玻璃钢百叶箱与木制百叶箱内温湿度测量的对比分析

通过分析2005年2—7月玻璃钢百叶箱与木制百叶箱内温湿度对比试验资料，得到了两种材料百叶箱内温湿度测量的差异以及两种百叶箱间对大气温湿度变化反应速度的差异，并分别讨论了不同云量、不同风速条件下，两种材料百叶箱气温测量差值的变化。结果表明：两种材料百叶箱内测量的气温平均差值在0．1℃以内，差值标准差在0．2℃以内，相对湿度平均差值在0．4％以内，差值标准差在2．1％以内；玻璃钢百叶箱对大气温湿度的反应比木制百叶箱快或相当；无论在多云和少云条件下，还是高风速和低风速条件下，两种百叶箱内测量的气温差值普遍在0．1℃以内。     

嘉兴市夏季水泥地面温度特征分析与预报

对嘉兴市2006、2007年夏季（6-9月）生态观测场水泥地面温度与同步观测的百叶箱自动观测空气温度资料进行统计分析,结果表明：夏季水泥地温的平均温度、极端最高温度均与百叶箱温度在日、月、季同步变化,但差异特点明显,最大差异表现在夏季日最高温度上;夏季24 h各时次的温度变化与百叶箱温度比较,水泥地温度具有极端最高温度出现早、高温时间短、差异大、早晨最低温度接近并略偏高的特性;夏季水泥地面最高温度与日照、降水、风向风速、相对湿度等要素密切相关。采用最优子集回归方案和卡尔曼二次滤波预报方案对水泥地面最高温度作定量预报输出,结合不同天气（晴天、多云到阴、降水）类型给予不同的人工修正,能在实际专业预报服务中取得较好的效果,可提高夏季城市专项气象服务水平。     

广州国家基本站新旧址气象要素差异分析

利用差值分析方法对广州国家基本站新旧址的常规同步观测气象要素资料进行分析,结果表明：（1）萝岗新站平均气温、最高气温、最低气温均小于五山旧站,年平均气温差值为0.9℃,年平均最高气温差值为0.4℃,年平均最低气温差值为1.1℃。（2）萝岗新站的平均风速明显大于五山旧站,萝岗新站全年以偏北风为主,其中春夏季节的偏南风也占一定的比例,风向的季节变化不明显。（3）高温天气过程的最高气温差异不明显,风速较大时,最大差异为0.6℃。冷空气过程中,平流降温占主导地位时,新旧测站的最低气温差异约0.7℃;平均最低气温差异随晴空辐射加强而增大,平均差异达-2.7℃,极端差异达4.2℃。（4）萝岗新址2010年观测到极端最低气温-1.2℃,破了广州市极端最低气温0℃的记录。     

长沙市夏季百叶箱内外温度特征

对长沙市2011、2012年夏季(6—9月)百叶箱内外温度同步观测资料进行统计分析,结果表明:百叶箱内外温度呈现白天箱外温度高于箱内,晚上低于箱内的日变化特征,但不同类型天气交替时间存在早晚不一。箱内外夏季平均温度、极端最高温度的变化趋势一致,但箱外温度高于箱内,且不同类型天气百叶箱内外温度存在差异,阴雨天平均相差1.2℃,多云差2.8℃,晴天差3.1℃,极端最高温差达6.4℃。特别是日最高温度大于等于35℃的高温日数,2年箱内共出现61天,而箱外多达125天;箱内极端最高温度为38.9℃,而箱外极端最高温度高达42.0℃。因此,在高温预报和公共气象服务工作中,应当要考虑外界温度(百叶箱外温度)与百叶箱内温度之间存在的差异。     

百叶箱与通风辐射罩的气温日最值差异

利用2009年8月—2010年7月的平行观测资料,对新型自动气象站中百叶箱和通风辐射罩气温观测系统气温日最值对比差的分布、粗差率、一致率以及平均值等进行统计,对日最值的出现时间进行对比,对日最值对比差与环境风速的关系进行分析,建立并验证了百叶箱气温日最值的订正方法。结果表明:百叶箱和通风辐射罩气温日最值对比差的分布均呈右偏态,且偏斜程度较大,不服从正态分布;日最高气温与最低气温的一致率分别为90.0%和81.5%,两者存在较大差异,但其粗差率基本一致,均略高于3.0%;与通风辐射罩气温观测系统相比,百叶箱的日最值数据总体偏高0.2℃左右,同时其出现时间也存在不同程度的滞后;气温日最值的差异会随着环境风速的增强而减小,特别是当风速大于4.5 m·s-1时,其差异可缩小到0.1℃以内;以环境风速为主要参数的气温订正方法将最高气温的差异缩小到0.03℃,一致率提高到95.2%,将最低气温的差异缩小到0.01℃,一致率提高到94.1%。     

第二代自动气象站不同气温观测系统数据对比分析

利用2009年8月—2010年7月的平行观测数据,分析了第二代自动气象站百叶箱气温观测系统和气候塔通风防辐射罩气温观测系统的数据差异,讨论了季节、月份以及时次等不同时间尺度下的太阳辐射强度和环境风速大小对这种差异的影响。结果表明:与百叶箱的数据相比,气候塔的气温分钟值、日均值和日最值等都平均偏低0.2℃左右;数据对比差随太阳辐射的增强而变大,两者间存在较强的正相关性,其中夏季、8月份和15时的偏差均值分别达到了0.29℃、0.30℃和0.31℃;数据对比差随环境风速的增强而减小,两者间呈较强的负相关性,当风速大于5.4 m/s时,数据对比差的平均值和标准差从风速小于1.5 m/s时的0.17℃和0.31℃分别减小到了0.12℃和0.10℃,而数据对比差小于0.2℃的样本比例从60.3%提升到90.4%。     

