河南省飞机人工增雨效果个例分析

对１９９７年５月６日河南省飞机人工增雨作业雨量分布和雨强变化特征的分析发现,增雨效果最显著时段出现在飞机作业后的１￣２ｈ,该次飞机人工增雨作业增雨量约为１０ｍｍ,相对增雨约为２５％。     

人工增雨效果的数值统计评估方法

利用1995～2001年河南省春季降水资料，采用数值预报与统计相结合的方法，对飞机人工增雨的效果进行检验。该方法的基本思路是根据降水的气候特征设定增雨效果的评估区，在同一评估区内应用数值模式MM5V3对历史降水过程的降水量进行数值预报，从而获得一组预报雨量，对非增雨过程的数值预报雨量与降水实况进行统计分析，建立预报雨量与实况雨量的数理统计关系。对增雨作业过程的降水同样采用相同的数值模式进行预测，并与增雨后的实况雨量比较，从而得到飞机人工增雨效果。评估结果表明：1995～2001年春季飞机人工增雨效果比较明显，豫北区(Ⅰ区)平均为16．7％，豫东区(Ⅱ区)平均为19．3％。     

铜仁地区人工降雨效果试验研究

本文分析了铜仁市和石阡县境内１９９２－１９９４年三年的人工降雨降机回归试验研究资料，结果表明；人工降雨作业试验期间，Ａ组和Ｂ组试验目标区作业单元实测雨量与该单元２估计雨量之差统计上均是显著的，作业试验有效，置信度达９５％。     

江西省对流云火箭增雨作业个例分析

利用基于日雨量和小时雨量资料的区域历史回归分析方法和基于雷达探测的作业云体单元和对比云体单元的时间序列对比分析方法对江西省两次对流云火箭增雨作业个例进行综合分析,结果表明:两次增雨作业的区域历史回归分析结果均为正效果,且均通过显著性水平检验,但使用日雨量资料和小时雨量资料分析得到的增雨效果差异较大,原因可能是两种雨量资料的时空分布差异较大,火箭作业期间两种雨量资料包含的时间长度不一致;利用雷达探测资料,基于相似理论找出与作业云体单元最相似的对比云体单元,对比分析作业云体单元和对比云体单元在作业前后雷达探测的5个物理量的时间序列变化发现,两次增雨作业中,作业云体单元的5个雷达探测物理量相对于对比云体单元出现了明显的正偏离现象,其中作业云体单元回波体积增加趋势最为突出,增雨效果的物理证据明显。两次对流云火箭增雨作业的雨量区域历史回归分析的正效果与雷达探测的作业云体单元和对比云体单元作业前后时间序列变化的正偏离现象互为印证,较好地展示了对流云火箭作业的增雨效果。     

闽中雨季区域雨量统计特性及人工影响的效果

本文对福建古田水库地区三年人工降水随机试验的效果,应用双样本回归分析方法作了统计检验。结果发现:(1)区域雨量的四次方根变换正态性很好,拟合度达0.94;(2)区域雨量回归分析中,催化单元与对比单元的余方差不一定相等;(3)三年试验目标区平均增雨量20.3％,平均绝对增雨量1.11(毫米/3小时),显著度a=0.05;(4)在各种天气条件下,以锋面天气的催化效果最好,平均增雨量达70.6％(a<0.05),平均绝对增雨量2.82(毫米/3小时)。其它天气条件下的平均效果都不显著;(5)自然雨量小时,相对增雨量大,它随自然雨量增大而减小,当对比区自然雨强大于3(毫米/小时)时,催化效果就不显著;(6)催化效果大于20％的区域位于作业点下风方10—50公里,宽约20公里的范围;(7)介乙醛与碘化银的催化效果,差异不显著。     

抗旱型火箭人工增雨效果检验方法初步研究

为了在人工增雨作业中及时进行效果评估，利用2005年江淮地区人工增雨试验基地的资料，采用区域雨量对比分析、地面增雨效果的回归分析和增雨效果的物理检验方法，对2005年6月9日、8月3日两次人工增雨的效果进行了分析。结果表明：两次增雨作业都取得了较好的正效果；相对增雨在120％～140％。     

