未来气候变化情景下长江上游年径流量变化趋势研究

依据政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)第五次评估报告(AR5)未来不同排放情景(RCPs)下的多模式(CMIP5)气温和降水预估结果,构建基于气温和降水的未来径流量预估模型,并以宜昌站为例分析了不同模式不同排放情景下未来80年(2020～2099年)长江上游年径流量的变化趋势。多模式集合平均预估结果表明:在99%的置信水平下,未来80年长江上游年径流量在RCP2.6排放情景下呈不显著增加趋势,在RCP4.5排放情景下呈不显著减小趋势,而在RCP8.5排放情景下则呈显著减小趋势;在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5排放情景下未来80年长江上游年径流量预估均值相对于1961～2000年分别减少6.42%、10.99%和13.25%;同时,未来80年长江上游年径流量变化具有一定的年代际特征,在RCP2.6和RCP4.5排放情景下21世纪初期偏多、中期偏少而后期变化并不明显,在RCP8.5排放情景下则是21世纪中期以前偏多而中期以后明显偏少。本研究方法可为未来气候变化情景预估分析提供技术参考,本研究成果可供气候变化背景下长江上游乃至长江流域水资源开发利用及对策分析提供决策依据。      

Present-day variations and paleodynamics of the Caspian Sea level as a standard for climate modeling data verification

Long-term variations of the Caspian Sea level occur mainly due to river runoff variations (the variations of the Volga River runoff is of primary importance here). In this case, the observed and reconstructed variations of the Caspian Sea level can serve as a standard for assessing the quality of the model runoff simulated by climate models. To solve this problem, a number of detailed maps of the Caspian Sea are prepared for the series of regression and transgression stages. These data are used for verifying the results of some numerical experiments carried out within the framework of CMIP5/PMIP3. It is demonstrated that the model data can be verified depending on how well the models simulate the present-day (instrumentally observed) variations of the decadal scale reconstructed in recent 1000 years of variations: the transition from the Derbent regression to the New Caspian transgression (the 5th phase) with the insignificant sea level drop in the late 19th century and under conditions of large regression during the period of the late Pleistocene glaciation maximum.     

Forming conditions and probable values of maximum water levels of the Lena River near Yakutsk

The genesis of the formation of maximum water levels of the Lena River near Yakutsk is considered. Recovery techniques of series of hydrological characteristics is briefly stated. Observational data on maximum water levels are reduced to the long-term period, an estimation of their homogeneity and stationarity is carried out. The recomputation of maximum water levels of 1% probability taking account of extreme historical levels is executed. As a result, the mark of calculated 1% maximum water level (97.34 m, Baltic System) is obtained, which is 0.98 m higher than the one given in hydrological handbooks [1, 6].     

Spatiotemporal Changes in Extreme Runoff Characteristics for the Volga Basin Rivers

Long-term changes in peak spring runoff and daily minimum winter and summer-autumn runoff in the Volga River basin are analyzed based on observational data from 94 gaging stations. It is revealed that climate changes in the basin during the period from the late 1970s till the middle of the 1980s led to the significant increase in minimum discharge, but maximum runoff changed ambiguously. The regions with the disturbed uniformity of the series of extreme values of river runoff are identified. Changes in the values of high runoff, above the 10% probability, and low runoff, below the 90% probability, are analyzed for current climate conditions. Under nonstationary conditions, it is recommended to assess the probability characteristics of extreme runoff with compound distribution curves or based on the Bayesian approach.     

新疆精河流域河川径流及对气候变化的响应

根据精河流域1957—2012年的气温、降水和径流量等资料,分析了精河流域近55 a来径流量的变化趋势和周期特征,研究了河川径流及对气候变化的响应关系,并建立基于多变量时间序列自回归CAR(Controlled Auto-regressive)径流预测模型。结果表明:(1)精河径流在年内分配不均,季节变化明显,夏季集中,枯水期长且枯季径流量小。6—9月为径流连续最大4个月,占全年径流量的74%。(2)从20世纪80年代开始,河川径流量增加,持续至90年代,在21世纪有减小的趋势,1981—2005年平均年径流总量比1957—1980年增加了3.24%。(3)精河流域年径流量序列在21 a和13 a左右的振荡周期最为明显,其次是32 a和9 a,而其中的21 a和13 a时间尺度上的振荡是全时域的。(4)建立了径流与降水和气温的CAR模型,发现拟合平均相对误差为6.54%,均方根误差为0.039。用CAR模型模拟河流年径流量误差在可接受范围内,可以利用该模型对精河流域年径流量进行预测。     

Quantifying the effects of climate variability and human activities on runoff for Kaidu River Basin in arid region of northwest China

