2003年12月19日日本海极地低压个例的观测研究

为进一步认识冬季灾害性天气,利用尽可能多的观测资料对2003-12-19-20日在日本海北部发生的1个中α尺度的极地低压进行了研究。并对其时空结构进行了详细分析。该极地低压于19日11UTC在1个天气尺度的低压后部形成。20日08UTC消亡在日本以东洋面上,持续时间约为20h以上,卫星云图显示其成熟阶段出现了罕见的“双眼壁”结构。利用高分辨率的NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)的FNL(Final Analyses)资料的分析发现,来自欧亚大陆的冷空气侵入到日本海上空相对暖的空气中并相互扭缠在一起,为极地低压的发展提供了有利的条件,在成熟阶段极地低压中心出现了“暖心”结构。     

对2005年12月4日日本海极地低压的个例分析

利用GOES(Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)-9红外卫星云图和NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction) 发行的 FNL(Final Analyses) 客观分析资料以及潜热通量资料,对2005年12月4日发生在日本海上空的1个极地低压的时空特征进行了研究.首先根据卫星云图特征,对该极地低压的演变过程进行了分析,可以划分为初始、发展、成熟和衰亡4个阶段.极地低压发展前,大气的斜压性较强,高空伴随有很强的冷平流.在卫星云图上,成熟时的极地低压伴随有螺旋云系,并有明显的眼区,眼区为无风区,且眼区中心附近有很强的上升气流.该极地低压具有暖心结构,眼区周围的气压梯度很大,大风区位于低压中心的西侧.在极地低压发展和成熟阶段,其中心附近的潜热通量可达到220 Wm2.     

一次春季黄海西部离岸气流背景下形成岸滨雾的过程分析

本文利用地面气象站观测资料、青岛近海浮标站及自动气象站资料、卫星云图等数据,结合数值试验的结果,从观测分析、天气形势与边界层结构等方面,对2008年4月6—7日一次黄海西部离岸气流背景下形成岸滨雾过程的物理机制进行了分析与讨论。分析表明:(1)此次岸滨雾是来自陆地的暖湿空气被输送到冷海面凝结产生的。海雾生成前,偏南暖湿空气输送以及降水天气的条件,使离岸气流具有暖湿气流的性质。(2)在1 000hPa局地低压系统作用下,近地面风向转为离岸的偏北风,同时混合层厚度自陆地向海面降低,混合层内部气流离岸下沉至冷海面边界层内,水汽更容易在海面聚集饱和成雾,导致雾区随着离岸气流向南方海面上发展。数值试验进一步证明了离岸暖湿气流对岸滨雾生成过程的作用。该研究可为近海海雾预报提供重要参考。     

长城站极地气旋与暴风雪天气

西南极极地气旋是造成长城站暴风雪的主要天气系统。夏季每月侵入长城站气旋有6～8个,平均3～4d就有气旋侵入南极半岛乔治王岛地区．冬季每月5～7个,且强度比夏季大。极地气旋移动路径在夏季稍有南移,冬季气旋路径向北扩展。西南极极地气旋东移靠近南极半岛,气旋有阻滞现象,气旋受阻气流上升使高空扰动,低压和低压槽强烈斜压发展,在锋区后伴有向北移动极地冷空气入侵,是形成长城站强暴风雪天气重要原因。极地气旋给长城站带来大风降雨降雪天气,长城站95％以上的暴风雪天气是由极地气旋引起的。而长城站暴风雪天气有二种类型：一种由极地气旋前部与锋面影响,吹北风或西北风暴风雪;另一种是由极地气旋南部或高压脊前影响,吹南风或东南风暴风雪天气。而后一种则是风速猛、气温低、危害最大。     

舟山地区春季海雾的形成和微物理结构

1985年4-5月在舟山海域对春季海雾的形成和微物理结构进行了现场观测研究.初步结论是海雾由西南或东南暖气流在冷海面上平流冷却形成,有利的天气形势有:鞍型气压场、冷锋、气压东高西低、切变线和弱低压的暖区.海雾的微物理结构因气流来向不同而有差异,可分为两类.在受陆地影响的西及西南气流中的大陆性雾,雾滴浓度较大,达48个/厘米3;雾水中含有较多的NH₄+和SO₄2-,较少的C1-相反,海洋性的东南气流中的海洋性雾,雾滴浓度较低,仅31个/厘米3,NH₄+和SO₄2-的含量少,但要C1-的含量多两类雾中,滴谱分布密度函数也是不相同的.但含水量无多大差别平均为0.10-0.15克/米3,最大值可达0.5克/米3.     

