AMDAR气温资料和常规高空观测气温资料的对比分析

为了解飞机观测气象资料(AMDAR资料)的可用性,推进AMDAR资料在湖南气象预报业务中的应用,对2013年5月至2016年12月的AMDAR资料时空分布特征进行了分析,并参考美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)提供的AMDAR资料质量控制方法,对AMDAR气温资料进行质量控制,并在此基础上对湖南范围内的AMDAR气温资料和常规高空观测气温资料(长沙、怀化、郴州)进行了对比分析。结果表明:我国AMDAR资料主要分布在100 h Pa气压层以下,起飞和降落阶段资料约占68. 75%。AMDAR气温资料数据质量稳定,气温疑误率低于0. 13%。在对比样本上,AMDAR观测气温(t_a)与常规高空观测气温(ts)存在非常显著相关性,相关系数为0. 9966,均方根误差为1. 065℃,AMDAR观测气温平均偏低0. 13℃,差值呈准正态分布,且73. 76%的差值在-1~1℃。AMDAR观测气温与常规高空观测气温的差值分布与飞行状态和飞行高度相关,上升状态AMDAR气温偏高,下降状态AMDAR气温偏低。500 h Pa高度以下,样本飞行状态多为下降,t_a较ts平均偏低0. 25℃; 500h Pa高度以上,样本飞行状态多为上升和平飞,t_a较ts平均偏高0. 03℃。     

百叶箱结构对气温观测值的影响

通过分析2009年3月至2010年2月小百叶箱观测温度与自动站大百叶箱的温度发现:月、年平均温度均是小百叶箱内观测值普遍低于大百叶箱观测值,但差值较小,多数在0.2℃以内.平均最高温度差值略大,最大值为0.4℃,冬季差异大.月极端温度差值大且不稳定,差值有正有负,均在正负1℃之内.日极端温度差值比较集中,最高温度主要分布在-0.65～0.14℃,最低温度在-0.4～0.02℃.温度日变化趋势非常一致,温度变化平缓时两者基本重合;剧烈变化时,大百叶箱内升温快,降温也快.一日内降温阶段差值为正,升温阶段,差值为负,差值最大的时间在上午09:00-12:00.无论在多云和少云,还是高风速和低风速条件下,两种百叶箱内测量的气温差值普遍在0.2℃以内.     

自动气象观测与人工观测气温差异分析

利用陕西省96个气象站2004--2007年自动与人工平行观测的气温资料,分析陕西全省和不同自然区人工与自动观测气温的差异及引起差异的原因。结果表明：自动观测比人工观测的日平均气温平均偏高0．03℃,标准差为0．26℃。78．6％的样本月平均气温对比差值在0．2℃之内,在不同自然区自动与人工观测气温对比差值在0．2。c之间的百分率基本相同。气温对比差值的日、月变化规律明显,自动与人工观测时间不同步对定时值有一定影响。但对气候分析没有影响,自动观测仪器性能不稳定会造成较大的数据偏差。     

四川自动与人工观测气温的差异分析

利用四川135个站自动与人工第2年平行观测气温资料,就自动与人工观测的气温的差异、引起差异的原因进行了分析。结果表明:气温各项目的自动观测比人工观测平均偏高,平均差值基本在0.2℃以内;气温、日最高、日最低的自动与人工观测比较,差值在±0.2℃之间的分别占58.71%、51.58%、62.68%,自动与人工观测值一致的分别占15.07%、12.16%、14.78%;自动与人工观测气温之间的对比差值存在明显的日变化,无明显的季节性和地域性差异;两种观测体制在观测时间上、观测方式上、测温传感器安装位置上,以及感应元件和测温原理的不同、仪器误差、热滞效应,都会造成观测结果出现差异。      

四川自动与人工观测气温的差异分析

利用四川135个站自动与人工第2年平行观测气温资料,就自动与人工观测的气温的差异、引起差异的原因进行了分析。结果表明：气温各项目的自动观测比人工观测平均偏高,平均差值基本在0．2℃以内;气温、日最高、日最低的自动与人工观测比较,差值在±0．2℃之间的分别占58．71％、51．58％、62．68％,自动与人工观测值一致的分别占15．07％、12．16％、14．78％;自动与人工观测气温之间的对比差值存在明显的日变化,无明显的季节性和地域性差异;两种观测体制在观测时间上、观测方式上、测温传感器安装位置上,以及感应元件和测温原理的不同、仪器误差、热滞效应,都会造成观测结果出现差异。     

甘肃临夏人工与自动气象站气温观测差异对比及均一性研究

自动气象站因其监控、观测、采集、存储资料方面的诸多优势,已成为今后我国地面气象观测的发展主流,并将逐步取代人工观测。人工观测和自动站之间不可避免地存在着观测差异,这种差异对历史气象资料的延续性提出了挑战,并将深刻影响大气科学研究和业务应用。因此,对比分析2个观测系统之间的观测差异及均一性是非常必要的。结果表明,临夏气象站2种观测数据序列中,平均气温的平均差异为-0．35℃,差值变幅为0．22～-1．56℃;最高气温的差异变幅为0．01～0．31℃;最低气温的差异大,变幅不稳定,其中1～3月差异变幅为-2．12～-3．05℃,其余月份差异变幅为0．05～-0．57℃。自动站日平均气温和最低气温系统性偏低于人工观测值,最高气温反之。在分析2个数据序列差异的基础上,建立了各季的气温订正方程。订正后2个序列的差值减小,尤其最大偏差显著减小,效果良好。     

