腾格里沙漠东南缘飞播区白沙蒿植被密度与土壤水分关系的研究

对腾格里沙漠东南缘飞机播种区不同密度白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch)人工草地的土壤水分和植物生长状况进行研究。结果表明,白沙蒿密度在5.1~9株·m^-2时,整个生长期土壤水分处于严重亏缺状态, 0~100 cm土层水分含量仅为0.55%~0.7%,白沙蒿死亡率高达55%~76.7%;密度在1.9株·m^-2时,其土壤水分含量在0.65%~1.01%,白沙蒿死亡率为21.1%;密度在1.25株·m^-2时,土壤水分在0.79%~1.48%,白沙蒿无一株死亡,且植株个体生长状况好于密度大样地,并有自繁育苗补偿,这表明研究区种植白沙蒿的适宜密度在1株·m^-2左右。裸露沙地0~100 cm土壤含水量为1.3%~2.48%。     

红花岩黄芪(Hedysarum multijugum)、灌木铁线莲(Clematis fruticosa)和互叶醉鱼草(Buddleja alternifolia)幼苗适应干旱的生理特征比较

以红花岩黄芪(Hedysarum multijugum)、灌木铁线莲(Clematis fruticosa)和互叶醉鱼草(Buddleja alternifolia)幼苗(3～4月龄)为试验材料,分别用水和150 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl溶液浇灌至土壤水分含量达到饱和后进行自然干旱处理,比较分析低盐和无盐条件下3种灌木幼苗叶片抗旱适应的生理响应特征,并采用隶属函数法对3种灌木幼苗的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫时间延长,3种植物叶片的株高和叶面积有所增加,但增幅减少;相对含水量均有不同程度降低,丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量显著增加;红花岩黄芪和灌木铁线莲的可溶性蛋白含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先升后降,而互叶醉鱼草则显著升高,抗氧化酶系统相对较为稳定;红花岩黄芪和灌木铁线莲的光合色素含量逐渐减少,而互叶醉鱼草则先增加后减少。无盐和低盐条件相比,低盐下3种植物的株高和叶面积增幅相对较大,叶片相对含水量、MDA含量和光合色素含量的变化幅度较小,渗透调节物质的累积量和抗氧化酶的活性较高。隶属函数法综合分析得出,3种灌木幼苗的抗旱性:互叶醉鱼草灌木铁线莲红花岩黄芪,低盐环境明显促进了3种灌木的抗旱适应能力。     

适宜汾河太原段河岸带香蒲、水蓼和萎蒿生长的土壤水分条件实验研究

选择在汾河太原段河岸带生长的香蒲(Typha orientalis)、水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper)和萎蒿(Artemisia selengensis)作为实验对象,于2019年3月15日至9月4日,在太原理工大学水利科学与工程学院室外实验棚内,在土壤深积水(植株全淹)、土壤浅积水(植株半淹)、土壤自然状况(土壤含水量为25%)、土壤轻度干旱(土壤含水量为15%)和土壤干旱(土壤含水量为5%)5种条件下,开展实验。在实验过程中,每15 d计算3种植物的存活率;在实验第30天、第60天、第90天、第120天和第150天,测定3种植物的株高、活叶片数、最大叶片长度和生物量。研究结果表明,在相同的土壤水分条件下,香蒲、水蓼和萎蒿的存活率不同,其中水蓼相对更耐淹,萎蒿相对更耐旱;在土壤深积水、土壤干旱和土壤半干旱条件下,3种植物的活叶片数和最大叶片长度在实验期间呈单峰型变化,株高和生物量都逐渐增大;在土壤自然状况下,3种植物的株高、活叶片数、最大叶片长度、生物量等都显著大于其它水分条件下的指标;与土壤深积水、土壤浅积水和土壤干旱条件下相比,在土壤轻度干旱条件下,水蓼和萎蒿的活叶片数、生物量、最大叶片长度以及萎蒿的株高都偏大;15%～25%的土壤含水量是适宜香蒲、水蓼和萎蒿生长的土壤含水量。     

