2008-2011年湖北省暖干类暴雨特征分析

选取2008-2011年湖北省7个暖干类暴雨个例,利用GFS 0.5°×0.5°再分析资料进行合成分析。结果表明：湖北省暖干类暴雨过程中,正涡度平流不是大范围出现,而是以正涡度平流核的形式出现并随着风场流转,使暴雨区各层涡度平流的配置快速发生变化,容易引起上升运动的突然加强;暖平流从中高层扩展至整层,强暖平流中心出现在临近暴雨发生时的边界层,热力强迫导致低层强辐合,950 hPa上下强暖平流中心与暴雨点位置较一致,对暖干类暴雨的预报有较好的指示意义;中层干空气和低层暖湿空气的侵入是暴雨区对流不稳定增长的主要影响因子,均与副热带高压的西伸发展有关。     

一次引发强沙尘天气的快速发展蒙古气旋的诊断分析

利用NCEP分析资料和常规气象观测资料对造成2006年3月9-10日华北大范围强沙尘天气,产生大风的蒙古气旋快速发展过程进行了分析。结果表明：气旋发展前期,高层反气旋性流场对波能量发展有正的贡献,有利于气旋的爆发性发展。在气旋发展过程中,温度平流和涡度平流均为气旋发展的主要因子,但涡度平流在气旋发展初期相对温度平流较弱。斜压作用出现在低层,并随着气旋后部的锋消作用以及前部的锋生而显著增强,这对于有效位能的释放、动能的产生以及气旋的发展有重要作用,同时,斜压强迫能够诱发出强烈的非地转风。此外,位涡分析表明,气旋的发展与冷空气活动的关系比较密切,并且存在明显的高低空系统之间的相互作用,而水汽和潜热释放产生的作用不明显。同时揭示出该气旋发生发展机制不但与挪威学派的温带气旋模型有较大差别,而且与Petterssen总结的A、B类气旋、引起我国夏半年降水的江淮气旋和西南涡等低压系统亦不相同。     

影响东北的两个罕见气旋发展机制对比

2007年3月3—5日和2016年5月2—3日有两个气旋（简称C304和C502）在江淮流域生成后,以相似路径影响东北地区,但发展强度不同。利用常规观测资料和NCEP FNL分析资料,通过对涡度平流、温度平流、湿位势涡度及锋生函数等物理量进行诊断并结合高、低空环流形势对两个气旋发展动力机制进行对比分析,结果表明:C304低空温度平流在气旋发展初期起主要作用,高空正涡度平流为地面气旋发展提供高空辐散场,地面气旋中心上空垂直上升运动增强,对流层低层斜压性明显,气旋性涡度增加主要在对流层下层,低空斜压强迫是主要发展机制;C502低空温度平流弱,斜压性不明显,高空正涡度平流促使高空闭合环流发展,对流层上层有高湿位涡舌发展下垂并与对流层下层正湿位涡柱耦合贯通,垂直上升运动分布在地面气旋中心两侧,高空位涡下传是主要发展机制。两个气旋发生发展在对流层上层两支急流共存、急流非纬向性反气旋性弯曲环流形势下,对流层低层为气旋式环流背景。     

东亚寒潮高压的位涡诊断研究

用位势涡度方程对1980年1月26—30日东亚寒潮高压的演变做了诊断研究，表明高压中心地区低层是低值位涡区，位涡值随高压增强（减弱）而变小（变大）；随着高压的发展加强，位涡最小值由对流层中层降到近地面层，随着高压的减弱，最小值中心又上升；对流层高层的位涡值随着地面高压的增强而加大，反映高空冷槽、地面高压同时在发展。位涡收支方程各项对高压发展、减弱有着不同的作用。作用最大的是地转风水平平流项和地转偏差风的散度项，其次是地转偏差风的平流项和辐射项，扭转项和热成风偏差项均甚小，可忽略不计。     

