中国近海蛾螺科(Gastropoda: Buccinidae)种类齿舌的扫描电镜观察

本研究选取了中国近海蛾螺科动物16属,共计21种,进行了齿舌解剖,利用扫描电子显微镜对齿舌进行了观察,并对其形态特征进行了研究对比。结果证明,蛾螺科种类的齿舌齿式为1·1·1。通过研究发现蛾螺科动物的齿舌形态结构包括形状、排列方式以及齿尖数目虽然在属内、种内有一定的变化,但仍可以作为蛾螺科种类的分类依据之一,从而将各属、种区分开来。此外,本研究确认了在火红土产螺Pisania ignea(Gmelin,1791)中存在着齿舌两性异型现象。     

基于线粒体基因序列和齿舌对古氏非螺分类地位的探讨

对古氏非螺(Afer cumingii (Reeve,1844))的齿舌形态以及线粒体CO1和16S rRNA基因序列进行了分析,并以犬齿螺科种类为外群,采用邻接法(NJ)和最大简约法(MP)构建了系统发育树。结果表明,古氏非螺的齿舌具有典型的蛾螺科种类特征;古氏非螺在系统树上与蛾螺科种类聚在一起,而不与犬齿螺科种类聚类。齿舌形态和线粒体基因分析的结果都表明古氏非螺属于蛾螺科,进一步证实了将非螺属修订到蛾螺科的结论。     

中国沿岸13荔枝螺的齿舌形态分析

利用扫描电镜对13种荔枝螺属种类的齿舌形态进行观察,发现本属齿舌式均为0：1：1：1：0。齿舌中央齿尖锐突出与本属物种均为肉食性相符。各物种齿舌中央齿基部均较宽,具1枚中央齿中间齿,2枚中央齿侧齿。中央齿上布满侧生小齿,大部分为中央齿侧齿内小齿和侧齿外小齿,同种不同个体的小齿形态、数目存在差异,侧生小齿具有不对称性和可变性,因此在对本属种类分类时中央齿小齿仅可作为部分参考依据。本属种类的中央齿缘齿有较大的区别,红豆荔枝螺和刺荔枝螺不具中央齿缘齿,其余11种具有明显的中央齿缘齿,因此齿舌的分叉类型也分两种,红豆荔枝螺和刺荔枝螺为较原始不具中央齿缘齿的三分叉型,其余11种为两端分叉型。通过齿舌形态的分析,结合比较外部形态和分子系统发育,认为红豆荔枝螺和刺荔枝螺与其余11种之间已达到属间关系,建议将红豆荔枝螺和刺荔枝螺归为红螺亚科的Mancinella属。     

东海蛾螺科(软体动物:腹足纲)一新记录属和一新记录种

通过整理分类中国科学院海洋生物标本馆历年采集的蛾螺科标本,发现了在东海大陆架生物资源调查时于冲绳海槽水深850—1685m深海处采集的3号蛾螺科标本。经研究发现为一新记录属深海蛾螺属Bathyancistrolepis的一新记录种车轴深海蛾螺Bathyancistrolepis trochoideus(Dall,1907)。文中对其贝壳的形态特征进行了详细描述,对齿舌进行了解剖学研究,并对其分类地位进行了讨论。     

中国近海豆滨螺属Peasiella(腹足纲,滨螺科)两物种的分类学研究

在对历年来在中国近海采集的滨螺科(Littorinidae)贝类标本进行系统整理和研究的过程中,鉴定出隶属于豆滨螺属Peasiella的2个物种:波部豆滨螺Peasiella habei D. ReidMak, 1998和罗豆滨螺Peasiella roepstorffiana Nevill, 1885。标本采自中国山东省及海南省沿海区域,栖息于潮间带及浅海的礁石上。本文对2个物种的贝壳形态、齿舌特征及地理分布等方面进行了详细描述,并对其分类地位以及主要鉴别特征进行了讨论,提出齿舌数量及排列方式即齿式为该属物种区分的重要依据。同时,将张氏马蹄螺Trochus zhangi Dong,2002归于罗豆滨螺Peasiella roepstorffiana Nevill,1885的次异名。     

15种陆生贝类齿舌形态的比较研究

采用扫描电镜技术对江西省分布的7科11属15种陆生贝类的齿舌进行了观察与详细描述.结果显示所研究的15种陆生贝类中,除环口螺科的矮小双边凹螺Chamalycacus nanus侧齿和缘齿均仅有单列外,其他各科种类均由多横列组成.每一横列上又包含若干个齿片.不同科的种类齿片上缘或侧缘的数目和形态有较大差异.同一属间种类的齿片形态较为相似.     