Much attention has recently been focused on the effects that climate variability and human activities have had on runoff. In this study, data from the Kaidu River Basin in the arid region of northwest China were analyzed to investigate changes in annual runoff during the period of 1960–2009. The nonparametric Mann–Kendall test and the Mann–Kendall–Sneyers test were used to identify trend and step change point in the annual runoff. It was found that the basin had a significant increasing trend in annual runoff. Step change point in annual runoff was identified in the basin, which occurred in the year around 1993 dividing the long-term runoff series into a natural period (1960–1993) and a human-induced period (1994–2009). Then, the hydrologic sensitivity analysis method was employed to evaluate the effects of climate variability and human activities on mean annual runoff for the human-induced period based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. In 1994–2009, climate variability was the main factor that increased runoff with contribution of 90.5 %, while the increasing percentage due to human activities only accounted for 9.5 %, showing that runoff in the Kaidu River Basin is more sensitive to climate variability than human activities. This study quantitatively distinguishes the effects between climate variability and human activities on runoff, which can do duty for a reference for regional water resources assessment and management.     

Estimation of possible climatic changes of river runoff in the Northern Dvina River basin in the 21st century

Presented is a method of studying possible climate-driven changes of river runoff characteristics, according to which the atmosphere-ocean general circulation models are used for computing the climate system impact, whereas the response of a watershed to given disturbance is estimated using the model of runoff formation in a river basin. The study is carried out for the Northern Dvina River basin. Estimates of possible changes (relative to the reference period) by the middle and late 21st century of such water regime characteristics as mean annual and maximum water discharge, as well as mean discharge values for the spring, summer-fall and winter seasons, are presented.     

Long-term changes of water balance components in the basins of rivers fed by snow and ice

The variability of the main components of the annual water balance (precipitation, evaporation, glacial alimentation, and dynamic water reserves in the basin) for 1935–1990 is, for the first time, determined for the area where the Zeravshan runoff is formed, higher than hydrological post Dupuli is located. Long-term data on the annual Zeravshan River runoff from an area of 10 200 km² were derived from the measurements at Dupuli hydrological post. The other water balance components were determined with the help of computation methods. Comparison of the measured and calculated volumes of the annual runoff demonstrated that a relative difference between them is systematic, and as a whole for a computation period it is in the interval from ?0.31 to ?4.78%. The annual balance of accumulation and thawing of solid precipitation on glaciers and in the extraglacial area is also determined in the Zeravshan River basin. A new method for computing and mapping spatial variability of the maximum snowline altitude is developed.     

沁河流域实测径流对环境变化的定量响应分析

根据1956-2000年沁河流域降水、耗水量和入黄武陟站实测径流资料,采用趋势分析、Mann-Kendall法和滑动t检验法分析了武陟站实测径流变化的事实,辨析了影响实测径流变化的原因,并在确定基准期的基础上,建立了降水径流双累积曲线关系,分离出了由降水、人类活动中引耗水及下垫面条件变化引起的实测径流变化量。分析结果表明：沁河入黄实测径流减少趋势明显,1972年为突变年份,且降水的减少、人类活动引耗水的增加和流域煤矿开采、地下水超采和水土保持措施等综合作用致使实测径流减少。人类引耗水、气候变化及下垫面条件变化对径流的影响总量为70.6 mm,其中,引耗水致使实测径流减少为17.6 mm,贡献率为24.9%;气候变化影响量为35.6 mm,贡献率为50.4%;下垫面条件变化影响量为17.5 mm,贡献率为24.7%。     

博斯腾湖水位变化特征及其可能影响机制分析

应用开都河下游大山口水文站径流和博斯腾湖1956-2009年的逐月水位数据和流域内各气象站的气象数据,通过模糊聚类等统计方法,分析了博斯腾湖水位变化趋势及其可能影响因子.结果表明:博斯腾湖的水位年际变化受开都河流域径流的影响很大,当开都河流域径流量大时博湖水位较高,且开都河径流与其上、下游气温和降水关系密切.博斯腾湖水位逐年的月变化基本上可以分为5类,其中最主要的为第一类型和第二类型:第一类为递减型,特征为季节变化不明显,水位在春季较高,以后逐渐降低;第二类为递增型,特点是季节变化较第一大类明显,水位在夏末秋初的时候较高,整体呈现上升趋势.递增、递减型出现的主要原因是受上下游降水和大山口径流的影响,当上下游降水和径流偏多时水位月际变化出现递增型,反之易出现递减型.     