位涡诊断在黄土高原强对流风暴预报中的应用

利用位涡理论,对2004年6月15~16日宁夏、内蒙、陕西、山西和河南出现大范围的强对流风暴和局地冰雹天气过程作了诊断分析。个例分析发现,干位涡空间结构表现为:从风暴区下游到风暴区形成随高度向西倾斜的大值正位涡柱,风暴区形成对流层高层大值正位涡中心和对流层中低层伴有位涡梯度增强的位涡等值线密集区的叠置。对流层低层干位涡场特征表现为,风暴区形成干位涡等值线密集区和风场切变的耦合。对流层低层湿位涡场特征表现为,风暴区形成湿位涡正压项小于0对流不稳定舌和湿斜压中心以及湿位涡斜压项等值线密集区的耦合。风暴发生前,对流层中层500hPa河套生成经向位涡等值线密集区,500hPa蒙古地区强偏北气流中同时出现正位涡扰动和指向河套的正位涡平流,对黄土高原大范围强对流风暴的发生有指示意义。     

副热带高压对登陆台风等熵面位涡演变影响的数值模拟研究

选取1997年第11号台风“温妮”为研究个例, 通过中尺度模式MM5模拟再现了该台风登陆后经历初期减弱、 变性及变性后再次发展的演变过程。采用Davis et al.(1996) 提出的片段位涡反演方法, 提取具有副热带高压物理意义的位涡扰动, 采用片段位涡反演的方法, 改变模式积分初始时刻台风东部副热带高压强度, 并引入Ertel等熵面位涡收支方程, 深入分析不同强度的副热带高压环流系统在登陆台风结构演变的过程中等熵面位涡的守恒性, 以及守恒性与非守恒性相对作用的大小。研究表明: 台风北上深入内陆的过程中, 高空槽大值位涡源源不断的输送使得对流层低层西北侧位涡增长, 台风中心上空的辐散形势有利于台风强度的再次增强。由于摩擦和非绝热加热的存在, 对流层位涡局地变化主要决定于位涡的水平平流 (守恒项)、 位涡的垂直平流、 加热的垂直微分 (非守恒项) 的分布。台风经历变性及再增强的过程中, 其影响范围内位涡守恒性经历了先减弱后增强的过程, 非守恒项中位涡的垂直平流能较好地描述对流层中层位涡局地变化趋势, 而加热的垂直微分则在对流层低层和高层表现良好。副高强度的加强使台风加速北上, 加快了台风变性速度, 高层位涡的向下输送明显提前且强度增强, 位涡守恒性的破坏、 重建也相应提前, 位涡垂直平流的整层负值减小, 加热垂直微分对对流层低层位涡增长的正贡献加强, 且持续时间更长。     

Impact of Surface Potential Vorticity Density Forcing over the Tibetan Plateau on the South China Extreme Precipitation in January 2008. Part Ⅰ:Data Analysis

The external source/sink of potential vorticity (PV) is the original driving force for the atmospheric circulation. The relationship between surface PV generation and surface PV density forcing is discussed in detail in this paper. Moreover, a case study of the extreme winter freezing rain/snow storm over South China in January 2008 is performed, and the surface PV density forcing over the eastern flank of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has been found to significantly affect the precipitation over South China in this case. The TP generated PV propagated eastward in the middle troposphere. The associated zonal advection of positive absolute vorticity resulted in the increasing of cyclo-nic relative vorticity in the downstream region of the TP. Ascending air and convergence in the lower troposphere developed, which gave rise to the development of the southerly wind. This favored the increasing of negative meridio-nal absolute vorticity advection in the lower troposphere, which provided a large-scale circulation background conducive to ascending motion such that the absolute vorticity advection increased with height. Consequently, the ascending air further strengthened the southerly wind and the vertical gradient of absolute vorticity advection between the lower and middle troposphere in turn. Under such a situation, the enhanced ascending, together with the moist air transported by the southerly wind, formed the extreme winter precipitation in January 2008 over South China.     

Using the isentropic analysis for the operational short-range weather forecast

The software is described, developed within the meteorological geographical information system (GIS Meteo) technology, intended for the operational plotting of isentropic analysis charts. The study of atmospheric processes is carried out by the example of a concrete event, an unexpectedly heavy snowstorm in Moscow region on December 7, 2009. It is revealed that the potential vorticity anomaly formed over Moscow region favored the generation of cyclonic circulation in the lower troposphere and the ascent of the air being close to the saturation. According to the observation data, the precipitation was of convective type, although no convective instability was revealed. The study of the equivalentpotential vorticity evolution in the lower troposphere demonstrated the presence of conditional symmetric instability causing the development of the moist slantwise convection.     