中国海汇螺科Potamididae的分类学研究I.塔蟹守螺属

为了摸清中国沿海汇螺科Potamididae物种数量和分布情况,本文采用国际上最新的分类系统,对中国科学院海洋研究所历年来采集积累的汇螺科标本进行系统性的形态分类学研究,共整理鉴定出汇螺科动物5属18种,将分别进行研究报道.本文主要论述了中国沿海汇螺科、塔蟹守螺属Pirenella共9个种类的形态特征、生活习性和地理分...     

蛾螺科、织纹螺科和细带螺科腹足类齿舌的形态学研究

利用光学显微镜对8种蛾螺科种类、3种织纹螺科种类和1种细带螺科种类的齿舌形态进行了观察和比较。结果表明,3科12个种的齿舌均由2列侧齿和1列中央齿构成,无缘齿,齿式为0·1·1·1·0。蛾螺科种类(方斑东风螺、泥东风螺、台湾东风螺、深沟东风螺、缝合海因螺、香螺、甲虫螺和Antillophos sp.)的侧齿具小齿2—3枚,中央齿具小齿3—7枚。织纹螺科种类(半褶织纹螺、秀长织纹螺和红带织纹螺)的侧齿具小齿2枚,中央齿具小齿9—13枚,其基板的两端常延伸至下一齿排附近。半褶织纹螺具侧齿附板,秀长织纹螺和红带织纹螺无侧齿附板。塔形纺锤螺的侧齿呈长形的梳子状,具小齿9—12枚,中央齿极小,具小齿3枚。与其他学者的研究结果不同,本研究未发现东风螺属种类的齿舌具有种特异性。侧齿附板不存在于所有织纹螺科的种类中,其有无也不能作为同属或同亚属种类的共性。     

基于壳板和齿舌形态对中国沿岸几种常见多板纲软体动物的分类研究

多板纲软体动物统称石鳖,是软体动物门较为低等的一个类群,在软体动物的系统进化中占有重要的地位。但有关我国沿海多板纲软体动物的调查研究十分欠缺,而且对中国沿海多板纲的分布状况和区系特点尚不明确,并存在着一些鉴定错误和分类混乱现象。本研究利用10%Na OH溶液处理齿舌部获取齿舌带和壳板的方法,通过扫描电镜和显微镜观察拍照,对我国沿岸常见多板纲软体动物中5科7属13种的齿舌和壳板形态结构进行了描述,并进行了比较研究。     

西南印度洋深海热液区铠甲虾初探

简述了深海热液区铠甲虾的分类研究现状,整理出铠甲虾总科下属科的形态分类检索表,并对2008年10月-2009年2月中国大洋科考第20航次在西南印度洋深海热液区获得的铠甲虾样品进行详细的形态描述和分类,初步鉴定为5种,隶属于2科5属,分别是:劣柱虾科(Chirostylidae)的折尾虾(Uroptychus sp.),...     

Effects of protandric sex change on radula,pedal morphology,and mobility in Crepidula fecunda (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae)

Protandrism was confirmed in Crepidula fecunda Gallardo 1979 by histological analysis of the gonad. Individuals were classified as immature (12 mm or less in shell length), male (13–26 mm), intersex (25–28 mm), and female (over 26 mm). There was an evident loss of mobility with growth— large females became completely sessile. The presence of epithelial glands in mobile individuals was associated with the need for lubrication during crawling, whereas the proliferation of subepithelial glands in sessile females was associated with adhesion. Mobility of immature and male individuals was related to grazing activities on biofilms, and in males was also associated with copulation. Grazing activity of motile individuals was carried out so that the radula teeth did not come into direct contact with the substratum, but rather harvested the biofilm surface. Sessile females used the radula to rasp the area under their shells, thus cleaning the substratum in preparation for oviposition. Since this process required that the radula enter into direct contact with the substratum, it suffered abrasion of radular teeth and loss of radular denticles, producing important alterations in its appearance in mature females. A complex interaction was observed between size, mobility, histological changes in the foot, activity, and tooth‐wear of the radula, which have been related to the sessile habit, sex change, and the oviposition process in this species.     

