考虑结构性和主应力轴偏转的黄土填料挡土墙地震被动土压力研究

针对黄土地区现有的地震荷载作用下挡土墙土压力计算方法中的不足,进行了4个含水量和3个围压的平面应变试验,首次建立了平面应变强度参数与结构性的关系,扩展了被动状态下考虑应力主轴偏转的粘性土侧土压力系数计算公式,采用水平微分层分析方法,提出了一种地震作用下同时考虑黄土结构性和主应力轴偏转的挡土墙被动土压力计算方法。参数分析结果表明平面应变条件下地震被动土压力均大于三轴条件下,结构性土地震被动土压力大于无结构性土,墙土面有摩擦时地震被动土压力大于墙土面光滑时;地震被动土压力随水平和竖向地震加速度系数的增大而减小、随摩擦角、均布荷载、墙土摩擦角、粘聚力、构度指标的增大而增大。黄土地区地震被动土压力计算应综合考虑平面应变强度参数、结构性和墙土摩擦效应的影响。     

地震与海啸作用下重力式岸墙旋转位移拟静力分析

被动状态下位移预测是挡墙地震工程设计中的关键,而岸墙后回填土的孔隙水压力对墙体运动具有一定影响。采用拟静力法计算墙后部分浸水土体的被动动土压力,根据静力水压力理论近似计算土颗粒里的动水压力;同时考虑地震荷载和海啸力的作用,根据力矩极限平衡确定旋转门槛加速度系数,采用旋转块体方法计算岸墙被动旋转运动下的地震位移。探讨回填砂土内摩擦角、墙体与土间摩擦角、地震加速度系数、回填土地下水位、海啸波浪高度等参数对旋转位移的影响。     

拟静力法公路路基结构抗震稳定性研究

中国是一个地震多发国家,特别是在中西部地区。地震的发生为偶然事件,发生频率并不大,但一旦发生所造成的破坏却是灾难性的,对于高等级公路也不例外。在以前的研究中,很少涉及路基填土的动力学特性以及路基结构在地震荷载作用下的稳定性,现行《公路工程抗震设计规范》对地震动力荷载作用主要是以区域地震烈度作为惟一的参考依据,没有考虑地震振动频率和地震持续时间等特性,因此无法真实反映路基结构在地震作用时的特性。针对以上问题,对路基结构的动力稳定性通过拟静力方法进行研究,对路基结构动力稳定性计算的拟静力公式进行了改进。对于挡土墙在地震荷载作用下挡墙加速度受到影响,在计算挡土墙土压力时考虑地震加速度分布系数的影响;对于路基通过引入加速度分布系数对地震惯性力进行了改进,并对路基边坡拟静力稳定计算的公式进行了改进。     

拟静力法公路路基结构抗震稳定性研究

中国是一个地震多发国家,特别是在中西部地区。地震的发生为偶然事件,发生频率并不大,但一旦发生所造成的破坏却是灾难性的,对于高等级公路也不例外。在以前的研究中,很少涉及路基填土的动力学特性以及路基结构在地震荷载作用下的稳定性,现行《公路工程抗震设计规范》对地震动力荷载作用主要是以区域地震烈度作为惟一的参考依据,没有考虑地震振动频率和地震持续时间等特性,因此无法真实反映路基结构在地震作用时的特性。针对以上问题,对路基结构的动力稳定性通过拟静力方法进行研究,对路基结构动力稳定性计算的拟静力公式进行了改进。对于挡土墙在地震荷载作用下挡墙加速度受到影响,在计算挡土墙土压力时考虑地震加速度分布系数的影响;对于路基通过引入加速度分布系数对地震惯性力进行了改进,并对路基边坡拟静力稳定计算的公式进行了改进。     

倾斜挡土墙后粘性土的地震主动土压力分析

文中考虑水平地震加速度、竖向地震加速度、卓越周期和墙面倾角的因素,运用拟动力学的分析方法,得到了考虑时间和相位变化的粘性土地震主动土压力系数、土压力合力和土压力分布强度的理论公式。在此基础上,分析了水平和竖向地震加速度系数、内摩擦角、墙面摩擦角对最不利工况下滑动面倾角、主动土压力系数、主动土压力分布的影响。研究表明:地震主动土压力分布为非线性;地震加速度导致粘性土的主动土压力大幅增加,增加的程度随着地震水平加速度系数的增大而增加。     