青藏高原地表位涡密度强迫对2008年1月中国南方降水过程的影响Ⅰ:资料分析

位涡外部源汇是驱动大气环流的原动力。文中详细介绍了地表位涡制造和位涡密度强迫的联系,讨论了不同坐标系中位涡密度方程的特点及其在应用中应当注意的问题。还以2008年初南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害为例,探讨了青藏高原地表位涡密度强迫及东传对下游地区对流性天气发生的影响,拟由此揭示青藏高原位涡密度强迫激发中国东部激烈天气发生的一种新机制。伴随着青藏高原地表正位涡密度的东传,下游地区对流层中高层出现纬向正绝对涡度平流,气旋性环流增强,从而促使低空南风发展,为南方地区提供充沛的水汽条件。另外,南风的增强有利于低空经向负绝对涡度平流的加强,从而使南方地区高、低空形成绝对涡度平流随高度增大的大尺度环流背景,有利于上升运动的发展。上升运动的加强又促进低空南风气流的增强,使高、低空绝对涡度平流随高度增大的环流背景进一步增强,最终导致降水的产生。      

2014年11月上旬西北太平洋一次极端强度爆发气旋的数值模拟和分片位涡反演分析

基于NCEP 6 h一次,0.5°（纬度）×0.5°（经度）水平分辨率的GFS（Global Forecasting System）再分析数据,利用数值模式WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）,对2014年11月上旬西北太平洋一次极端强度的爆发气旋事件进行了模拟。在成功复制爆发气旋主要特征的基础上,较详细的分析了本次爆发气旋快速发展的有利环境条件,并利用分片位涡反演的方法,对此次爆发气旋的快速发展过程进行了研究,主要结论如下:（1）本次爆发气旋的爆发性发展阶段维持了约27 h,其最大加深率约为3.98 Bergeron（气旋加深率单位）,最低中心气压约为919.2 hPa。（2）爆发气旋的快速发展与对流层高层高空急流对热量的输送,对流层中层西风带短波槽槽前暖平流和正涡度平流的有利准地转强迫,以及对流层低层暖锋伴随的暖平流过程密切相关。（3）分片位涡反演的结果表明,对流层顶皱褶对应的平流层大值位涡下传和降水凝结潜热过程造成的正位涡异常是本次爆发气旋快速发展的主导因子,而对流层低层的斜压过程贡献相对较小。在气旋爆发期的前期和强盛期,降水凝结潜热释放是爆发气旋发展的最重要因子,而在爆发期后期,随着降水的减弱和爆发气旋的东北向移动,对流层顶皱褶作用所造成的正位涡异常成为维持气旋快速发展的最有利因子。     

A Study on a Heavy Rainfall Event Triggered by an Inverted Typhoon Trough in Shandong Province

A heavy rainfall event that occurred in Shandong Province in 26 28 August 2004 was caused mainly by Typhoon Acre and cold air activities related to a westerly trough. The event was triggered by an inverted typhoon trough, which was closely associated with the intensification of the low-level southeasterly flow and the northward transport of heat and momentum in the periphery of the typhoon low. A numerical simulation of this event is performed using the nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 with two-way interactive and triply-nested grids, and the structure of the inverted typhoon trough is studied. Furthermore, the formation and development mechanism of the inverted typhoon trough and a mesoscale vortex are discussed through a vorticity budget analysis. The results show that the heavy rainfall was induced by the strong convergence between the strong and weak winds within the inverted typhoon trough. Dynamic effects of the low-level jet and the diabatic heating of precipitation played an important role in the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex. The vorticity budget analysis suggests that the divergence term in the low troposphere, the horizontal advection term, and the convection term in the middle troposphere were main contributors to positive vorticity. Nonetheless, at the same pressure level, the effect of the divergence term and that of the adveetion term were opposite to each other. In the middle troposphere, the vertical transport term made a positive contribution while the tilting term made a negative contribution, and the total vorticity tendency was the net result of their counteractions. It is found that the change tendency of the relative vorticity was not uniform horizontally. A strong positive vorticity tendency occurred in the southeast of the mesoscale vortex, which is why the heavy rainfall was concentrated there. The increase of positive vorticity in the low （upper） troposphere was caused by horizontal convergence （upward transport of vorticity from the lower troposphere）. Therefore, the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex were mainly attributed to the vorticity generated in the low troposphere, and also the vertical transport of vorticity from the low and middle troposphere.     