萧山站迁站观测资料对比评估

利用2016年(站址迁移对比期)萧山国家一般气象站新、旧址的气温、降水、相对湿度、风向、风速等气象要素逐日观测值,采用差值标准差、降水量累计相对差值、风向相符率、显著性检验等统计方法,对以上气象要素进行对比分析,结果表明:1)新址的平均气温、最高气温、最低气温的年平均值均低于旧址,差值分别为-0.4℃、-0.7℃、-0.2℃,新、旧址的最高气温差异最大;新、旧址的平均气温、最高气温、最低气温在春、夏季节比较接近,而在秋、冬季节相差较大。2)新址相对湿度大于旧址,差值年平均为3%,新、旧址相对湿度的变化趋势基本一致,其中9—12月新旧址的相对湿度差值较大。3)新址的年降水量比旧址偏多110.3 mm,雨日比旧址偏少22 d,年降水量累计相对差值为7%,4—6月和9—11月期间新旧址的降水量观测数据差异较大。4)新址平均风速、最大风速、极大风速均比旧址偏大,差值年平均分别为2.0 m/s、3.6 m/s、3.5 m/s,新、旧址在春、夏季的风速相差较小,秋、冬季相差大,新、旧址在大风日数和静风出现次数上一致性较差;全年风向相符率为42.5%,两站址风向一致性较差。5)平均气温、降水量和平均相对湿度月(年)平均值与旧址近20 a的观测数据差异不显著,平均风速差异显著。分析认为,测站环境、海拔的不同以及小气候的影响,是造成以上要素差异的主要原因。     

城市中水体的微气候效应研究

应用观测资料分析和数值模拟的方法来研究城市中水体的微气候效应, 结果表明, 城市中的水体对其周边的小气候有着明显的调节作用。城市中商业区温度最高、湿度最小; 交通区次之; 水体附近温度最低、湿度最大, 平均湿度比商业区高出约10%。水体区的月平均温度日较差比其他功能区明显大。水体区的月平均温度比其他功能区低0.37～1.15℃。水体对环境的影响主要发生在上风岸2 km以内和下风岸9 km以内, 以2.5 km以内最为明显。水体的面积和布局是影响小气候效应的重要因素。水体面积越大对环境影响越大, 单块的小于0.25 km2的水体对环境的影响不明显, 但是多块、密集分布的小面积水体会对环境的降温增湿效果更显著。在本文个例中, 与其他湖泊邻近的面积为1.25 km2的水体, 可以使2.5 km之内温差达到0.2～1.0℃, 水汽比湿增加0.1～0.7 g/kg。相对孤立的面积为2 km2的水体, 可以使1.0 km范围内降温幅度0.6℃, 水汽比湿增加0.1～0.4 g/kg。水体可以使地面风速增加, 一般能使风速增加0.1～0.2 m/s。     

长清国家气象站迁移前后风速差异分析

利用济南市长清区常年风资料、2001年1月-2010年1月旧站观测风资料、2009年7月和10月以及2010年新站观测风资料,分析了新、旧测站风速差异情况.结果显示:2009年7月、10月以及2010年1月新站观测风速明显大于旧站,且夜间风速差值大于白天,日最大和日极大风速差值分别为7.5 m/s和8.8 m/s;从各时次风速差值、日最大风速差值和极大风速差值的标准差可以看出,10月份的差值标准差最大,说明10月份新、旧测站观测的风速差异大.2010年新站月平均风速的变化和旧站常年月平均值变化趋势一致,都是春季及冬季风速大,但新站观测的月平均值明显大于旧站常年值;2010年新站最大平均风力≥6级和极大风力≥8级的日数均远远多于2001-2009年旧站任何一年.t检验显示,2010年新站月平均风速与常年旧站月平均风速差值具有显著性差异.     

积雪对玛曲局地微气象特征影响的观测研究

利用2011年12月至2012年3月中国科学院黄河源区气候与环境综合观测研究站提供的玛曲站的观测资料,通过对比分析三次积雪过程及其前期无雪时的近地层气象要素特征,研究了积雪对大气温度层结特征的影响。观测结果表明:降雪前降温较快,由冷空气过境引发的降雪过程可使2.35 m高处日最高、最低气温24 h降低10℃,雪后气温回升较慢,平均速率为2.5℃·d~(-1)。温度梯度值白天为负值、夜晚为正值,7.17 m以下温度梯度绝对值较大,平均为0.4℃·m~(-1),7.17~18.15 m温度梯度绝对值较小,其值不足0.2℃·m~(-1),到18.15 m绝对值减小到0.05℃·m~(-1);当地表有积雪覆盖时,早上温度随高度减小的变化趋势出现时间比无雪覆盖时落后1 h,傍晚温度随高度增大的变化趋势较之提前1 h出现。积雪可减小白天气温分布范围,第二次积雪过程由于风速较大减小较明显。除晴天11:00—16:00 4.2~7.17 m,积雪存在将减小各层温度梯度绝对值;晴天11:00—16:00 4.2~7.17 m温度梯度绝对值比2.35~4.2 m偏大,当有积雪覆盖时偏大幅度明显增大,出现这种异常主要是受4.2 m偏暖的影响,这种偏暖现象可能是由观测场内外下垫面植被覆盖不同而引起的温度平流所致,当风速较大时,将破坏这种平流作用,不同高度温度趋于一致。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences