赏石观的思考

赏石作为一种文化发祥于中国，可以说是中国一大国粹。本文从文化生态学的角度对当前贯石界争论不休的赏石观进行思考，将其大体分为自然赏石观、人文赏石观、地学赏石观和科学贯石现四个阶段。     

百年赏石史话

1911年，辛亥革命爆发。中国进入近现代时期，中国的科技文化进入一个巅峰时期，赏石文化在此时也进入了高潮。2011年，辛亥革命百年，此时盘点赏石文化百年史话，以纪念辛亥革命。赏石著作、赏石团体大量涌现辛亥革命以来，中国人民处于求生存、求解放时期，国民经济受到极大破坏，赏石文化进入低谷，但仍有不少文人、画家、收藏家爱好奇石矢志不渝。     

传统赏石理论面临挑战：从“皱,瘦,漏,透”到“形,色,质,纹”

从对二千多年来中国赏石史的点评,剖析传统赏石标准“皱瘦,漏,透”与古代文人的社会及其与当代人之间的心理差异,介绍“形,色,质,纹”新赏石标准的涵义和对赏石文化的意义。     

“瘦皱透漏”与“色质形纹”——也谈赏石标淮

随着赏石文化的蓬勃发展，赏石文化理论的探索也日益活跃。其中，关于赏石标准的探讨更是热点之一。这充分表明了赏石标准在赏石文化中的重要作用和意义。这个标准能否客观正确定论，不仅关系到赏石活动中鉴赏的质量和水平，也影响到展品评比结果。标准不当会造成赏石文化普及中的误区，引起认识混乱，产生负面影响。     

对赏石艺术学的随想

随着近年来赏石文化的不断深入发展,在海内外赏石界,关于赏石艺术的新观点、新理论和许多赏石艺术家创作的新作品被视作艺术品去欣赏和收藏更是与日俱增,赏石艺术化逐渐成为潮流。     

山西临汾自然博物馆向社会开放

10月20日上午,临汾自然博物馆举行开馆仪式,正式向社会开放。山西省观赏石协会会长沙凤英出席开馆仪式并讲话。她希望与会的赏石专家、奇石爱好者和新闻媒体能够更多地关心和发掘山西赏石文化,并为赏石文化的传播和普及做出积极的贡献。     

观赏石 鬼斧神工的自然美

中华文化渊源流长,博大精深的赏石文化是中华文化百花园中的一朵奇葩。赏石是一项健康的审美活动,它使人们在赏石过程中,更加亲近自然、感悟自然、崇尚自然。在观赏石这个繁花似锦的领域中,它包揽了奇特而充满奥秘的景观大自然、五彩缤纷的矿物晶体和千姿百态、栩栩如生的生物化石,甚至原生岩及其衍生的许许多多的欣赏元素。     

观赏石的放射性探究

随着赏石爱好者和藏石者的不断增多,赏石贸易市场日趋繁荣。有关赏石的放射性问题也受到诸多赏石收藏者的日益关注。将赏石进行地质成因分类,了解放射性与地质成因的关系,从而分析研究不同类型赏石放射性的强弱水平,指导赏石市场和藏石爱好者在赏石的销售和收藏中对放射性的把握。     

观赏石鉴评（三）——观赏石形、色、质、纹、韵鉴评实践

随着我国人民生活水平的不断提高,人们对文化精神生活的追求和品位也越来越高,赏石便成了人们精神文明建设中日益增长的一种文化需求。     

观赏石鉴评（一）——观赏石形、色、质、纹、韵鉴评实践

随着我国人民生活水平的不断提高,人们对文化精神生活的追求和品位也越来越高,赏石便成了人们精神文明建设中日益增长的一种文化需求。     

福建寿山石分布及其特点

寿山石因产自福州寿山而得名,开采历史悠久。寿山石一般分田坑石、水坑石、山坑石,因品种与产出地域不同,矿物成分也存在差异,保养方法也有区别。     

Tairus合成绿柱石的宝石学特征

以泰国曼谷Tairus有限公司生产的Tairus水热法合成绿柱石样品为研究对象,对其宝石学特征进行了测试与研究。结果显示,样品的常规宝石学特征（如RI,相对密度）与其天然绿柱石的相同;肉眼可见其锯齿状生长纹,可作为其合成绿柱石的特征。当这种合成绿柱石产品的内部特征不明显时,可采用FTIR和EDXRF分析技术对其进行诊断性鉴定。     