我国东部沿海一次局地海雾抬升成云过程分析

利用洪家站L波段雷达探空资料、高分辨率海气耦合模式再分析资料、静止气象卫星云图和地面观测资料,分析了一次黄东海海雾抬升为低云,使海雾消散的过程。发现近海面偏南风速突然增强,海洋大气边界层(MABL)中机械剪切加强,湍流混合层向上发展,是导致海雾抬升转化为低云的主要原因。近海面风速突然增加与高空急流北抬、平均层槽脊振幅加大、槽前正涡度平流输入诱使地面低压系统发展、地面气压梯度力增大有关。近海面气温升高对海雾消散也有作用,气温升高的原因是暖平流、绝热下沉和海气界面热通量的综合效应。其中,东海海洋锋(STF)冷区的下沉气流可能对边界层内的绝热下沉增温和低云的形成高度有重要的影响。该研究为海雾消散预报提供了新的思路。     

极地低压研究的最新进展(英文)

论述有关发生在高纬度海洋上的极地低压研究的最新进展。不仅涉及观测研究,而且对有关的动力学机制和数值模拟也进行了介绍。因日本海沿岸各国的经济活动越来越活跃,而对发生在日本海上的极地低压进行了专门讨论。     

0421号热带风暴"海马"登陆后的温带变性过程特征探讨

0421号热带风暴“海马”于2004年9月13日12:00在浙江温州市沿海登陆后,迅速减弱为热低压,然后继续北移;并在中高纬高空槽后的冷平流和中低纬低层暖式切变南部的暖平流共同作用下,低压加深及冷、暖锋生,发展为斜压温带锋面气旋.采用相对辐散作为气旋发展的判据,能很好地体现整个变化过程,气旋的移向基本上沿着相对辐散中心长轴方向移动.通过对地面温度场水平结构分析后发现,该气旋经历了3个阶段:暖涡旋基本对称结构、半冷半热非对称结构、冷涡旋基本对称结构.对流层低层气旋中心上空为暖平流区,引导气旋移动,而对流层中层的冷平流中心区一直位于气旋移向的下侧,推动气旋移动.     

2005年7月北极地区大气环流特征的数值研究

利用一个极地中尺度数值模式(Polar MM5)对北极地区大气环流进行了2005年7月17-19日48 h的中尺度数值模拟研究。数值分析表明,2005年7月19日500 hPa高度上,北冰洋上空北极点以东由一个冷低压控制,在极点以西则是一个暖性高压系统,在地面图上对应的则是一个气旋性环流和反气旋性环流;整个极区呈现出高(反气旋)-低(气旋)-低(气旋)-高(反气旋)的波动分布型态。选择了5个北极地区探空站与相应温度场和风场的数值模拟结果进行了对比;气象变量统计分析和垂直分布表明了数值模式很好地再现了观测大气特征,表现为小的模式偏差和较高的相关系数。在Barrow站2 m处空气温度,感热通量和潜热通量具有明显的日变化特征,PolarMM5还有效地反映出此处极地逆温层和下降风的垂直结构特征。     

0908号台风"莫拉克"异常路径的诊断分析与数值模拟

采用NCEP再分析资料,通过诊断分析与数值模拟方法,研究探讨"莫拉克"路径异常的可能原因.结果表明:(1)"莫拉克"的移动主要还是受副高南侧偏东气流的引导;"莫拉克"登陆台湾前的移速缓慢主要的影响因素包括这个阶段东侧热带低压"艾涛"的生成对副高引导气流的减弱作用以及大陆高压的阻挡作用;副高主体减弱东退,西南气流的作用以...     

2004年11月南大洋上一对气旋的结构分析

利用各种观测资料,包括美国国家环境预报中心发行的FNL(Final Analysis)资料和GOES-9(Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)红外卫星云图资料,对2004年11月15日至25日中国"雪龙"号南极科学考察船穿越南半球西风带时对其影响最大的一对气旋M和N进行了研究.首先对天气背景进行了介绍,并利用FNL资料和卫星云图对气旋对的演变过程进行了描述,最后对这对气旋的垂直结构进行了分析,发现气旋M具有明显的暖心结构,斜压性较弱,而气旋N有不太明显的暖心结构,在其上空有明显的螺旋云团,斜压性较强.     