自动站与人工站气温观测资料分析

通过对河南省65个自动站在2年平行观测期间人工站与自动站气温（平均、最高、最低）观测资料的差值平均值、差值标准差进行综合分析,得出以下结论：自动站观测值比人工站观测值整体偏低,但差值集中在-0．4～0．4之间。所以自动观测代替人工观测后,对河南省气温长期观测资料的序列没有太大的影响。排除引起数据变化异常的主、客观原因后,自动站与人工站气温观测资料一致性良好。     

自动与人工观测气温差异偏大的原因及影响分析——以143个国家基准站为例

利用143个国家基准站2002—2010年自动与人工逐日平行观测资料进行对比分析,评估自动观测与人工观测气温的差异,着重分析两者存在的较大差异及其发生原因,并利用惩罚最大t检验（PMT）方法结合台站元数据中自动观测仪器变化信息,客观评价自动观测对气温序列均一性的影响。结果表明：(1) 51.29%、54.14%、67.18%的自动观测日平均、日最高、日最低气温大于人工观测值,差值在±0.2℃之间的百分率分别为78.8%、63.1%、60.9%,平均对比差值分别为0.05、0.09、0.15℃,标准差为0.14、0.22和0.15℃,各气温要素的差值、绝对差值和标准差随自动观测时间的增长并无明显的增大或减小的趋势,且空间分布各有不同;(2)通过对对比差值、绝对差值、标准差的分类比较、逐步筛选发现,少数台站自动与人工观测值差异较大,对于采集自同一传感器的不同气温要素,平均、最高、最低气温的差值表现也不尽一致。经PMT检验,在平均气温、最高气温和最低气温的绝对差值最大的20个站中分别有35%的台站的月平均气温序列、35%的台站的月平均最高气温序列和25%的台站的月平均最低气温序列由于自动观测仪器变化引起序列的非均一;(3) 分析认为：温度传感器检定更换而导致的仪器示值误差变化会造成自动与人工观测对比差值跳变,而温度传感器或数据采集器等电子元器件的零点漂移会导致自动观测气温严重偏离人工观测值,这两种因素会导致自动与人工观测气温差异偏大,也是自动观测仪器变化导致气温序列产生非均一断点的可能原因。建议加强自动观测数据的监测与质量控制,增加观测仪器检定示值误差订正,并采取硬件、软件补偿等方法,实现温度零点补偿,尽可能地减小或消除仪器误差,提高自动观测资料的准确性。     

我国飞机观测气象资料概况及质量分析

为全面了解我国飞机观测气象资料的时空分布特征和质量状况,该文介绍了AMDAR(Aircraft MeteorologicalData Relay)计划的发展及我国通过AMDAR计划实施获取的飞机观测气象资料(又称AMDAR资料)的时空分布特征,分析了起飞和降落阶段飞机观测所获廓线资料的可用性,并分别对全球AMDAR资料和我国AMDAR资料进行极值检查、空间位置检验和时间一致性检验,对我国AMDAR资料错误率的月值变化和垂直分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:我国三分之二的AMDAR资料集中在飞机的起飞和降落阶段,并主要集中在我国中东部地区;利用我国AMDAR资料制作的廓线垂直分辨率大部分高于10 hPa。我国AMDAR资料的气温错误率低于全球水平,但风速错误率高于全球水平,错误资料主要集中在近地面层。从2008年开始,我国AMDAR资料的质量状况较往年有了明显改善,风速错误率一直维持在1.3%以下,气温错误率维持在0.2%以下。总体来说,我国AMDAR资料已成为我国高空气象观测资料的重要组成部分,资料质量稳定,具有较高的应用价值。     

自动观测与人工观测差异的初步分析

利用2001—2005年我国700个地面自动气象站与人工平行观测期间的数据, 对自动与人工观测的气温、气压、相对湿度、地表温度、风速风向、降水量进行了差异分析, 统计了两种观测之间的对比差值、百分误差和风向相符率。 对各要素观测差异在全国的分布特点进行了分析, 并检验了气温自动观测对气温资料连续性的可能影响。 结果表明:自动观测与人工观测各气象要素均存在一定的差异, 但大部分地区各要素的差异都在自动站误差允许范围之内; 造成差异的原因是多方面的, 包括仪器本身存在缺陷及观测方法不一致等。各要素自动观测与人工观测差异在全国的分布特点各不相同, 同一要素在不同的气候背景条件下差异大小不一致; 如果要将人工观测数据与自动观测数据连续使用, 还要检验自动观测与人工观测序列是否有显著性差异, 并进行均一性订正。 自动站的使用对年气温序列有一定影响, 总体差异不显著, 但当自动观测与人工观测气温合并使用时, 应进行均一性检验。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.