地震荷载作用下被动侧土压力计算方法研究

地震土压力的评价是土力学和岩土工程领域的基本研究课题之一。以往的研究结果表明,挡墙的位移量和位移模式对于地震土压力大小和分布具有显著影响。实际工程中,地震荷载下挡土墙后填土通常处于主动和被动状态之间。经典的物部-冈部公式只能计算主动和被动极限状态下的地震土压力,未考虑填土的侧向变形对于土压力的影响。文中基于拟静力法和曲面中间滑楔体的概念,给出了挡墙平动模式时,任意侧向变形条件下的被动侧地震土压力计算方法。在此基础上采用所提方法对一典型的挡土墙系统的被动侧地震土压力进行了计算,给出了地震土压力系数的计算图表,并与基于平面滑动面假定的计算结果进行了对比,讨论了平面滑动面所导致的误差。     

考虑地震作用下软土软化的土压力计算

对于地震作用下挡土墙的土压力,在以往的计算中仅仅把动荷载加于挡土墙上,或者将土的内摩擦角适当的减少,然后仍按静止土压力计算。本文通过动三轴试验研究软土在动荷载作用下强度变化规律,给出土体软化后强度的确定方法,推导考虑地震等动载作用下考虑土体软化的土压力计算方法,通过实例计算对比考虑软化后土压力和不考虑软化的土压力计算结果,研究成果可为考虑地震荷载及其他动载作用下土压力的计算提供依据。     

考虑地震作用下软土软化的土压力计算

对于地震作用下挡土墙的土压力,在以往的计算中仅仅把动荷载加于挡土墙上,或者将土的内摩擦角适当的减少,然后仍按静止土压力计算。本文通过动三轴试验研究软土在动荷载作用下强度变化规律,给出土体软化后强度的确定方法,推导考虑地震等动载作用下考虑土体软化的土压力计算方法,通过实例计算对比考虑软化后土压力和不考虑软化的土压力计算结果,研究成果可为考虑地震荷载及其他动载作用下土压力的计算提供依据。     

地震中整体面板式土工格栅加筋土挡墙动土压力研究

土工格栅加筋挡土墙是一种柔性挡土结构,目前尚未建立较严密的设计方法,作用在土工格栅加筋墙壁上的地震动土压力研究是抗震设计的重要内容之一。应用基于拉格朗日法的完全非线性动有限差分法研究整体面板式土工格栅加筋土挡壁在地震作用下各设计参数对挡壁动土压力的影响。采用弹塑性模型模拟填土,采用耦合弹性参数描述格栅与土接触界面特性,参数包括加筋间距、长度、刚度、地震强度和填土性质等,分析墙壁的动土压力沿墙身的分布特征,得出了影响地震动土压力的显著参数,证明了土工格栅加筋墙体的优异吸震能力,研究结果为整体面板式土工格栅加筋土挡墙抗震设计中的动土压力研究提供参考。     

土-大型地铁地下车站结构动力接触效应研究

以苏州地铁一号线的星海站为工程背景,考虑土与地铁车站结构非线性动力相互作用效应,分析了土与地下结构接触面的动力分离与滑移效应、土与地下结构接触面上动土压力和动摩擦力的分布规律与反应幅值,以及动力接触效应对地铁车站结构动力反应的影响规律。研究结果表明：强地震发生时,在地铁地下车站结构侧墙顶端,出现了土与结构接触分离现象,在车站结构顶底板处,土与结构产生了相对滑移现象;考虑动力接触效应时,地下结构总体动力反应是变小的。给出了车站结构侧墙上动土压力分布规律及其动土压力系数,以及车站结构顶底板上的动土压力分布规律及其反应幅值。研究结果对进一步了解土与地下结构的动力接触效应及其对地下结构动力反应的影响,具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。     

Seismic rotational displacement of gravity walls by pseudo-dynamic method: Passive case

Prediction of the seismic rotational displacements of retaining wall under passive condition is an important aspect of design in earthquake prone region. In this paper, the pseudo-dynamic method is used to compute the rotational displacements of rigid retaining wall supporting cohesionless backfill under seismic loading for the passive earth pressure condition. The proposed method considers time, phase difference and effect of amplification in shear and primary waves propagating through both the backfill and the retaining wall. The influence of ground motion characteristics on rotational displacement of the wall is evaluated. Also the effects of variation of parameters like wall friction angle, soil friction angle, amplification factor, shear wave velocity, primary wave velocity, period of lateral shaking, horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations on the rotational displacements are studied. The rotational displacement of the wall increases substantially with increase in amplification of both shear and primary waves, time of input motion, period of lateral shaking and decreases with increase in soil friction angle, wall friction angle. The rotational displacements of the wall also increase when the effect of wall inertia is taken into account. Results are provided in graphical form.     