2006年北京市人工增雨作业效果统计分析

利用区域历史回归方案对北京市2006年人工增雨作业效果进行统计评估,选择区域平均日雨量作为统计变量,北京市2006年共有43个催化作业日,其中41个为增雨作业日,作业区域位于北京市北部,面积大约为100 km×50 km.评估结果表明,北京市2006年人工作业相对增雨13%,绝对增雨39 mm,但增雨效果不显著.本文根据催化技术状况对作业日进行分类统计分析,得到21个地面催化充分作业日相对增雨34%,显著度较高,u检验达0.019;29个地面和飞机催化充分作业日相对增雨37%,u检验显著度为0.022;8个飞机作业日相对增雨48%,增雨显著度较低;12个催化不充分作业日相对减雨49%;2个过量播撒消雨作业日相对减雨12%,结果也不显著.分类统计分析表明,对目标区进行充分催化是获得好的催化效果的前提.     

人工增雨作业效果评价方法

以１９９８年夏季河南省鸭河口水库流域高炮人工增雨作业例,研究和一种抗旱型人工增雨作为效果评价方法,并用这种方法对１９９８年夏季鸭河口水库流域高炮人工增雨作业效果进行了评价,评价效果为：相对增雨１０．７％,累计影响面积１２００ｋｍ＾２,增水１２０万ｔ。     

山东济宁地区人工增雨效果检验

利用国内外普遍应用的区域雨量对比和历史区域回归试验2种增雨效果统计检验方法,分析适用于山东济宁地区人工增雨效果检验的评估方法。运用区域雨量对比试验计算出2次稳定性降水过程增加的降水量,运用历史区域回归试验法计算了2006~2009年济宁地区人工增雨作业的平均增雨量,对2月和4月的增雨效果进行了对比分析。结果表明:效果检验方法的不同导致人工增雨的降水量增加效果差别较大,利用区域雨量对比方法对济宁地区人工增雨效果评估非常实用。     

2OO2年陕西秋季人工增雨效果统计分析

针对陕西省的飞机人工增雨作业特点，设计出适用于作业后即时分析的区域回归统计方案，对2002年秋季飞机增雨进行效果分析，结果表明：6架次08—20时平均增雨量3．4mm，作业后3h平均增雨量1．1mm，通过成对试验符号秩和检验，显著性水平均优于5％，表明作业效果显著。     

Climate change in Bangladesh: a spatio-temporal analysis and simulation of recent temperature and rainfall data using GIS and time series analysis model

In this paper, temperature and rainfall data series were analysed from 34 meteorological stations distributed throughout Bangladesh over a 40-year period (1971 to 2010) in order to evaluate the magnitude of these changes statistically and spatially. Linear regression, coefficient of variation, inverse distance weighted interpolation techniques and geographical information systems were performed to analyse the trends, variability and spatial patterns of temperature and rainfall. Autoregressive integrated moving average time series model was used to simulate the temperature and rainfall data. The results confirm a particularly strong and recent climate change in Bangladesh with a 0.20 °C per decade upward trend of mean temperature. The highest upward trend in minimum temperature (range of 0.80–2.4 °C) was observed in the northern, northwestern, northeastern, central and central southern parts while greatest warming in the maximum temperature (range of 1.20–2.48 °C) was found in the southern, southeastern and northeastern parts during 1971–2010. An upward trend of annual rainfall (+7.13 mm per year) and downward pre-monsoon (?0.75 mm per year) and post-monsoon rainfall (?0.55 mm per year) trends were observed during this period. Rainfall was erratic in pre-monsoon season and even more so during the post-monsoon season (variability of 44.84 and 85.25 % per year, respectively). The mean forecasted temperature exhibited an increase of 0.018 °C per year in 2011–2020, and if this trend continues, this would lead to approximately 1.0 °C warmer temperatures in Bangladesh by 2020, compared to that of 1971. A greater rise is projected for the mean minimum (0.20 °C) than the mean maximum (0.16 °C) temperature. Annual rainfall is projected to decline 153 mm from 2011 to 2020, and a drying condition will persist in the northwestern, western and southwestern parts of the country during the pre- and post-monsoonal seasons.     