Fine structure of a Greenland reverse tip jet: a numerical simulation

Reverse tip jets are strong low-level winds with easterly component that form near the southern tip of Greenland. In the present study, a reverse tip jet case which occurred from 21 to 22 December 2000 was examined to clarify its fine structure using a numerical model with a horizontal resolution of 3 km. The reverse tip jet, showing the supergeostrophic wind speed with a maximum wind speed in excess of 45 m s⁻¹, extended from the east coast of Greenland to the west of Cape Farewell with anticyclonic curvature. A cloud free region coincided with the jet indicated that there was a mesoscale downdraft. Along the eastern edge of the jet, a banded cloud formed between the upstream easterly wind and the colder northerly wind that is a part of the jet and is located along the east coast. This cloud was associated with large gradients in surface wind speed, temperature, moisture, and heat flux. A maximum surface total heat flux of 300 W m⁻² coincided with the location of the jet. It is suggested that the orographic deflection by Greenland's large-scale topography as well as small-scale downslope winds behind mountains with fiords causes the reverse tip jet.     

冬季不同背景风场下边界层云对东海黑潮锋的响应个例研究

为探究冬季不同背景风场下黑潮锋影响边界层云的机理,采用高分辨率卫星数据和再分析数据,研究了冬季海面背景风为垂直(西北风)和平行(东北风)东海黑潮海表面温度锋(黑潮锋)条件下,边界层云对黑潮锋的响应。结果表明:背景风垂直黑潮锋情况下,黑潮锋强迫的边界层内次级环流明显,黑潮锋暖水侧海面冷平流强,海气温差增大,海气界面潜热感热通量增大,海气界面不稳定性增大,产生上升运动,云底高度抬升。上升运动在边界层底向南北两侧辐散,在冷水侧产生下沉运动与500 hPa高压下沉叠加,使局地云量明显减少,形成晴空少云区(云洞)。在暖水侧以南的下沉支叠加云顶上的下沉运动和边界层退耦效应共同作用,产生另一个云洞。气压调整机制为次级环流产生的主要原因。背景风平行黑潮锋情况下,海面空气温度平流作用小,暖水侧海气温差较小,虽然海洋仍然加热大气,但海气界面不稳定较弱,湍流增强使云底高度抬升,垂直混合机制为该湍流增强的主要原因。     

Investigation of the action of hygroscopic particles on a warm convective cloud from the results of numerical simulation

The results of a numerical simulation of the action of hygroscopic particles on a warm convective cloud with the purpose of obtaining additional precipitation are presented. The one-dimensional numerical model considered in this work describes the evolution of the cloud medium in the central part of an axisymmetric convective cloud at the specified height-variable velocity of the upward air flow which forms the cloud. Our model comprehensively describes microphysical processes in the cloud medium with the use of the kinetic equation for the size distribution of cloud droplets. This model makes it possible to obtain the spatiotemporal pattern of the cloud formation and development and to analyze regular features in the cloud evolution under the action of hygroscopic reagents. The cloud characteristics calculated with the use of this model correspond to the cloud parameters observed in natural conditions of the atmosphere. The process of precipitation stimulation by hygroscopic particles in convective clouds with vertical thicknesses of 2.5–4.5 km was analyzed on the basis of the results of numerical calculations. The results of calculations of the dependence of the intensity and total amount of precipitation on the vertical cloud thickness and parameters of particles introduced into the cloud are presented. It is shown that hygroscopic particles with root-mean-cube radii of 1–1.5 μm are the most effective for acting on warm convective clouds with the purpose of obtaining additional precipitation. In this case, the required reagent expenditure is 100–200 kg/km². The conditions necessary for obtaining the maximal positive effect of the action are elucidated.     

Numerical simulation of the action on a warm convective cloud by hygroscopic particles

A one-dimensional numerical model of a warm convective cloud is presented. This model is used to study the effectiveness of the action on the cloud by hygroscopic particles with the aim of intensifying precipitation. The numerical simulation takes into account the processes of condensation, coagulation, and sedimentation of cloud droplets and makes it possible to obtain spatiotemporal characteristics of cloud development. A system of differential equations describing time variations in the temperature, pressure, and watervapor supersaturation during the adiabatic rise of a continuous air flow is solved. The evolution of the size distribution of cloud droplets is described by a kinetic equation. A continuous acting source of droplets with the size distribution calculated with consideration for condensation properties and dispersion characteristics of condensation nuclei (natural and additionally introduced during the action) is specified at the cloud-base level. The cloud top is formed owing to the evaporation of droplets in the barrier atmospheric layer over the cloud. The influence of changes in the barrier-layer height on the structure of cloud parameters and precipitation-formation processes is analyzed. The introduction of additional hygroscopic particles into a cloud is shown to act as a trigger mechanism initiating the processes of coagulation and sedimentation in the cloud medium. In this case, a positive effect of action by fine particles can be achieved if a certain reserve of sufficiently large droplets is present in the cloud. The results of calculating the dependence of the action effect on the height of the barrier layer, restricting cloud development, are presented.     