高温胁迫下差不嘎蒿和冷蒿的生理变化及其抗热性研究

通过室内测定差不嘎蒿和冷蒿两种植物在气温由30℃升到60℃过程中叶片相对含水量(RWC)、质膜相对透性、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性及蛋白质和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化,分析研究了两种植物对沙地高温逆境环境的生理适应机理。结果表明:受到高温胁迫时,两种植物叶片含水量都趋于下降,但冷蒿的抗高温脱水能力强于差不嘎蒿;高温对两种植物的伤害主要是由于自由基伤害所引起的膜损伤,其中差不嘎蒿的SOD、POD由于热稳定性差,在高温下失活,从而没有发挥清除自由基作用,使质膜严重受损。而冷蒿的SOD和POD由于热稳定性强,对膜具有重要的保护作用,减低了高温伤害;从两种植物膜透性及MDA和蛋白质含量、SOD、POD活性变化趋势和幅度来看,冷蒿较差不嘎蒿更为耐热。     

水分和沙埋对4种沙生植物种子萌发和出苗的影响

通过室内试验研究了土壤水分和沙埋深度对4种沙生植物种子萌发和出苗的影响。结果表明:草本雾冰藜（Bassia dasyphylla）种子萌发和幼苗出土喜好水分,水分含量越高,种子发芽率越高;半灌木黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）、灌木沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）和沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）种子在含水量为15%~20%的土壤中发芽率高,干旱或水分含量过高会导致种子发芽率降低。沙埋深度显著影响种子的萌发和出苗,雾冰藜种子在无沙埋时发芽率最高,黑沙蒿适宜沙埋深度为0.5 cm,沙冬青和沙棘适宜沙埋深度1.0 cm。     

不同演替阶段油蒿群落土壤水分特征分析

油蒿群落是毛乌素沙地最主要的群落类型之一,在维持当地生态系统稳定中起着重要作用。土壤水分是影响油蒿群落演替的重要环境因子,为深入分析不同油蒿演替阶段土壤水分特征,使用EC-5土壤水分传感器连续监测整个生长季内先锋物种阶段(流动沙地)、稀疏阶段(半固定沙地)和建成阶段(固定沙地)油蒿群落土壤水分动态。结果表明,3种样地土壤水分均存在时间和空间上差异,流动沙地各层土壤含水量均显著高于半固定沙地和固定沙地;土壤含水量受降水影响较大, 降水量是影响土壤水分补给深度的重要因素,小于10 mm的降水主要被表层土壤吸收,10～20 mm的降水对土壤水分的补给深度超过30 cm、不及60 cm, 30～40 mm的降水补给深度大于60 cm、不及100 cm;30 cm及其上层土壤水分波动剧烈,60 cm处土壤水分主要受大于30 mm降水事件影响,波动较小,100 cm和160 cm处土壤水分几乎不受降水的影响,土壤含水量较稳定;降水补给深度及植被根系需水的层次差异是导致3种样地土壤水分时间和空间上异质性的重要因素;土壤温度主要受大气温度影响,与土壤水分相关性不显著,且随土壤深度的增加而降低。     

不同坡向梭梭幼苗的生长状况和适应特征

以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘一年生梭梭移栽苗为研究对象,对梭梭幼苗的地上部分生长状况、蒸腾速率日变化趋势以及根系形态进行了调查,探讨不同坡向梭梭幼苗的生长和适应特征。结果表明,平地、阴坡和阳坡表层0~30 cm土壤含水量无显著差异,40~100 cm土壤含水量阳坡<阴坡<平地。梭梭幼苗同化枝生长速率和含水量均表现为阳坡<阴坡<平地,其生长速率和含水量可能与根层土壤含水量高低有关。不同坡向梭梭幼苗蒸腾速率日变化均呈“单峰型”,12:00-16:00阳坡梭梭幼苗蒸腾速率显著高于阴坡与平地。 阳坡梭梭幼苗主根不发达,侧根较多但较短;平地和阴坡梭梭幼苗根系主根发达,以单根为主。这反映出根系对相应生境下土壤水分的适应特征。     

