人工增雨作业效果评价方法

以１９９８年夏季河南省鸭河口水库流域高炮人工增雨作业例,研究和一种抗旱型人工增雨作为效果评价方法,并用这种方法对１９９８年夏季鸭河口水库流域高炮人工增雨作业效果进行了评价,评价效果为：相对增雨１０．７％,累计影响面积１２００ｋｍ＾２,增水１２０万ｔ。     

鸭河口水库流域高炮人工增雨试验效果评价

1998、1999年夏季在鸭河口水库流域进行了高炮人工增雨作业试验,结果表明,借助雷达引导,选择适当作业时机,高炮增雨作业一般可增雨20%～40%.     

赫章县高炮人工增雨作业指挥初探

通过对降水系统的生成、发展、移向移速的分析和高炮实施人工催化增雨作业时的技术研究，探索高炮(火箭)人工催化增雨的经验，对人工影响天气指挥和作业有一定的指导意义。     

高炮人工增雨(消雹)作业参数的设计

根据郧西县17个高炮人工增雨（消雹）作业点1979－2001年的统计报表资料，统计分析了人工增雨（消雹）作业时的云状、云量、云向，作业时间、耗弹量等参数。结果表明：积雨云最适合于高炮人工增雨（消雹）作业，云量以2－4成（较为开阔的作业点云量为3－6成）为宜，在5－9月份特别是7－8月份（一天中以15－21时）进行作业效果最佳，一次高炮人工增雨、消雹的适宜耗弹量分别在30发以内和50发左右。     

高炮人工增雨催化区的探讨

在高炮人工增雨作业中,作业参数的选择和催化区的分布是一个重要问题。根据梯度输送理论,计算了人工增雨作业中单发和多发炮弹AgI最大扩散半径和时间。以不同AgI浓度阈值模拟分析了湍流扩散系数、方位角、仰角和风速对人工增雨炮弹催化区的影响,依据等角度作业思路,提出了高炮人工增雨迎风半圆多轮作业方案。     

新安县人工增雨效益评估办法

根据作业云回波面积和强度的变化，可定性判断人工增雨是否有效。对有效增雨，可根据高炮有效控制半径，计算出影响面积；根据作业区样本点作业后比作业前的降水平均增量和对比区样本点作业前后雨量平均变化量，可确定作业区平均增雨量（mm）；根据增雨量，可计算出影响区增雨质量，并由此计算出经济效益。     

人工防雹增雨工作中几个问题的探讨

利用高炮开展人工防雹增雨,对防灾减灾、发展农业生产有着很大作用,也是运用现代科学技术改造自然的一种有效手段。为此,我们县从１９９４年开始,用“３７”高炮开展人工防雹增雨作业。几年来,防雹增雨比较成功,取得了较大的经济效益和社会效益。作为其工作人员,通过几年?..     

卫星云图、雷达回波在人工增雨时机选择中的应用

概述了干旱期间选择飞机和高炮人工增雨作业时机的方法，以2000年6～7月哈尔滨地区特大干旱期间进行的飞机和高炮人工增雨作业为例，利用卫星云图和雷达回波资料选择的作业时间和作业区域应是比较有利的。因为从卫星云图中的水汽图、红外和可见光云图上可分析出云系中的含水量、云顶温度、云系强度，在此基础上利用天气雷达跟踪订正，可直接指挥飞机和高炮在有利的区域和时间内进行作业，获得了明显的效果。     

东南沿海地区三七高炮人工增雨作业的云系初探

探讨东南沿海地区夏秋干旱季节各种云系给人工增雨作业带来有利条件，使三七高炮作业时能获得显效果。     

商丘地区高炮增雨效果分析

用不同统计单元统计分析了河南省民权县１９９１－１９９２年高炮作业的增雨效果，以日雨量为统计单元，３３个作业日中７６％（２５天）显著地增加了雨量，２年共增雨３２９．１ｍｍ。以月，季为统计单元，作业期间增雨显著的４８％以上，而增雨效果不显著或雨量减少的２１％以下，但总的看，以年雨量统计单元，民权县的人工增雨作业年均增雨１４％两年共增雨的１７２．２ｍｍ。     