北京地区一次强对流大暴雨的环境条件及动力触发机制分析

通过对1998年6月29日北京地区发生在天气尺度脊中的强对流大暴雨过程分析, 得出该过程是由中层的高压脊和低层的辐合系统、近地面的冷空气之间的相互作用形成了具有聚能机制的中低空经向环流圈, 维持了暴雨区中低空的上升运动, 形成了近地面的动力锋生, 使中低层的潜在不稳定加剧.而对流层高层短波扰动的正涡度平流通过非地转平衡过程, 引发中高层产生的上升运动, 触发了潜在不稳定的释放.该短波扰动与风场的波动不相匹配, 其位相传播特征与重力波相似.     

"8·16"暴雨过程的湿位涡诊断分析

本文利用实况资料和T213输出资料,对发生在2005年8月16日～17日的华北暴雨过程进行了湿位涡数值诊断分析,结果表明,强降水落在湿相对位涡的负值中心附近,且湿相对位涡场的特征主要取决于其正压项的贡献。在暴雨出现前期,湿对称不稳定主要在高层,湿位涡的下传可能是产生暴雨的重要原因之一。湿位涡的负值中心与中低层涡度的增大及暴雨的增强存在密切的关系。     

梅雨期西太平洋副热带高压异常东退与东风带扰动关系的合成诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR日平均再分析资料,对梅雨期热带对流层上空东风带扰动影响西太平洋副热带高压短期东退的过程进行了合成诊断分析.结果表明:梅雨期西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高)的短期东退与低纬热带地区上宅东风带扰动存在着密切的联系,本文给出了在西太副高异常东退前后东风带扰动的结构及其演变特征,揭示了东风带扰动所对应的...     

地形影响蒙古气旋发展的观测和模拟研究

针对2001年4月上旬一次蒙古气旋发展过程中的地形因素进行了观测和模拟研究, 结果表明:依据低层冷空气是否越过阿尔泰—萨彦岭山地产生气旋冷锋, 蒙古气旋的发生发展过程可以划分为触发和发展两个阶段。在气旋的发展阶段, 斜压不稳定是其主要强迫机制。伴随地形对低层冷空气阻滞程度的变化, 蒙古气旋经历了从缓慢发展到剧烈加强的过程。阿尔泰—萨彦岭山地通过对低层冷空气的阻滞使山地上空等熵面更为陡立, 加强了对流层低层的斜压强迫, 从而使斜压强迫的涡度增长向低层聚集, 导致气旋发展强度增强。阿尔泰—萨彦岭山地及其南侧形成的峡谷地形对低空急流的位置、范围、强度及演变过程具有较重要影响。另外, 对流层高层位涡平流也是气旋发展的一个强迫因素, 但其影响较小。     

A CASE STUDY OF FRONTAL CYCLOGENESIS AND ITS SENSITIVITY TO COASTAL INITIAL CONDITIONS*

In this study,the predictability and physical processes leading to the rapid frontal cyclogenesis,that took place in the east coast of the U.S.during 3-4 October 1987,are examined using a nestedgrid.mesoscale model with a fine-mesh grid size of 25km.It is shown that the model reproduces reasonably well the cyclogenesis in a coastal baroclinic zone.its subsequent deepening and movement as well as the pertinent precipitation.It is found that the frontal cyclogenesis occurs in a favorable large-scale environment with pronounced thermal advection in the lower troposphere and marked potential vorticity(PV) concentration aloft associated with the tropopause depression.The transport of warm and moist air from the marine boundary layer by the low-level in-shore flow provides the necessary energy source for the observed heavy precipitation and a variety of weather phenomena reported in the cold sector.Several 24-h sensitivity simulations are performed to examine the relative importance of diabatic heating,adiabatic dynamics and various initial conditions in the frontal cyclogenesis.It is found that latent heat release,even though quite intense,accounts for only 25% of the cyclone's total deepening in this case:the weak impact seems due to the occurrence of latent heating in the cold sector and the upward lifting of the dynamical tropopause by diabatic updrafts.Vorticity budgets show that the lowlevel thermal advection dominates the incipient stage,whereas the vorticity advection determines the rapid deepening rate at the mature stage.The results reveal that the predictability of the present storm is closely related to the vertical coupling between the surface cyclone and the upper-level PV core,which is in turn determined by initial offshore perturbations in the lower troposphere.     