沙埋对小叶锦鸡儿幼苗生长和生物量分配的影响

沙埋是沙地植物生长和分布的重要选择压力之一,是影响植物种子萌发、幼苗出土和幼苗存活的关键因素.本研究对科尔沁沙地常见的沙生灌木小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)幼苗进行了不同深度的沙埋试验.结果表明:各处理间叶片数量在沙埋初期有差异,后期差异不显著;各处理植株生物量均主要分配在叶片中,随着沙埋深度的增加叶片生物量比逐渐降低,而茎生物量比逐渐增加.当沙埋深度达到其株高的133%时,可使幼苗全部死亡;而在沙埋深度与株高相同时,其存活率仅为37%.沙埋30天后,中度沙埋(67%)能促进小叶锦鸡儿幼苗的株高、根长、总生物量以及根茎相对生长速率的增加;而重度沙埋抑制植株地上部分的高生长和叶相对生长速率.这说明中度沙埋在一定程度上可以促进小叶锦鸡儿的生长,而重度沙埋抑制幼苗的生长,甚至导致幼苗的死亡.     

油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)和柠条(Caragana korshinskii)生理生态特性的昼夜变化特征与调节机制

研究了两种优良固沙植物油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)和柠条(Caragana korshinskii)的光合生理、水分生理和根、茎、叶渗透调节物质的昼夜变化特征。结果显示:空气相对湿度在夜间大幅度回升,植物的昼夜叶温差高于气温差。植物日间呈光合作用,夜间呈呼吸作用,油蒿的光合速率和呼吸速率均高于柠条;日间光合作用出现的光抑制可在日落时迅速恢复。日间气孔导度和蒸腾速率呈现大幅度的波动,在夜间趋于低缓,油蒿日间的调节幅度高于柠条,且在夜间仍维持一定的气孔开度。油蒿根含水量和小枝水势始终高于柠条,但柠条在夜间的根系吸水能力高于油蒿。油蒿根、茎、叶的可溶性糖含量均高于柠条,在夜间叶片的可溶性糖可大量的传输至根部;柠条根、茎、叶的脯氨酸含量均高于油蒿,油蒿的根和叶片在夜间出现较高的脯氨酸累积。植物生理活动的夜间调整对增强午间抗逆性有一定的作用。     

土壤水分对流动沙丘迎风坡与丘间低地过渡带植被入侵的制约

在半干旱沙区植物天然更新过程中,种子萌发、幼苗出土是植物种群维持和实现更新的关键阶段。通常认为,在这一阶段,土壤水分和土壤种子库是主要制约因素。分别对流动沙丘迎风坡与丘间低地过渡带的出土幼苗密度与土壤种子库密度和土壤水分进行二元相关分析。结果表明,生长季的出土幼苗密度与土壤种子库密度的相关性未达到显著水平（P>0.05）;出土幼苗密度与土壤水分呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,而且,幼苗密度随土壤水分呈对数增加。这说明,在植被入侵流动沙丘迎风坡与丘间低地过渡带裸沙的过程中,土壤水分是主要的制约因素,而土壤种子库的制约作用则没有表现出来,植被自然恢复更多地依赖于从沙丘附近植物群落传播来的种子。     

Effects of soil nitrate：ammonium ratio on plant carbon：nitrogen ratio and growth rate of Artemisia sphaerocephala seedlings

Can soil nitrate： ammonium ratios influence plant carbon： nitrogen ratios of the early succession plant？ Can plant carbon： nitrogen ratios limit the plant growth in early succession？ To address these two questions, we performed a two-factor （soil nitrate： ammonium ratio and plant density） randomized block design and a uniform-precision rotatable central composite design pot experiments to examine the relationships between soil nitrate： ammonium ratios, the carbon： nitrogen ratios and growth rate of Artemisia sphaerocephala seedlings. Under adequate nutrient status, both soil nitrate： ammonium ratios and plant density influenced the carbon： nitrogen ratios and growth rate of A. sphaerocephala seedlings. Under the lower soil nitrate： ammonium ratios, with the increase of soil nitrate： ammonium ratios, the growth rates of plant height and shoot biomass of A. sphaerocephala seedlings decreased significantly; with the increase of plant carbon： nitrogen ratios, the growth rates of shoot biomass of A. sphaerocephala seedlings decreased significantly. Soil nitrate： ammonium ratios affected the carbon： nitrogen ratios of A. sphaerocephala seedlings by plant nitrogen but not by plant carbon. Thus, soil nitrate： ammonium ratios influenced the carbon： nitrogen ratios of A. sphaerocephala seedlings, and hence influenced its growth rates. Our results suggest that under adequate nutrient environment, soil nitrate： ammonium ratios can be a limiting factor for the growth of the early succession plant.     