开鲁县1954—2011年降水日数及降水量变化分析

利用开鲁气象站1954—2011年逐日降水量数据,分析了近58a降水量和降水日数的年、季变化趋势和气候倾向率以及4—10月不同等级降水日数和降水量的比例。结果表明:(1)开鲁58a平均年降水量为332.5mm,年平均降水日数64d,占全年总日数的17.5%,日降水量强度仅5.2mm;(2)年降水量与降水日数呈显著的正相关关系,降水日数多,降水量则多;(3)近58a年降水日数和降水量均呈显著的减少变化趋势,降水日数减少1.8d/10a,降水量减少13.2mm/10a;特别是1999—2011年日降水强度明显减小,年平均降水量仅277.5mm,比前45a平均减少了2成,春夏季干旱突出;(4)降水量和降水日数季节分配不均,夏季降水量占全年的70.3%,雨季集中,旱季明显;(5)作物生长季(4—10月)降水量级少,有效降水日数少,因此,发生干旱的概率高,特别是季节连旱,不利于作物的生长发育,严重制约着农牧业生产的发展。     

An investigation into observational characteristics of rainfall and temperature in Central Northeast India��a historical perspective 1889�C2008

Mann?CKendall non-parametric test was employed for observational trend detection of monthly, seasonal and annual precipitation of five meteorological subdivisions of Central Northeast India (CNE India) for different 30-year normal periods (NP) viz. 1889?C1918 (NP1), 1919?C1948 (NP2), 1949?C1978 (NP3) and 1979?C2008 (NP4). The trends of maximum and minimum temperatures were also investigated. The slopes of the trend lines were determined using the method of least square linear fitting. An application of Morelet wavelet analysis was done with monthly rainfall during June?CSeptember, total rainfall during monsoon season and annual rainfall to know the periodicity and to test the significance of periodicity using the power spectrum method. The inferences figure out from the analyses will be helpful to the policy managers, planners and agricultural scientists to work out irrigation and water management options under various possible climatic eventualities for the region. The long-term (1889?C2008) mean annual rainfall of CNE India is 1,195.1?mm with a standard deviation of 134.1?mm and coefficient of variation of 11%. There is a significant decreasing trend of 4.6?mm/year for Jharkhand and 3.2?mm/day for CNE India. Since rice crop is the important kharif crop (May?COctober) in this region, the decreasing trend of rainfall during the month of July may delay/affect the transplanting/vegetative phase of the crop, and assured irrigation is very much needed to tackle the drought situation. During the month of December, all the meteorological subdivisions except Jharkhand show a significant decreasing trend of rainfall during recent normal period NP4. The decrease of rainfall during December may hamper sowing of wheat, which is the important rabi crop (November?CMarch) in most parts of this region. Maximum temperature shows significant rising trend of 0.008°C/year (at 0.01 level) during monsoon season and 0.014°C/year (at 0.01 level) during post-monsoon season during the period 1914?C2003. The annual maximum temperature also shows significant increasing trend of 0.008°C/year (at 0.01 level) during the same period. Minimum temperature shows significant rising trend of 0.012°C/year (at 0.01 level) during post-monsoon season and significant falling trend of 0.002°C/year (at 0.05 level) during monsoon season. A significant 4?C8?years peak periodicity band has been noticed during September over Western UP, and 30?C34?years periodicity has been observed during July over Bihar subdivision. However, as far as CNE India is concerned, no significant periodicity has been noticed in any of the time series.     