三种绿色印章石的宝石矿物学特征

近两年,我国珠宝市场上出现了大量的＂西安绿＂＂丹东绿＂等绿色印材,其多被用来仿冒绿色寿山石（＂月尾绿＂）,并以高价售卖。采用X射线粉末衍射仪,电感耦合等离子质谱仪,扫描电子显微镜等测试仪器,对＂西安绿＂＂丹东绿＂的矿物组成、化学成分以及微观结构进行分析,并与寿山＂月尾绿＂的宝石矿物学特征进行了对比。结果表明,＂月尾绿＂主要由铬云母组成,Cr,Fe元素是其呈浅绿色并略带灰黄色调的主要原因之一;＂西安绿＂主要由伊利石组成,其Cr,V元素的质量分数远高于＂月尾绿＂中的,且前者几乎不含Fe元素,这可能是其呈艳丽绿色的主要原因;＂丹东绿＂主要由斜绿泥石组成,Fe元素的质量分数较高且几乎不含Cr元素,致使其呈现较深的暗绿色。扫描电子显微镜的观察结果发现,与＂月尾绿＂相比,＂西安绿＂中伊利石的片晶厚、粒度小,＂丹东绿＂中斜绿泥石的片晶薄、堆积紧密,挠性发育。这三种绿色印章石在绿色色调、光泽、密度、内含物等方面存在不少的差异,可作为其鉴别特征。     

“火珠”的宝石学成分探讨

在佛经与我国史籍中均记载有一种名为＂火珠＂的宝石,但其宝石学成分究竟是什么,历来争论颇大。三国时期,＂火珠＂开始从外国进口,被帝王看作是祥瑞的标志。晋代时期其用于装饰皇太子的玉具剑。隋唐时期,其价值进一步提升,专用于装饰皇帝的玉具剑。自唐朝末年开始,＂火珠＂一词的宝石学意义逐渐减弱。探讨＂火珠＂有助于了解中国古代宝石的使用情况,对构建中国古代宝石学具有重要意义。从＂火珠＂的产地、颜色、稀有性等宝石学特征以及与出土宝石实物比照,对其成分进行了较详细的论证。结果发现,＂火珠＂是巴利文＂Phalika＂（＂颇黎＂）以及梵文＂Sphatika＂（＂塞颇胝迦＂）的意译。＂火珠＂也就是＂颇黎＂,并不是我国常见的水晶,最可能为无色刚玉。     

三种仿寿山“坑头冻”印材的宝石矿物学特征

为研究缅甸翡翠中的哪些部位适合做烧红处理以及该部位能被烧红的原因,采用加热实验、偏光显微镜、红外光谱及差热分析方法对缅甸翡翠样品的原生部位、雾部位的加热前、后的特征进行了测试与分析。结果显示,翡翠中的蓝雾部位及黄雾部位适合做烧红处理,原生部位不适合烧红处理,蓝雾部位可以被烧成黄色及红色,黄雾部位可以被烧成红色。雾部位适合用来做烧红处理的原因在于,在低温的加热条件下,蓝雾部位中的大量的Fe2＋发生价态变化,实现由绿泥石向针铁矿的转变所导致,该过程由表及里逐步进行。原生部位的主要矿物硬玉需被加热更高的温度,在破坏其晶格的情况下,才可以呈现出红色,且该红色不具有褐色调。     

Significance of a combined approach for replacement stones in the heritage buildings’ conservation frame

Stone substitution is a conventional operation during heritage buildings’ restoration, but becomes problematic for architects and restorers when the quarry is mined out. The compatibility of the substitution stones with the original ones has been for long mainly based on the aesthetical aspect, this resulting too often in a patchwork of original and substitution stones with different patina after several years because of differences of properties. In this study, the objective is to show how substitution stones can be selected by combining aesthetic criteria and stones properties that are relevant for analyzing their compatibility. A couple of French limestones with their potential substitution stones were selected for the study. Our results showed that potential substitution stones selected on their aesthetic criteria require to be rejected because of their differences of physical properties. On the other hand, our results showed also the possibility to select substitution stones with satisfactory aesthetic aspect and properties that enable to expect a satisfactory compatibility with the original stone.     