黄东海大气边界层高度季节变化特征及其成因

利用CFSR再分析资料,采用EOF的分析方法统计分析了黄东海边界层高度的季节变化特征,探讨了2个模态的分布型以及与之相联系的下垫面热通量和垂直环流,统计了ICOADS资料中近30a逐月低云发生频率和海雾发生频率,揭示了其与边界层高度分布特征的一致性。结果表明:盛行风的平流作用与下垫面特征相结合造成的低空稳定性的变化是黄东海边界层高度时间上夏季低、冬季高,空间上呈现东高西低、南高北低的重要因素。EOF分析中第一模态表现为整个黄东海区域具有一致性,主要是大尺度环流的影响;第二模态为春秋相反的2个分布型,与海洋锋、冷舌以及暖水团的季节变化有着密切关系。黄东海大气边界层高度的最大值出现时间以及其大小在空间上较为一致,而最小值以黄东海海洋锋为界,向北逐渐减小,以南差异性不大,出现时间上有较大的差异。,这主要由黄东海冷舌、暖水团以及海洋锋的季节变化所引起对边界层经向分布影响较大所引起的。春夏季节,南部(西部)低云发生频率高于北部(东部),海雾发生频率低于北部(东部);海雾高频区对应较低边界层高度,而低云高频区对应相对较高边界层高度。     

Structure of a pair of anticyclonic vortices in northern part of the South China Sea in autumn of 1994

A pair of remarkable meso-scale anticyclonic vortices, one formed closely to another, inthe northern part of the South China Sea during the period from the later August to early September of 1994 were documented by the in situ observation data. Their spatial structures were examined in detail from the horizontal and two nearly perpendicular/vertical angles of view. It was shown that the horizontal scales of these two vortices were around 100, 50 km, and their vertical scales were about 500, 1000 m, respectively. Two "warm core" structures associated with these two vortices were found in their horizontal and vertical analyses. The closer spacing of these two vortices (namely, 60 km), which was smaller than the Rossby radius of deformation, suggested that they might merge with each other during their next evolution stages and form into a larger vortex eventually.     

Behavior of warm water flowing into a cold ocean

Behavior of warm water flowing into a model ocean with flat bottom filled with cold water is investigated numerically with a three-dimensional level model in a rotating system.The warm water which flows through the southern opening into the ocean is found to progress in two directions. The east front of the warm water progresses along the east coast and reaches the northern opening. And an eastern boundary current associated with this density structure is formed. The west front progresses along the west coast with the speed much less than that of the eastside front. However, the progression of the west front slows down remarkably half way between the southern and northern boundaries due to-effect, and a baroclinic western boundary current system is formed. Unstable waves whose scales are 200–400 km are found in the region of the eastern boundary current and propagate toward the west. These waves seem to be caused by the baroclinic instability.The boundary currents obtained in the present model are considered to represent some characteristics of the Tsushima Current system in the Japan Sea.     

Heat content change in the surface isothermal layer of a warm core ring in the sea east of Japan

Heat content change in the surface isothermal layer of a typical warm core ring in the sea east of Japan is described based on approximately 90 CTD profiles obtained by one profiling float. Erosion of the seasonal thermocline and development of a surface isothermal layer from the mid-summer to the early winter of 1999 are clearly seen. While heat content change between two consecutive profiles with a 35-hour time interval is much noisier, its 10-day running mean is consistent with net surface heat flux, indicating that surface heat flux dominates the temporal heat content change in the surface isothermal layer in the warm core ring.     

Sea surface temperature distribution and its variability across the Tsushima Strait

The sea surface temperature distribution across the Tsushima Strait was monitored over a one-year period on board the ferry Kampu which runs between Shimonoseki, Japan and Pusan, Korea. A cold water region is always observed just near the Korean Coast, and a sharp temperature front is always present in the western channel. A temperature maximum or a warm core is usually found just on the southeast side of the front. The position of the warm core exhibits large short period fluctuations, but no significant seasonal variation is found. Sudden temperature increases followed by sudden temperature decreases are frequently observed in the temporal variation curves at fixed positions during the warming season from April to August. Such events are related to temperature maxima found sporadically in the temperature distribution in the eastern channel during this season, and seem to be caused by warm water intrusion into the Tsushima Strait from the East China Sea.