A study on drought features of the Indian summer monsoon 2002

In this paper, a diagnostic study is carried out with global analysis data sets to determine how the large scale atmospheric circulation affecting the anomalous drought of the Indian summer monsoon 2002. The daily analysis obtained from National Centre for Environmental Prediction/National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) for the month of July is used to investigate the mean circulation characteristics and the large scale energetics over the Indian monsoon domain. Examination of rainfall revealed that the summer monsoon (JJAS) rainfall of 2002 over India is 22% below normal in which the large deficit of 56% below normal rainfall in July. The recent past drought during summer season of 2004 and 2009 are 12 and 23%, respectively, below normal rainfall. The large deficit of rainfall in 2009 is from the June month with 48% below normal rainfall, where as 2004 drought contributed from July (19%) and August (24%). Another significant facet of the rainfall in July 2002 is lowest ever recorded in the past 138 years (1871–2008). The circulation features illustrated weak low level westerly wind at 850 hPa (Somali Jet) in July during large deficit rainfall years of 1987 and 2002 with a reduction of about 30% when compared with the excess and normal rainfall years of 1988 and 2003. Also, tropical easterly jet at 150 hPa reduced by 15% during the deficit rainfall year of 2002 against the excess rainfall year of 1988. Both the jet streams are responsible for low level convergence and upper level divergence leading to build up moisture and convective activity to sustain the strength of the monsoon circulation. These changes are well reflected in reduction of tropospheric moisture profile considerably. It is found that the maximum number of west pacific cyclonic system during July 2002 is also influenced for large deficit rainfall over India. The dynamic, thermodynamic and energetic clearly show the monsoon break type situation over India in the month of July 2002 resulting less convective activity and the reduction of moisture. The large diabatic heating, flux convergence of heat and moisture over south east equatorial Indian Ocean are also responsible for drought situation in July 2002 over the Indian region.     

Effects of rainfall amount and frequency on vegetation growth in a Tibetan alpine meadow

Over the past decades, rainfall amount and frequency changed considerably on the Tibetan Plateau. However, how altered rainfall pattern affects vegetation growth and phenology in Tibetan alpine grasslands is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the long-term effects of rainfall amount and frequency on production (i.e., aboveground biomass, AGB) and phenology of three perennial plants in a Tibetan alpine meadow from 1994 to 2005. Growth period (i.e., the dates from greening to senescence) was referred to plant phenology here. Our results showed that annual precipitation and total rainfall from large events (≥ 5 mm per day) were mainly distributed in the growing season, which increased significantly from 1994 to 2005 with more increment in May and July (p?<?0.05). Total AGB and growth periods of three plants were linearly correlated with annual precipitation and total rainfall from large events, but have insignificant correlations with total rainfall from small events (< 5 mm per day) and rainfall frequency (including small, large, and all events). The results suggest that aboveground plant production and phenology are more sensitive to changes in large rainfall events (≥ 5 mm per day) than small events (< 5 mm per day) in the alpine meadow ecosystems.     

LASG-REM对1994年中国汛期降水的实时预报实验

ＬＡＳＧ－ＲＥＭ对１９９４年我国汛期降水连续实时的预报试验结果再次表明了该模式对２４小时短期降水有很强的预报能力。本文给出了该模式从６月上旬到７月下旬连续５０天的降水实时数值预报试验的ＴＳ（ＴｈｒｅａｔＳｃｏｒｅ）技术评分以及发生在６、７、８月份主要降水过程的预报和根据大部分气象站观测降水量分析的２４小时降水量等值线的比较。从６月上旬到７月下旬，ＬＡＳＧ－ＲＥＭ连续５０天的实时降水数值预报试验的ＴＳ技术评分（模式范围）平均为：雨区范围（２４小时降水大于１ｍｍ）预报的ＴＳ值为５６％；２４小时降水大于１０ｍｍ、２５ｍｍ和５０ｍｍ的ＴＳ值分别为３６％、２３％和１５％，较１９９３年的ＴＳ评分有明显的提高。模式对１９９４年造成华南、华北严重洪涝灾害的暴雨都有很好的预报。由于模式中采用了保形水汽平流方案，在整个试验期间的水汽平流计算都未出现负水汽现象。初步的比较试验结果表明，模式中对地形的有效处理和给出较合适的水汽凝结参数对模式成功预报是重要的。     