Impact of climate variability and anthropogenic activity on streamflow in the Three Rivers Headwater Region,Tibetan Plateau,China

Under the impacts of climate variability and human activities, there is violent fluctuation for streamflow in the large basins in China. Therefore, it is crucial to separate the impacts of climate variability and human activities on streamflow fluctuation for better water resources planning and management. In this study, the Three Rivers Headwater Region (TRHR) was chosen as the study area. Long-term hydrological data for the TRHR were collected in order to investigate the changes in annual runoff during the period of 1956–2012. The nonparametric Mann–Kendall test, moving t test, Pettitt test, Mann–Kendall–Sneyers test, and the cumulative anomaly curve were used to identify trends and change points in the hydro-meteorological variables. Change point in runoff was identified in the three basins, which respectively occurred around the years 1989 and 1993, dividing the long-term runoff series into a natural period and a human-induced period. Then, the hydrologic sensitivity analysis method was employed to evaluate the effects of climate variability and human activities on mean annual runoff for the human-induced period based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. In the human-induced period, climate variability was the main factor that increased (reduced) runoff in LRB and YARB (YRB) with contribution of more than 90 %, while the increasing (decreasing) percentage due to human activities only accounted for less than 10 %, showing that runoff in the TRHR is more sensitive to climate variability than human activities. The intra-annual distribution of runoff shifted gradually from a double peak pattern to a single peak pattern, which was mainly influenced by atmospheric circulation in the summer and autumn. The inter-annual variation in runoff was jointly controlled by the East Asian monsoon, the westerly, and Tibetan Plateau monsoons.

     

Warming and drying trends on the Tibetan Plateau (1971–2005)

Annual and seasonal trends in maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) were examined with the goal of understanding trends in temperature and moisture across the Tibetan Plateau, using meteorological data (1971–2005) collected at 63 stations. Trends in pan evaporation (PE; 1971–2001, 68 stations) and runoff (1971–2002) in the headwater of the Yellow River were also analysed. Positive trends in maximum and minimum temperatures were observed across the Tibetan Plateau. The highest increases were observed during winter, with results from the majority of stations statistically significant at the 95% level. A decrease trend in diurnal temperature range (DTR) was also observed. Trends in annual and seasonal precipitation and VPD were positive, while the trend in PE was negative. However, the increase in precipitation was not as pronounced as the increase in temperature. Although PE decreased during the time series, actual evaporation probably increased because of the warming across the Tibetan Plateau, where the annual potential water loss measured as PE is three to four times the annual water supply by precipitation. Warming was expected to increase evapotranspiration, causing more water vapour to escape into the atmosphere, thus counteracting or even exceeding the slight increase in precipitation. The increases in annual and seasonal VPD trends indicated a drying tendency and were further substantiated by the observed decrease in runoff in the headwater catchment of the Yellow River. The results provided insight into recent climatic changes across the Tibetan Plateau.     

水文模型参数选取对模拟径流的年际年内分布影响评估

使用水文模型进行气候变化对水文水资源的影响评估时,通常假定水文模型参数在历史和未来时期是固定不变的,并未区分水文模型参数受环境变化的影响差异。针对该问题,采用集对分析法以年降水量和年径流量为依据进行丰、平、枯水年的划分,利用SWAT分布式水文模型分别率定不同水平年的模型参数,探究月尺度模型参数的非稳定性对年际年内径流的影响。研究结果表明,分别以年降水量和年径流量划分丰、平、枯水年时,1961—2010年这50年中有70%的年份为同枯或同丰。如果仅选择某一水平年（丰、平、枯）背景下的资料进行建模,将导致模拟精度较丰、平、枯整体考虑时降低,且是以偏大为主。用同样的水文资料与代表不同环境条件下模型参数推求径流过程时,从年际变化角度看,使用某一水平年（丰、平、枯）背景下的参数,总体上模拟径流偏湿润,使得丰水年比重增加、枯水年比重降低;从年内分布看,受不同水平年参数影响,径流的集中度减小,年内分配更加均匀,径流集中期延迟。本研究可为提高未来变化环境下水文模拟可靠性提供参考,对于应对变化环境下的水资源适应性管理具有重要意义。     

Changes in Components of the Water Balance in the Croatian Lowlands

Summary ?This paper deals with variations and trends in some components of the water balance: the soil water content; evaporation loss from the soil (from the surface and underlying layers); transpiration; ground water recharge and runoff. These components are calculated by means of the Palmer procedure. This analysis is based on data from Osijek, Croatia from this century (1900–1995). Besides the meteorological input parameters necessary for the water balance calculations, i.e. precipitation, temperature and relative humidity, the pedological characteristics of this area have also been taken into account. Fluctuations have been considered by means of the 11-year binomial filtered series and linear trends were tested by means of the Mann-Kendall rank test. For a closer look on the trends of water balance components, a progressive analysis of the time series was performed, too. The results show a significant increase in potential evapotranspiration and evapotranspiration and decrease in runoff and soil water content has occurred during the century. Received February 22, 1999/Revised August 3, 1999     

