上述约束（或较低）,脱白云岩化反应可因Ca2+含量随石膏沉淀而继续进行,加之区内有菱镁矿的溶解,使得Mg2+相对含量增加,最终出现了镁矿酸性“老窑水” Ca/Mg值低的结果。Ca/Mg值可作为煤矿酸性“老窑水”的污染特征指标,应用于环境影响评价。      

石笋矿物类型、成因及其对气候和环境的指示

洞穴石笋的矿物组成分为方解石、文石和文石-方解石三种类型。本文总结了国内外已有的研究成果,并结合野外观测现象和数据,讨论了影响石笋矿物形成和转变的因素,分析了利用石笋矿物类型特征研究古气候和古环境变化的可行性。洞内滴水饱和度和滴水中Mg/Ca比值是影响石笋矿物类型的主要因素:当滴水Mg/Ca 比值较低（Mg/Ca＜1或<<1）时,滴水饱和度较低易形成方解石,而文石沉积则需要更高的滴水饱和度;当滴水Mg/Ca 比值较高（Mg/Ca≥1）时,方解石相对文石沉积需要更高的滴水饱和度。洞穴围岩镁含量高且滴水多而稳定的洞内环境是我国南方大量文石笋发育的主要原因。长期处于滴水淋滤环境的文石笋容易向方解石转变,但若滴水中Mg2+浓度较大,此转变过程会受到抑制。在围岩镁含量较低的洞穴中,干旱时期渗流水滞留时间长、滴水速率变慢,会造成滴水中Mg/Ca比值升高并引起文石沉积。因此,石笋矿物类型及矿物相转变可指示气候和环境的变化。      

方解石(10(-1)4)晶面在含重金属溶液中的生长及新生长面的溶解

溶液中的金属离子对方解石的生长和溶解均有影响,但关于方解石中固有的杂质离子对其溶解的影响还了解甚少.本研究利用原位原子力显微镜(AFM)考察了室温下方解石(10(-1)4)晶面在含Mn2+及含Cd2+溶液中的生长过程,并对其新生长面直接进行原位溶解观察.实验表明,溶液中的Mn2+和Cd2+可参与方解石的生长,分别形成(Ca,Mn)CO3固溶体和(Ca,Cd)CO3固溶体.新生成的含Mn、Cd方解石的溶解速率仅为纯方解石的14.3％～60.3％,说明晶体中的Mn和Cd可抑制方解石的溶解.因此方解石生长阶段可通过在(10(-1)4)晶面形成含重金属固溶体从而固定Mn和Cd,由于新生长的固溶体溶解速率小于纯方解石,从而延缓Mn和Cd的迁移,并降低其环境污染的风险.     

方解石(10(-1)4)晶面在含重金属溶液中的生长及新生长面的溶解

溶液中的金属离子对方解石的生长和溶解均有影响,但关于方解石中固有的杂质离子对其溶解的影响还了解甚少.本研究利用原位原子力显微镜(AFM)考察了室温下方解石(10(-1)4)晶面在含Mn2+及含Cd2+溶液中的生长过程,并对其新生长面直接进行原位溶解观察.实验表明,溶液中的Mn2+和Cd2+可参与方解石的生长,分别形成(Ca,Mn)CO3固溶体和(Ca,Cd)CO3固溶体.新生成的含Mn、Cd方解石的溶解速率仅为纯方解石的14.3％～60.3％,说明晶体中的Mn和Cd可抑制方解石的溶解.因此方解石生长阶段可通过在(10(-1)4)晶面形成含重金属固溶体从而固定Mn和Cd,由于新生长的固溶体溶解速率小于纯方解石,从而延缓Mn和Cd的迁移,并降低其环境污染的风险.     

方解石(10■4)晶面在含重金属溶液中的生长及新生长面的溶解

溶液中的金属离子对方解石的生长和溶解均有影响,但关于方解石中固有的杂质离子对其溶解的影响还了解甚少。本研究利用原位原子力显微镜(AFM)考察了室温下方解石(10■4)晶面在含Mn~(2+)及含Cd~(2+)溶液中的生长过程,并对其新生长面直接进行原位溶解观察。实验表明,溶液中的Mn2+和Cd2+可参与方解石的生长,分别形成(Ca,Mn)CO_3固溶体和(Ca,Cd)CO_3固溶体。新生成的含Mn、Cd方解石的溶解速率仅为纯方解石的14.3%～60.3%,说明晶体中的Mn和Cd可抑制方解石的溶解。因此方解石生长阶段可通过在(10■4)晶面形成含重金属固溶体从而固定Mn和Cd,由于新生长的固溶体溶解速率小于纯方解石,从而延缓Mn和Cd的迁移,并降低其环境污染的风险。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of