石河子地区降水资源分析

分析了石河子地区位于不同海拔高度的3个观测站的降水资料，结果表明，石河子地区各地降水量分布不均，石河子年降水量最多，其次是炮台，最少是莫索湾。3站季节变化一致，均以春夏季降水量居多，约占全年63％，冬季降水量最少，约占全年的13％。降水量年际变化一致，70年代降水量偏少，80年代以后降水量偏多。出现丰水年和干旱年的降水趋势一致，且出现丰水或干旱时大面积发生的机率较大。     

福建省古田水库人工降雨试验效果的多元回归分析

本文利用多元回归分析方法对福建省古田水库地区1975—1984年人工降雨效果进行统计分析。十年共进行228次随机试验,其中催化113次,统计结果平均相对增雨24.16%,绝对增雨1.24mm/3h。分析结果还表明:由于所挑选的因子与降雨之间有内在物理联系,所以这种方法不仅能提高人工降雨效果检验的可靠性,缩短试验周期,而且还便于选择有利的催化条件,避免盲目性,提高人工降雨效果。      

FEATURES OF DRYNESS AND WETNESS IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE OVER THE PAST FOUR DECADES

Precipitation data from 86 observing Stations for the past four decades (from the first operational use to 1994) are used to study and discuss the character of annually mean distribution in Guangdong. Grades of dryness and wetness on a year-to-year basis are determined and preliminary features of dryness and wetness are discussed for the whole of the province and individual regions according to a 5-grade standard of division. The result has shown that there is on an average a rainfall of 1748 mm per year across the province, with four major centers of maxima (of annual rainfall over 2000 mm) at Enping, Qingyuan, Haifeng and Longmen. For the mean across the province, the years 1959. 1961. 1973. 1975, 1991 are anomalously wet and the years 1956, 1963, 1977 and 1991 are anomalously dry. of them, 1973 is the unusually wet year (with the absolute value of precipitation anomaly over twice as large as the standard deviation) and 1956 and 1963 are the usual dry years. For the occurrence frequency of unusually wetness and dryness over individual river valleys in the province, there are more years of dryness in the valleys of the Xijiang and Dongjiang Rivers. More years of wetness in that of the Jianjiang River, and only years of wetness instead of years of dryness in the valleys of Beijiang and Hanjiang Rivers.     

Spatial and temporal relationships between global land surface air temperature anomalies and Indian summer monsoon rainfall

Summary Using the 60 year period (1931–1990) gridded land surface air temperature anomalies data, the spatial and temporal relationships between Indian summer monsoon rainfall and temperature anomalies were examined. Composite temperature anomalies were prepared in respect of 11 deficient monsoon years and 9 excess monsoon years. Statistical tests were carried out to examine the significance of the composites. In addition, correlation coefficients between the temperature anomalies and Indian summer monsoon rainfall were also calculated to examine the teleconnection patterns.There were statistically significant differences in the composite of temperature anomaly patterns between excess and deficient monsoon years over north Europe, central Asia and north America during January and May, over NW India during May, over central parts of Africa during May and July and over Indian sub-continent and eastern parts of Asia during July. It has been also found that temperature anomalies over NW Europe, central parts of Africa and NW India during January and May were positively correlated with Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Similarly temperature anomalies over central Asia during January and temperature anomalies over central Africa and Indian region during July were negatively correlated. There were secular variations in the strength of relationships between temperature anomalies and Indian summer monsoon rainfall. In general, temperature anomalies over NW Europe and NW India showed stronger correlations during the recent years. It has been also found that during excess (deficient) monsoon years temperature gradient over Eurasian land mass from sub-tropics to higher latitudes was directed equatowards (polewards) indicating strong (weak) zonal flow. This temperature anomaly gradient index was found to be a useful predictor for long range forecasting of Indian summer monsoon rainfall.With 12 Figures