两类ENSO事件非对称性特征分析

利用1961—2010年多种海、气观测资料,分析了东部型(EP)和中部型(CP)ENSO事件海温异常的非对称性及可能原因,并讨论了两类ENSO事件的非对称性对大气环流的可能影响。结果表明,海温异常非对称性包括空间分布非对称、强度非对称以及持续性非对称。从动力学角度来看,虽然不同事件发展衰减阶段主导的动力作用不尽相同,但就两类事件强度非对称性而言,海洋垂直对流项起关键性的作用。此外,研究发现,无论是通过海温强迫直接影响的赤道地区或是通过遥相关影响的赤道外地区,大气非对称响应都表现出与海温异常非对称较强的一致性,其中东部型ENSO的非对称性分布与事件暖位相分布相似,而中部型ENSO的非对称性分布与事件冷位相分布相似,且东部型ENSO非对称性差异大于中部型ENSO。     

热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的研究综述

热带气旋的眼墙非对称结构与其发展过程密切相关。在热带气旋移动过程中,非对称风场伴随着边界层内非对称摩擦而引起的辐合,影响着热带气旋眼墙内的对流分布。此外,风垂直切变作为影响热带气旋强度的重要因子,将上层暖心吹离表层环流,引起眼墙垂直运动的非对称,导致云、降水在方位角方向的非均匀分布。当存在平均涡度的径向梯度时,罗斯贝类型的波动可以存在于涡旋内核区域,影响眼墙非对称结构。海洋为热带气旋提供潜热和感热形式的能量,是热带气旋发展的重要能量来源,关于海洋如何影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的相关研究较少。文中着重回顾了热带气旋与海洋相互作用的研究成果,并提出海洋影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的机制。海洋对热带气旋最显著的响应特征是冷尾效应,该效应通过降低海表温度,减少海洋向大气输送的潜热和感热,从而影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构。此外,海浪改变海表粗糙度,通过边界层影响移动热带气旋的眼墙结构。     

Modeling the evolution of the family of Mediterranean cyclones using the regional model of the atmosphere

Due to the complex orography and the presence of the moisture-saturated air, the Mediterranean region is characterized by the increased baroclinic and convective instability, that leads to the sudden cyclogenesis and the formation of dangerous weather phenomena. The results are given of the investigation of formation mechanisms of Mediterranean cyclones, peculiarities of stages of their evolution and dynamical processes, which occur throughout the atmosphere, using the regional numerical ETA model of the atmosphere by the example of individual cases of the cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean Sea. It is revealed that the cold Arctic air outbreak (the intrusion of the cold Arctic air) to the south of the Western Europe, leading to the formation of the areas of the baroclinic instability and the increased moisture content of the air in the area of the vortex origin, favors the cyclogenesis. The use of the vertical coordinate η in the model enabled to compute more precisely the vertical wind speed, therefore, the influence of the orography on the moisture content and precipitation increase became pronounced. The transformation of the structure of meteorological fields in the course of the development of vortexes is considered. The computation of the helicity is made, and it is shown that this characteristic can be one of the earliest predictors of cyclogenesis.     

平流层准零风层统计特征及准两年周期振荡对其影响分析

根据形成机制的不同将平流层准零风层（Quasi-Zero Wind Layer,QZWL）划分为由平流层准两年周期振荡（Quasi-Biennial Oscillation,QBO）各高度处于不同位相形成的第一类QZWL和由于平流层低层经向温度梯度逆转而形成的第二类QZWL;利用ERA-40再分析资料分析了两类QZWL在不同季节中空间结构的变化规律,讨论了平流层QBO对两类QZWL年际变化产生的影响。研究结果表明：第一类QZWL集中出现在冬季赤道附近地区,第二类QZWL在夏季热带外地区和冬季20°N～40°N太平洋地区上空;QZWL夏季高度比冬季低约3 km,夏季QZWL出现高度比冬季稳定,约在50～70 hPa之间;由于受到QBO的直接影响,第一类QZWL出现的高度和纬度范围存在明显的年际变化,第二类QZWL受到QBO的影响主要体现在QBO西风位相年和东风位相年相比,冬季20°N～40°N范围内存在第二类QZWL的概率较高。     

