低云在不同季节对东海黑潮海洋锋响应的个例研究

本文采用高分辨率的CALIPSO(Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations)卫星资料,结合欧洲中心的再分析资料,在东海黑潮区域分别选取冬、春、夏季的典型个例,对比分析层积云、层云、海雾3种边界层云。分析结果显示,层积云发生在高空槽后,云顶1.2~2.5km,云底0.7~2km,云顶平滑度差,海气界面不稳定,地表偏北风,边界层不稳定,底层混合均匀,云层上方有逆温层存在;层云发生在高空槽前,伴有强烈冷平流,位于地面低压前部,云顶高度300~700m,较平滑,云底不接地,海气界面稳定,地表南风,边界层稳定,有不接地逆温,云区无下沉运动;海雾发生在高空槽后,低层有暖平流,地面位于高压中心,雾顶小于700m,底部接地,雾顶最为平滑,海气界面稳定,地表南风,风速很小,边界层稳定,逆温层很低,并伴有强烈下沉运动,地表相对湿度大于90%。黑潮锋通过影响海气边界层,进而影响低云的高度、形态等特性,三种低云高度自南向北均逐渐下降,在SST大梯度区有突变,海雾与低云性质相似,在一定条件下可以相互转化。     

春季东海黑潮锋影响强对流的个例分析

利用卫星观测和再分析资料,研究了2018 年 4 月 30 日东海黑潮海面温度锋(黑潮锋)影响低云突破边界层发展为对流云团,并导致强降水的过程。结果表明：(1)29 日 12 时东海 500 hPa 上受短波槽控制,低空处于高低压之间的偏南气流中;黑潮锋大气边界层稳定,有利于低云发展。 (2)黑潮锋的暖水侧向大气不断输送热量和水汽,稳定性减弱;而冷水侧对大气的冷却作用显著, 大气稳定性增加。(3)经过约12 h 的调整,黑潮锋通过垂直混合机制强迫表层风速发生变化,在黑潮锋上空形成风速辐合,叠加背景辐合场,导致辐合明显增强。(4)受平流效应影响,黑潮锋上空大气增湿增温,抬升凝结高度降低。(5)潜热释放与低空辐合之间形成正反馈,最终导致对流云团发展,降水强度显著增强。     

一次层积云发展过程对黑潮延伸体海洋锋强迫的响应研究——数值模拟和试验

2014年4月12日,中国海洋大学东方红2号调查船在黑潮延伸体海区由暖水侧向北穿越海洋锋时,捕捉到了一次层积云云底和云顶高度升高的过程。本文利用船测数据结合WRF模式进行数值模拟和试验,对此次层积云迅速发展的机理进行了综合分析。结果显示,在黑潮延伸体区域,西北风控制下,海洋锋和来自日本本州岛陆地的低空暖平流共同作用使得层积云发展。通过数值试验发现,海洋锋作为背景场,为该区域提供了200W·m~(-2)的潜热通量并导致气压下降,从而在暖水侧产生了0.05m·s~(-1)的上升运动。同时,来自日本本州岛陆地的暖平流作为日尺度扰动,在09-12UTC到达潜热通量中心,导致该时段该区域2~3℃的增温和0.5hPa的降压。但两者并非单纯线性叠加,而是在海洋锋提供背景条件的前提下,暖平流产生触发作用,通过局地海气相互作用,使得该时段该区域垂直运动异常增强,进而造成云的异常发展。本研究有助于理解在复杂大气背景扰动扰动下MABL对海洋强迫的响应机理,同时对于理解海洋对边界层的影响又反馈到海洋的过程有一定帮助。     

我国东部沿海一次局地海雾抬升成云过程分析

利用洪家站L波段雷达探空资料、高分辨率海气耦合模式再分析资料、静止气象卫星云图和地面观测资料,分析了一次黄东海海雾抬升为低云,使海雾消散的过程。发现近海面偏南风速突然增强,海洋大气边界层(MABL)中机械剪切加强,湍流混合层向上发展,是导致海雾抬升转化为低云的主要原因。近海面风速突然增加与高空急流北抬、平均层槽脊振幅加大、槽前正涡度平流输入诱使地面低压系统发展、地面气压梯度力增大有关。近海面气温升高对海雾消散也有作用,气温升高的原因是暖平流、绝热下沉和海气界面热通量的综合效应。其中,东海海洋锋(STF)冷区的下沉气流可能对边界层内的绝热下沉增温和低云的形成高度有重要的影响。该研究为海雾消散预报提供了新的思路。     