Human implication of changes in the hydrological regime due to climate change in Northern Greece

This paper examines the impacts of climate change on various forms of water resources and on some critical water management issues. The study area is the Aliakmon river basin including three subbasins of hydrological interest located in northern Greece. A monthly conceptual water balance model was calibrated for each subbasin separately, using historical hydrometeorological data. This model was applied to estimate runoff values at the outlet of each subbasin under different climate change scenarios. Two equilibrium scenarios (UKHI, CCC) referring to years 2020, 2050 and 2100 and one transient scenario (UKTR) referring to years 2032 and 2080 were implied. It was found that reduction of the mean annual runoff and mean winter runoff values, as well as serious reduction of the summer runoff values would occur in all cases and basins. However, the runoff values for November, December and January were increased, whereas the spring runoff values were decreased, leading to a shifting of the wet period towards December and severe prolongation of the dry period. Moreover, the results indicate that all subbasins exhibit almost the same behavior under the different climate change scenarios, while the equilibrium scenarios (UKHI, CCC) seem to give more reasonable and consistent results than the transient scenario (UKTR). Finally, the negative effects of the climatically induced changes on the hydroelectric production and the water use for agricultural purposes in the study basin were assessed.     

The results of the numerical simulation of regime variations in the Mozhaisk and Istra reservoirs for the A2 scenario of global warming

Presented are the results of computation of variations of hydrological characteristics in the reservoirs of different types of the Moscow River water system in the case of the predicted global warming (variations of flowage, of ice thermal regime, and stratification of water column) at the realization of the most adverse scenario for the Moscow water supply consisting in the reduction of the annual runoff layer and the runoff layer during the high-water period.     

区域气候模式(RegCM2)与水文模式耦合的数值试验

建立不均匀的地表径流算法，修改RegCM2的径流方案，设计了一个适合与气候模式RegCM2耦合、能模拟水文站流量的汇流模式，模拟了1998年6、7、8月降水的空间分布，分析了该径流方案对降水、地表热量通量、地表径流、土壤湿度产生的影响。结果表明：（1）该方案在模拟1998年长江流域降水空间分布上有一定的合理性，在一定程度上改善了降水量的模拟，其影响大致是总降水量的10％；（2）地表径流方案改变了地面向大气输送的热量通量，这种作用随时间发生变化，这种变化与地表水分的再分配有关；（3）本方案计算的土壤渗透率较强，在暴雨初期，产生径流较少，而在暴雨后期土壤湿度增大，产生的地表径流较大，这一点更符合洪水形成的特点；（4）水文一气候耦合模式模拟了两个长江水文站的流量，模拟值基本反映了实测值的变化趋势，也表明耦合模式基本能反映1998年夏季长江流域大暴雨期间的地表水文过程。     

我国西南地区年径流变异及变化趋势研究

用寸滩与梧州水文站上百年长系列径流资料,分析研究了由于气候均值变化引起的年径流均值、表征年径流年际变化幅度的变差系数Cv及表征其分布偏态特征的偏差系数Cs的变化.并研究了仅由均值变化引起的这两个流域丰水、平水及枯水年出现的概率变化.所得结果对气候变化影响下水资源管理中的适应对策问题有一定的参考价值.为了得到气候变化引起的年径流均值和Cv、Cs值的变化,除了应给出未来30年气候均值变化情景外,还应给出气候系列变异的可能变化,以修正原水文-气候基准系列的自然波动.     

Correlation between the total precipitation and the mean and maximum runoff during the snowmelt flood in the Belaya River basin

Presented are the results of analyzing the correlation between the total winter and autumn precipitation and the parameters of spring water runoff in the Belaya River basin for the period of 1936–2000. Five regions are defined, and major factors influencing the runoff formation in each of them are listed. The correlation between the runoff characteristics and the total precipitation is estimated; it can be used for developing the methodological instructions for the runoff forecast in different areas of Bashkortostan.     

漓江最高水位的分析及预测

通过对漓江水位的分布特征分析得出:漓江水位不仅与降水量、降水强度、降水时空分布有关系,还与前期旱涝情况及蓄水程度有关;漓江水位的年际变化与桂林市雨量的年际变化一致,大致以10a为周期。然后采用双向差分建立了最高水位的预测模型,以预报量的前差和后差预报误差之和趋于最小时求出模型的参数,并对2002~2005年的最高水位进行了预报,结果表明该模型在最高水位预测中具有较好的应用价值。