Contrasting shell morphology, ingestion and grazing preferences in the neritid gastropod Smaragdia viridis (L.) on two seagrass species

The neritid Smaragdia viridis represents the only known native marine mollusc that feeds on seagrass tissues in the European coasts, displaying a strong association with the seagrasses Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera marina in southern Spain. Seasonal dynamics, shell and radular morphology, growth and feeding of this gastropod have been studied in relation to each seagrass species for contrasting trends resulting from a different type of substrate and food source. In both seagrass species, stable populations of this gastropod occur at similar densities and displaying similar growth rates. Nevertheless shells of individuals from C. nodosa are narrower than those from Z. marina and some differences, possibly a consequence of increased wearing on C. nodosa, were noted amongst the radulae. In C. nodosa, a pre-ingestive selection for young epidermal tissues occurs as it was previously observed in Z. marina. The ingestion rate is higher in C. nodosa than in Z. marina but the absorption of ingested tissues is lower in the former. If both seagrasses are present, most individuals ingested preferentially Z. marina rather than C. nodosa, probably due to the lower digestibility of the epidermal tissues in the latter. Seagrass beds, especially those of Z. marina, are suffering a strong regression in southern Spain and the presence of stable populations of this neritid may be restricted to other declining seagrass species in the area.     

Nassarius corniculus (Olivi, 1792) (Caenogastropoda: Nassariidae): a model of environmental complexity of Italian brackish and marine habitats

Strong environmental selection may give rise to complex species and/or camouflage the presence of sibling species in brackish waters. The prosobranch gastropod Nassarius corniculus (Olivi, 1792) is a common scavenger widely distributed in Mediterranean brackish and marine areas. We examined the morphological and molecular features of N. corniculus populations and related these features to the environmental complexity of brackish habitats. Morphological data revealed differences in radular features between specimens collected from two Mediterranean lagoons (Lake Faro, Messina, Sicily and Lake Fusaro, Gulf of Gaeta). Analysis of with the mitochondrial marker mt 16S rRNA revealed genetic variability within the Lake Faro population but did not show the different geographic structure between the two lagoons indicated by morphological data. We also predicted the gene flow of N. corniculus by comparing populations of two marine areas (Faro Sea and Ischia).     

Biometric and Genetic Analysis of the Marine Rissoid Rissoa auriscalpium (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) and its Ecological Implications

Abstract. Two forms of Rissoa auriscalpium were found in Posidonia oceanica beds around the Island of Ischia (Gulf of Naples). In order to investigate their taxonomical value and to quantify the discriminating features found, the radular, conchometric, genetic, and ecological features of the two forms were analyzed. Ecological observations showed that the distribution of the two forms is strongly correlated with hydrodynamic factors.     

Study and application of Toxicity Test Method Using Neomysis awatschensis in Toxicity Evaluation of Drilling Fluid

Neomysis awatschensis was collected on the west coast of Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao in 1992 and acclimated in the laboratory conditions.The acute toxicity method using 4 ～6 day juvenile mysid of this species is studied.The species is compared with M.bahia in taxonomy,geographic distribution,morphology,as well as the sensitivity to reference toxins,Based on the results,we recommend N.awatschensis to be a standard marine organism for toxicity test in China and the method to be applied in toxicity evaluation of drilling fluids.In this paper,we report the results of the above studies and the application of the method in the evaluation of several drilling fluid products.     

Biological structures as a source of habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity on the deep ocean margins

Biological structures exert a major influence on species diversity at both local and regional scales on deep continental margins. Some organisms use other species as substrates for attachment, shelter, feeding or parasitism, but there may also be mutual benefits from the association. Here, we highlight the structural attributes and biotic effects of the habitats that corals, sea pens, sponges and xenophyophores offer other organisms. The environmental setting of the biological structures influences their species composition. The importance of benthic species as substrates seems to increase with depth as the complexity of the surrounding geological substrate and food supply decline. There are marked differences in the degree of mutualistic relationships between habitat-forming taxa. This is especially evident for scleractinian corals, which have high numbers of facultative associates (commensals) and few obligate associates (mutualists), and gorgonians, with their few commensals and many obligate associates. Size, flexibility and architectural complexity of the habitat-forming organism are positively related to species diversity for both sessile and mobile species. This is mainly evident for commensal species sharing a facultative relationship with their host. Habitat complexity is enhanced by the architecture of biological structures, as well as by biological interactions. Colony morphology has a great influence on feeding efficiency for suspension feeders. Suspension feeding, habitat-forming organisms modify the environment to optimize their food uptake. This environmental advantage is also passed on to associated filter-feeding species. These effects are poorly understood but represent key points for understanding ecosystems and biodiversity on continental margins. In this paper we explore the contributions of organisms and the biotic structures they create (rather than physical modifications) to habitat heterogeneity and diversity on the deep continental margins.