Effects of N:P ratio of Artemisia ordosica on growth influenced by soil calcium carbonate

Soil calcium carbonate(CaCO_3) has a strong solid phosphorus effect, and high content of CaCO_3 can significantly reduce the effectiveness of soil phosphorus. To reveal the limiting effect of soil CaCO_3 on the growth of plants on sand land and its mechanism of plant physiology, we performed pot experiments with a two-factor randomized block design and a three-factor orthogonal design for different soil CaCO_3 content treatments using Artemisia ordosica seedlings. In the experiments, we surveyed plant height, aboveground biomass, root length and root weight and analyzed N, P concentrations and RNA content of the seedlings, and discussed the relationships between relative growth rate(RGR) of the seedlings and N:P ratio as well as RNA. Results show that, the RGRs of plant height and above-ground biomass of the seedlings decreased significantly with the increase of soil CaCO_3 content, and those for root length and root weight decreased. The RGRs of plant height and above-ground biomass of the seedlings were significantly negatively correlated with leaf N:P ratios, but significantly positively correlated with leaf RNA content and leaf P concentrations. It can be seen that soil CaCO_3 is a stress factor for the growth of A. ordosica seedlings, and the growth response of the seedlings under the influence of soil CaCO_3 is in line with the Growth Rate Hypothesis.     

Response of Plant Growth and Biomass Accumulation to Short-term Experimental Warming in a Highland Barley System of the Tibet

Highland barley is an important staple food in the Tibet, and the Tibetan Plateau is experiencing obvious climatic warming. However, few studies have examined the warming effects on highland barley growth and biomass allocation under conditions of controlled experimental warming. This limits our ability to predict how highland barley will change as the climate changes in the future. An experiment of field warming at two magnitudes was performed in a highland barley system of the Tibet beginning in late May, 2014. Infrared heaters were used to increase soil temperature. At the end of the warming experiment (September 14, 2014), plant growth parameters (plant height, basal diameter, shoot length and leaf number), biomass accumulation parameters (total biomass, root biomass, stem biomass, leaf biomass and spike biomass), and carbon and nitrogen concentration parameters (carbon concentration, nitrogen concentration, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen concentration in root, stem, leaf and spike) were sampled. The low- and high-level experimental warming significantly increased soil temperature by 1.52 and 1.98 °C, respectively. Average soil moisture was significantly decreased by 0.03 m³ m^-3 under the high-level experimental warming, while soil moisture under the low-level experimental warming did not significantly change. The low- and high-level experimental warming did not significantly affect plant growth parameters, biomass accumulation parameters, and carbon and nitrogen concentration parameters. There were also no significant differences of plant growth parameters, biomass accumulation parameters, and carbon and nitrogen concentration parameters between the low- and high-level experimental warming. Our findings suggest that the response of highland barley growth, total and component biomass accumulation, and carbon and nitrogen concentration to warming did not linearly change with warming magnitude in the Tibet.     