2010年4月27日莱州湾大风过程诊断分析

利用NCEP资料对2010年4月27日莱州湾大风过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明,气旋的爆发性发展导致气旋冷锋后部的锋生加强引发的变压梯度加大是造成此次莱州湾地区大风过程的直接原因。通过大尺度环境场分析,以及温度平流、涡度平流、高空急流、高层位涡异常的诊断分析,认为强的大气斜压性和其所伴随的冷、暖平流使高空槽发展;高低层涡度平流差异是地面气旋发展初期的主要因子;高空槽前急流轴向极一侧的非地转分量所引起的辐散有助于气旋发展;高层高值位涡下传激发了气旋性环流,造成地面气旋爆发性发展。     

Evolution of instability before and during a torrential rainstorm in North China

NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data were used to analyze the characteristics and evolution mechanism of convective and symmetric instability before and during a heavy rainfall event that occurred in Beijing on 21 July 2012.Approximately twelve hours before the rainstorm,the atmosphere was mainly dominated by convective instability in the lower level of 900-800 hPa.The strong southwesterly low-level jet conveyed the moist and warm airflow continuously to the area of torrential rain,maintaining and enhancing the unstable energy.When the precipitation occurred,unstable energy was released and the convective instability weakened.Meanwhile,due to the baroclinicity enhancement in the atmosphere,the symmetric instability strengthened,maintaining and promoting the subsequent torrential rain.Deriving the convective instability tendency equation demonstrated that the barotropic component of potential divergence and the advection term played a major role in enhancing the convective instability before the rainstorm.Analysis of the tendency equation of moist potential vorticity showed that the coupled term of vertical vorticity and the baroclinic component of potential divergence was the primary factor influencing the development of symmetric instability during the precipitation.Comparing the effects of these factors on convective instability and symmetric instability showed some correlation.     

沈阳桃仙机场春季冷锋型雷暴与冷锋型大风合成对比分析

以1996～2005年逐年沈阳桃仙国际机场春季雷暴的天气演变过程相似资料为依据,采用合成方法,选取4个典型冷锋雷暴个例进行分析。结果表明:蒙古气旋前部的暖平流、大范围正涡度区和正涡度平流导致了我国沈阳地区不稳定层结的建立和加强;高空辐散和低空辐合为雷暴天气的发生和加强创造了动力抬升条件;高空具有高湿位势涡度值的干冷空气叠加在低层扰动上,有利于不稳定层结的加强和降水发生。与相似形势下只产生春季大风而未产生雷暴的4次大风个例天气过程的合成对比分析,结果显示:冷锋的伸展方向及沈阳上空深厚的辐散层和低空湿位势涡度的不同分布可能是产生雷暴和大风不同天气现象的主要成因。     

龙卷诱发原因的实例分析

利用雷达、自动站等资料,对一次龙卷过程进行了讨论与研究,详细分析了龙卷发生发展过程中系统结构及环境场特征的变化,并对龙卷的诱发原因进行了动力学探讨,结果表明：龙卷发生于气旋性涡度的高度集中区,对流层中层干冷空气的入侵,构成了上冷下暖的对流不稳定结构,当风场中的强风速带移近时,风速带上激发出中气旋系列,对流不稳定的加强,促使中气旋垂直对流强烈发展,从而导致龙卷天气的产生,进一步的动力学分析表明,当存在有较强的风垂直切变时,中尺度涡度方程中的倾斜项是造成中尺度扰动涡度变化的主要贡献者,也是这次龙卷天气产生的重要原因之一。