Modified permeability apparatus to determine the permeability of natural building stones

Natural building stones are commonly used for a broad variety of purposes in the construction of many different types of buildings. Knowledge of the permeability of natural building stones, which are widely used in interiors, exteriors, flooring, veneering, landscaping, and walkway laying, is important for correctly determining their lifetime as well as their areas of use. The current study proposes a new test method to determine the air permeability of natural building stones, based on a previously developed method used to assess the permeability values of concrete samples. In this context, the air permeability index values of 96 natural building stone samples, belonging to 16 different types of natural stones classified into five groups, were determined using a new air permeability testing apparatus. The obtained permeability values were compared with the water absorption, open porosity, and apparent density properties of the natural building stones. Strong correlations were identified between the air permeability values of natural building stones and the open porosity and water absorption values. In contrast to other types of tests, the designed apparatus allowed information to be obtained concerning the porosity of natural building stones within a time period as short as 6 h. Based on the obtained results, the air permeability values of the natural building stones were classified into three groups as permeable, semi-permeable, and non-permeable. The study results indicated that the air permeability index can be effectively used to measure the air permeability of natural building stones within a short a period of time and by using a simple test apparatus.     

Post‐excavation deterioration of the Copney Bronze Age Stone Circle Complex: A geomorphological perspective

Post‐excavation deterioration of stones from under blanket peat at the Copney Bronze Age Stone Circle Complex in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, proceeded through widespread scaling, flaking, and splitting of stones. Investigation showed that prior to burial the porphyritic stones already possessed a complex legacy of geological weaknesses derived from hydrothermal alteration and tectonic deformation. Analysis indicated that significant alteration occurred during approximately 2000 years of burial under acidic peat cover, with development of a secondary porosity, alteration of primary minerals, and the opening of preexisting lines of weakness within the stones. Burial under peat also resulted in “bleaching” the stones so that they appeared white in color following excavation. These alterations during burial left the stones in a significantly weakened state and particularly susceptible to the effects of subaerial weathering processes. Data underline the potential fragility of excavated stonework and highlight the need to plan for its aftercare before complete excavation is undertaken. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

谈山东观赏石资源现状及分类

山东观赏石资源十分丰富,种类多,造型美,品相佳。自古山东为观赏石大省,具有深邃的齐鲁石文化积淀。文中对山东观赏石分类,并着重论述了泰山石奇石、琅砑石、临朐石等30多种观赏石的机理及特征。对观赏石的研究与开发,领先的奇石文化市场,必然对山东经济发展具添砖增瓦意义,山东石文化将在发展中谱写出新的篇章。     

微波等离子体炬质谱技术快速鉴别天然石材与人造石材

天然石材主要有大理石、花岗岩等;人造石材多以不饱和聚酯树脂为基料,添加适量的无机物粉料和添加剂固化制成。由于石材种类繁多,并且各种石材的岩体所含矿物成分也有差异,当前很少应用化学成分分析方法准确、快速鉴别天然和人造石材,仅有的红外光谱法由于对待测物纯度的要求较高而具局限性。本文基于微波等离子体炬源(MPT)同时具有热解吸与强电离能力,能在短时间内离子化待测物的特点,采用微波等离子体炬质谱(MPT-MS)技术,无需样品复杂预处理直接对天然与人造石材进行分析,获得正离子检测模式下在m/z 50~1000之间的石材的指纹谱图,并运用化学计量学的主成分分析(PCA)方法处理所获取的数据,实现了不同建筑石材的区分。结果表明,MPT-MS能够获得石材丰富的指纹谱图,结合PCA方法能够快速鉴别天然石材与人造石材,天然石材中解吸出的物质主要为CO₂和H₂O的团簇分子;而人造石材中解吸出的主要成分为有机物(人为添加的黏合剂等)。本研究采用的MPT-MS技术无需采用喷雾、激光、基质和加热等方法辅助,并且无需对石材进行任何复杂的处理即可进行质谱分析,从而获取石材表面及内部物质的质谱信息,为快速直接鉴定石材样品提供了一种新的质谱分析方法。