Plant–water relationships and growth strategies of Jatropha curcas L. seedlings under different levels of drought stress

Although Jatropha curcas, an important tropical biofuel crop, is reputed for its drought resistance, its ability to perform under dry conditions has hardly been investigated. In a greenhouse experiment we investigated the plant–water relationships of Jatropha seedlings from different accessions under different levels of drought stress. There was little difference in plant–water relations between accessions. Drought significantly reduced leaf area, biomass and relative growth rate, but had no effect on specific leaf area, daily range in leaf water potential, leaf water content, transpiration efficiency or aboveground biomass water productivity, corrected for atmospheric conditions. Stem wood density was equally low (0.26 g cm^?3) for all treatments. Stem water content was lowest for dry treatment seedlings. Based on these results, Jatropha could be characterized as a stem-succulent tree. In contrast to other stem-succulent deciduous trees, leaves were not shed immediately after the seedlings were confronted with drought. Instead, at the onset of drought, leaves with a higher adaxial stomatal density were formed, after which leaves were only gradually shed. The role of the succulent stem in the water economy of Jatropha was confined to balancing the small water losses of the leaves during drought.     

Growth and water relation parameters in drought-stressed Coriaria nepalensis seedlings

In the present study, growth and water relation parameters were analysed in drought-stressed Coriaria nepalensis Wall. seedlings. C. nepalensis seedlings were subjected to four drought cycles of 7, 14, 21, and 28-days, and to one control level (watered on alternate days) in a glasshouse. The seedlings failed to survive a 28-days drought during summer. Osmotic adjustment (defined as the decrease in osmotic potential at zero or full turgor in response to water deficit) was measured as the difference between the osmotic potential of seedlings watered on alternate days (control) and those subjected to 21-days drought cycle. Seedlings subjected to 21-days drought had a predawn water potential of −2.60 MPa, and showed an osmotic adjustment of −1.95 MPa at full turgor and −2.17 MPa at zero turgor. The growth of seedlings was positively related to moisture and with water potential. With decline in soil moisture the root:shoot ratio increased while leaf weight ratio decreased. Leaf characteristics, such as leaf number, leaf area, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area and leaf drop, were also affected by moisture stress. This study has indicated that osmotic adjustment is a major adaptive mechanism of C. nepalensis that aids successful regeneration of seedlings in degraded sites with inhospitable soil conditions.     

潜水埋深对疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifoli)幼苗生长和叶片形态的影响

研究了潜水埋深(40、80、120、180、220cm)处理对一年生疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifoli)幼苗生长和叶片形态的影响。结果表明:随着潜水埋深的增加,疏叶骆驼刺幼苗叶片厚度逐渐增加,叶片厚度在220cm埋深下最大,长度和宽度在120cm埋深下最大,且叶片长度呈优先减小的趋势;潜水埋深变化对疏叶骆驼刺株高生长影响不大,但对冠幅和分枝数的生长影响显著(p0.05);除40cm埋深处理中根系以平均1.24cm·d-1的速率扎入地下水层外,其他4个处理根系生长速率随潜水埋深的增加而增加,且180cm和220cm埋深下根系生长速率明显高于其他3个处理;根系到达220cm潜水埋深的时间为123d;幼苗生物量积累随着潜水埋深变化先增加后减小,茎叶生物量在120cm埋深处理中达到最大值,而根系生物量在180cm埋深下最大。潜水埋深变化对疏叶骆驼刺地上部分和根系生长的影响不同,潜水埋深增加有利于根系生长和根系生物量增加;以120cm为拐点,潜水埋深过浅或过深都会抑制地上部分生长;220cm潜水埋深条件下,疏叶骆驼刺生长缓慢且生物量的累积最小,表明若潜水埋深大于220cm则对幼苗生长不利。     

伊犁粗茎驼蹄瓣生物量及生殖分配特性

采用大样本取样,对伊犁河谷湿地驼蹄瓣种群生殖构件进行系统性分析。深入研究植物生殖构件的表型可塑性与分株物质生产和分配的内在联系及其变化规律,结果表明：籽实完熟期的驼蹄瓣种群单个生殖分株的生物量112.21±65.38 g;豆荚生物量和豆荚数分别为12.11±8.69 g和149.43±106.24个;种子生物量和种子数分别为14.25±10.65 g 和3 961.97±3 063.16 粒;生殖分配Ⅰ和生殖分配Ⅱ分别为10.78%±4.07%和13.16%±7.44%。研究对干旱半干旱区驼蹄瓣属资源植物的生态适应及资源开发具有重要的理论及实践意义。     