Pseudo-dynamic active force and pressure behind battered retaining wall supporting inclined backfill

Knowledge of seismic active earth pressure behind rigid retaining wall is very important. Commonly used Mononobe–Okabe method considers pseudo-static approach, which gives the linear distribution of seismic earth force. In this paper, the pseudo-dynamic approach, which considers the effect of primary and shear wave propagations, is adopted to calculate the seismic active force. Considering the planar rupture surface, the effect of wide range of parameters like inclination of retaining wall, inclination of backfill surface, wall friction and soil friction angle, shear wave and primary wave velocity, horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients are taken into account to evaluate the seismic active force. Results are presented in terms of seismic coefficients in tabular form and variation of pressure along the depth.     

Seismic passive resistance with vertical seepage and surcharge

Present paper focuses on the computation of the seismic passive earth pressure acting on a vertical rigid retaining wall by a soil mass subjected to vertical steady-state seepage and a uniform surcharge load. Based on the basic assumptions of Coulomb's theory and a pseudo-static method of analysis, a general solution for the passive earth pressure containing two coefficients is presented. In the solution, many parameters, such as unit weight of saturated soil, soil effective internal friction angle, soil/wall friction angle, water/soil unit weight ratio, surcharge intensity coefficient, horizontal and vertical seismic acceleration coefficients, Poisson's ratio of soil mass, hydraulic gradient, and coefficients of pore water pressure, are considered. The effects of hydraulic gradient and seismic forces on passive earth pressure coefficient and passive earth pressure distribution are investigated. The results indicate that passive earth pressure increases with increasing hydraulic gradient for downward water flow case, but decreases for upward water flow case, and that the presence of seismic forces induces a reduction in passive earth pressure.     

Seismic active pressure distribution history behind rigid retaining walls

Evaluating the seismic active earth pressure on retaining walls is currently based on pseudo-static method in practices. In this method, however, it is not simple, choosing an appropriate value for earthquake coefficient, which should fully reflect the dynamic characteristics of both soil and loading is an important problem. On the other hand, by using only two extra dynamic parameters that are shear wave velocity of soil and predominant frequency of probable earthquake, one can benefit from another more accurate tool called pseudo-dynamic method to solve the problem of earth pressure.In this study in the framework of limit equilibrium analysis, pseudo-dynamic method has been applied into horizontal slice method of analysis to account for the effect of earthquake on lateral earth pressure history behind rigid retaining walls. The pressure history resulted from a number of analyses shows that before and after reaching the peak resultant force, different pressure distributions occur behind a wall that put more local pressure than the same at peak. This method would be a tool to control this phenomenon in wall design.     

海啸作用下滨水挡土墙抗震转动稳定性上限分析

地震诱发的海啸对沿海围护结构的破坏具有强度大的特点。滨水挡土墙作为重要的围护结构,海啸与地震的联合作用极易造成其发生绕墙踵的被动破坏。采用条分法,将土楔体分割成无数平行于破裂面的刚性土条,并建立绕墙踵转动的挡墙与刚性土条之间的速度容许场。基于极限上限理论,依据外力做功功率等于其内能耗散功率,推导了地震加速度系数的表达式。与经典极限平衡理论相比,该方法考虑了挡墙的位移模式,且无需假设地震土压力的作用位置。分析了浪高与海平面高度之比,内摩擦角φ及墙土摩擦角δ对滨水挡土墙稳定性的影响。     

Static and seismic limit equilibrium analysis of sliding retaining walls under different surcharge conditions

The static and seismic sliding limit equilibrium condition of retaining walls is investigated, and analytical solutions for the angle of the active slip surface, the critical acceleration coefficient and the coefficient of active earth pressure are provided for different surcharge conditions. In particular, walls retaining a horizontal backfill without surcharge, walls supporting an extended uniform surcharge applied at different distances from the wall and walls supporting a limited uniform surcharge or linear uniform surcharge parallel to the wall are considered in the analysis.The solutions have been derived in the framework of the limit equilibrium approach, considering the effect of the wall through its weight, and accounting for the shear resistance at the base of the wall and the inertia force arising in the wall under seismic conditions.For the wall without surcharge the effect of the vertical component of the seismic acceleration as well as the effects of the inclination of the wall internal face and of the soil–wall friction were also investigated.The angle of the slip plane, the critical seismic acceleration coefficient and the coefficient of active earth pressure are given as functions of dimensionless parameters and the boundary conditions for the applicability of each solution are specified. The influence of soil weight, surcharge conditions and inertia forces on the active earth pressure coefficient is analysed.     