北太平洋副热带海区的两支东向逆流

分析SODA同化资料(1950～1999年)所描述的北太平洋副热带海区表层一次表层的东向逆流的空间分布和季节变化特征.从气候平均场看,北太平洋副热带的东向流主要包括东、西两部分,其中,太平洋中部夏威夷岛西侧的东支逆流位置偏南,强度夏季最大,春季最弱.海表风应力的旋度异常产生的Ekman抽吸是东支逆流形成的主要原因.位于西太平洋的西支逆流位置偏北,春季一夏季强度较大.西支逆流的形成和季节变化可以由副热带模态水的辐合解释.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

淮河上游大暴雨的水分平衡

分析了淮河上游大暴雨过程的水汽来源和暴雨区的水分平衡。结果说明，暴雨区除有大量水汽净通量外，还有相当数量的水分来自云的净输送，尤其是大暴雨中心附近，积雨云团的净通量决定降水量的大小。因此，分析云的移动和变化是暴雨预报的重要课题。     

Role of the Nocturnal Low-level Jet in the Formation of the Morning Precipitation Peak over the Dabie Mountains

The diurnal variation of precipitation over the Dabie Mountains(DBM) in eastern China during the 2013 mei-yu season is investigated with forecasts of a regional convection-permitting model. Simulated precipitation is verified against surface rain-gauge observations. The observed morning precipitation peak on the windward(relative to the prevailing synoptic-scale wind) side of the DBM is reproduced with good spatial and temporal accuracy. The interaction between the DBM and a nocturnal boundary layer low-level jet(BLJ) due to the inertial oscillation mechanism is shown to be responsible for this precipitation peak. The BLJ is aligned with the lower-level southwesterly synoptic-scale flow that carries abundant moisture.The BLJ core is established at around 0200 LST upwind of the mountains. It moves towards the DBM and reaches maximum intensity at about 70 km ahead of the mountains. When the BLJ impinges upon the windward side of the DBM in the early morning, mechanical lifting of moist air leads to condensation and subsequent precipitation.     

On the breakdown of the westerlies

The dynamics of the ultra‐long Rossby waves are studied with the aid of a primitive equation numerical model. The investigation is focused on a study of the breakdown of a high‐index circulation. Different idealized flow patterns are used as initial conditions and forecasts are made with the numerical model. The influences of oceans and mountains are studied by incorporating them into the model. The results indicate that barotropic and baroclinic instabilities as well as the structure of the earth's surface are of importance for the development, but the experiments do not clearly indicate which one of these factors is most important.     

太平洋中低纬度海表温差与副热带高压异常的数值模拟

中国夏季天气变化与太平洋副热带高压关系密切,而中低纬度热力差异可能是副热带高压的强度和位置发生变化的莺要原因,文中利用NCAR/NCEP再分析位势高度、垂商速度和海表温度场资料,在对太平洋海表温度合理分区的基础上.根据海表温度EOF分解的第一模态时间系数与副热带高压的相关关系,定义了太平洋中、低纬度海表温差指数,并通过统计分析和数值模拟方法分析了温差的年代际变化特征及其对副热带高压的影响.结果表明:副热带高压的变化分别与中纬度太平洋的(30°-40°N,180°-140°W)和低纬度太平洋的(10°S-10°N,140°～100°W)两块区域海温关系密切,对由此两区域定义的温差指数分析发现,1976年前后温差指数出现一次显著的由弱变强的年代际突变,且温差的年代际变化特征与副热带高压异常有很好的对应关系,温差大值年,副热带高压偏强,面积增大,西伸尤其明显;温差小值年,副热带高压偏弱,面积减小,东撤明显.进一步的统计分析和NCAR/CAM3.0模式数值模拟都发现,夏季中低纬海表温差增大将引起哈得来环流加强,副热带的下沉速度加大,使副热带高压增强;夏季中低纬海表温差减小将引起哈得来环流减弱,副热带的下沉速度减小,使副热带高压减弱.冈此夏季中低纬海表温差的变化是导致副热带高压强度和位置异常的重要原因之一.