钠盐对冬小麦抗旱性增效作用调控机理的生理生态学分析

以冬小麦（烟台-2070）为实验材料,苗期对冬小麦进行不同浓度钠盐(NaCl、Na2CO3、Na2SO4)处理,在随后进行的干旱胁迫和复水过程中进行叶片抗逆生理指标变化对比分析,以期探究盐处理在提高小麦抗旱性中的作用和生理调节机理,为未来干旱区农业实施盐水灌溉提供理论依据。实验采用盆栽法,将冬小麦种子盆栽,待长到第7天进行不同浓度钠盐(70 mM, 135 mM, 200 mM, 270 mM)预处理8 d, 然后进行干旱胁迫12 d和复水5 d。分别在盐处理的第4天,第8天,干旱胁迫的第4天,第8天,第12天,以及复水第5天,从不同盐处理中采集冬小麦叶片,分析叶片相对含水量、丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶活力[超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢（CAT）、过氧化物酶(POD)]的动态变化,同时测定土壤含水量。结果表明,在干旱胁迫过程中,未经盐处理的对照组和低浓度(70 mM)NaCl、Na2CO3、Na2SO4溶液处理的土壤,土壤含水量急剧下降,同时冬小麦叶片相对含水量也相应的急剧下降;而用较高盐浓度处理的土壤和冬小麦叶片含水量降低较慢。在干旱胁迫过程中,对照组冬小麦在短时间（6 d）内干旱叶片便出现萎蔫,并伴随着丙二醛、脯氨酸含量、SOD等抗氧化酶活力急剧增加并一直高于盐处理的冬小麦。相反高浓度盐处理的冬小麦在干旱处理12 d时叶片直立生长良好,叶片MDA、抗氧化酶活力均增加,但增加幅度均低于对照。脯氨酸含量随干旱胁迫增加,但随盐处理浓度增加而上升幅度减小。在复水处理5 d后,叶片含水量均增加,MDA和脯氨酸含量下降,但抗氧化酶活力仍增高。荒漠环境土壤中盐离子一方面可提高土壤和植物的保水率,提高水分利用率,另一方面激活体内的抗氧化酶系统使植物较早获得抗逆能力,这可能是荒漠植物多抗逆性形成的部分生理生化原因。     

Problems in revegetation from seed of rangelands on calcareous silty clay soils in Jordan

A major obstacle in the rehabilitation of degraded rangelands in Jordan, and the Middle East in general, is poor regeneration from seed. In laboratory, greenhouse, and field experiments, indigenous plant species' seeds tolerated mannitol-induced water stress better than the seeds of introduced plant species. Germination and plant establishment were lower in a silty clay soft compared to peatmoss; seedlings could not penetrate the hard surface layer of the silty clay. Plant regeneration from seed in arid calcareous silty clay rangelands was better when protected from grazing; it was very slow due to surface crusting, low soil moisture content and high soil temperature which prevailed most parts of the year. Contour planting with water harvesting are possible solutions to poor plant establishment.     

额济纳绿洲河岸胡杨(Populus euphratica)叶水势变化特征

利用WP4露点水势仪对额济纳绿洲胡杨(Populus euphratica)叶水势进行测定,研究了胡杨叶水势的日和月变化规律及其影响因子。结果表明:(1)胡杨叶水势日进程呈"V"形,最小值大都出现在13:00,日均值为-2.53±0.30MPa;月变化呈先上升后下降趋势,月均值为-2.43±0.30MPa。(2)树龄越小对应的叶水势越高;叶片着生部位越高,对应的水势越低;卵圆形叶水势整体稍高于披针形叶水势。(3)叶水势与气温、饱和水汽压差和蒸腾速率呈极显著线性负相关,相关系数依次为-0.87、-0.69和-0.88;与相对湿度和光合速率呈极显著二次多项式相关,相关系数分别为0.85和0.92。胡杨叶水势各方面的综合研究对于明晰胡杨的水分亏缺和抗旱机理有一定的理论指导意义。