Seismic behavior of an inverted T-shape flexible retaining wall via dynamic centrifuge tests

In the design procedure for a retaining wall, the pseudo-static method has been widely used and dynamic earth pressure is calculated by the Mononobe–Okabe method, which is an extension of Coulomb’s earth pressure theory computed by force equilibrium. However, there is no clear empirical basis for treating the seismic force as a static force, and recent experimental research has shown that the Mononobe–Okabe method is quite conservative, and there exists a discrepancy between the assumed conditions and real seismic behavior during an earthquake. Two dynamic centrifuge tests were designed and conducted to reexamine the Mononobe–Okabe method and to evaluate the seismic lateral earth pressure on an inverted T-shape flexible retaining wall with a dry medium sand backfill. Results from two sets of dynamic centrifuge experiments show that inertial force has a significant impact on the seismic behavior on the flexible retaining wall. The dynamic earth pressure at the time of maximum moment during the earthquake was not synchronized and almost zero. The relationship between the back-calculated dynamic earth pressure coefficient at the time of maximum dynamic wall moment and the peak ground acceleration obtained from the wall base peak ground acceleration indicates that the seismic earth pressure on flexible cantilever retaining walls can be neglected at accelerations below 0.4 g. These results suggest that a wall designed with a static factor of safety should be able to resist seismic loads up to 0.3–0.4 g.     

An alternative to the Mononobe–Okabe equations for seismic earth pressures

A closed-form stress plasticity solution is presented for gravitational and earthquake-induced earth pressures on retaining walls. The proposed solution is essentially an approximate yield-line approach, based on the theory of discontinuous stress fields, and takes into account the following parameters: (1) weight and friction angle of the soil material, (2) wall inclination, (3) backfill inclination, (4) wall roughness, (5) surcharge at soil surface, and (6) horizontal and vertical seismic acceleration. Both active and passive conditions are considered by means of different inclinations of the stress characteristics in the backfill. Results are presented in the form of dimensionless graphs and charts that elucidate the salient features of the problem. Comparisons with established numerical solutions, such as those of Chen and Sokolovskii, show satisfactory agreement (maximum error for active pressures about 10%). It is shown that the solution does not perfectly satisfy equilibrium at certain points in the medium, and hence cannot be classified in the context of limit analysis theorems. Nevertheless, extensive comparisons with rigorous numerical results indicate that the solution consistently overestimates active pressures and under-predicts the passive. Accordingly, it can be viewed as an approximate lower-bound solution, than a mere predictor of soil thrust. Compared to the Coulomb and Mononobe–Okabe equations, the proposed solution is simpler, more accurate (especially for passive pressures) and safe, as it overestimates active pressures and underestimates the passive. Contrary to the aforementioned solutions, the proposed solution is symmetric, as it can be expressed by a single equation—describing both active and passive pressures—using appropriate signs for friction angle and wall roughness.     

Mechanics and performance of a tied-back wall under seismic loads

In this paper the stability of a tied-back wall subjected to seismic loads is analysed for a predetermined mode of failure (rotation about the top of the wall) and the analysis is compared with data from tests on this type of wall using the seismic simulator at the State University of New York at Buffalo. We carried out a pseudo-static analysis of the problem using the Mononobe-Okabe earth pressure coefficients, wherein the dynamic effects due to the seismic loading are converted into equivalent static loads. The acceleration ratio at which the wall fails by rotation about the top was obtained by considering the moments due to the various lateral earth pressure resultants and the inertial forces induced in the soil due to the seismic loading. We found that the presence of wall friction on the passive side significantly enhances the stability of the flexible retaining wall under seismic loads. Thus, flexible retaining walls supporting dry cohesionless soil can be very efficient during earthquakes. Under moderate earthquakes, an increase in the depth of embedment increases the dynamic factor of safety significantly. However, beyond a certain acceleration ratio for a soil with a particular value of ø, any increase in the depth of emdedment has no effect in impeding failure, irrespective of any change in the geometry of the system. Seismic design charts are presented to evaluate the stability of, and to design, flexible retaining walls embedded in dry cohesionless soils under seismic loading.