一次典型层积云发展-消亡过程对东海黑潮海洋锋响应的个例研究

基于ERA5再分析资料和卫星观测资料,本文揭示了2010年3月9—11日一次层积云发展-消亡过程中东海黑潮海洋温度锋对其的影响机制。研究发现,在层积云的发展阶段,海洋锋通过垂直混合机制影响层积云;而在维持阶段,海洋锋通过气压调整机制影响层积云;在消亡阶段,海洋锋对云的影响较弱。进一步研究表明,海洋锋能影响层积云的垂直结构,在维持阶段层积云的云底/顶高度在冷(暖)洋面下降(抬升),这对应于海洋锋强迫出的下沉(上升)气流。该结果说明东海黑潮海洋锋对大气行星边界层和层积云的垂直结构具有不可忽视的影响。     

冬季黑潮延伸体海域云水含量的年际变化

利用卫星观测的海面高度资料、海表温度资料和再分析大气资料,考察了冬季黑潮延伸体海域云水含量的年际变化。结果表明:尽管大气环流有明显的年际变化,海洋锋对其上云水含量的"锚定"作用(锋面南侧云水含量多,北侧少)始终存在,同时云水量值有明显的年际变化,该变化主要受背景大气环流的影响,当西北风加强(减弱)带来偏冷(暖)偏干(湿)的空气团时,锋面南侧云水少(多)。按照云水含量多少进行合成分析的结果表明:来自大陆的冬季西北风南下,在遇到海洋锋锋南侧的暖水面时,空气抬升导致的大气跨锋面的次级环流和对应锋面南(北)辐合(辐散)在一定程度上(约25%)受背景大气环流变化的影响。在背景大尺度的西北风强(弱)时,大气中水汽含量较少(多),凝结放热较弱(强),黑潮延伸体海洋锋南侧南侧上升,北侧下沉的次级环流偏弱(强)。     

东海黑潮暖水区一次夜间云覆盖边界层发展过程的大涡模拟——辐射强迫研究

2015年4月2日,中国海洋大学东方红2船在东海黑潮暖水区观测到了一次夜间云顶逆温边界层发展的过程。本文利用船载数据及UCLA_LES3.0模式进行数值模拟,讨论边界层发展的原因以及云对边界层发展的作用。结果显示,海表潜热通量的供应使边界层内水汽增多,水汽抬升凝结成云。云的产生使边界层内水汽通量、热通量以及垂向湍流速度的分布发生改变,云区的水汽通量变大,云顶的热通量发生突变,云区和近表面层均有湍流速度的极大值,云底有湍流速度的极小值。云形成过程中通过改变边界层内浮力项的贡献影响边界层的垂直结构,云区有正的浮力项贡献,云底以下有负的浮力项贡献。云顶长波辐射主要影响边界层中上层,在关闭辐射强迫后,边界层内比湿和位温的廓线没有明显变化,但最大垂直速度减小了20%,垂向积分的湍流动能降低了约30%,垂向湍流速度在边界层中上层不存在极大值,边界层内热通量廓线没有突变,水汽通量和热通量廓线分布与晴空边界层廓线相当。本研究通过数值试验证明了云顶长波辐射效应对大气边界层的反馈作用,为理解云与边界层的相互作用提供了科学依据。     

近海区域海气温差对海气动量交换的影响

本文将海面上的大气边界层简化为水平平板上湍流边界层的混合对流问题,并考虑大气与海浪之间的动量交换,计算出海面上风速、海气温差和风区等诸因素对海气动量输运的影响.边界层计算需用的湍流模式采用包含浮力效应的混合长模式,在考虑海浪作用的计算中采用理论与半经验公式相结合的方法.我们发现在有限风区情况下(刮离岸风的近海区域),风区会显着影响不同海气温差下海气动量交换过程,这一点在以往的研究中从未涉及到.     

海南东部沿海一次海雾天气过程的分析

利用站点观探测资料、气象卫星资料和ERA-Interim数据对2017年2月21日下午到23日早晨海南岛东部沿海一带出现的一次海雾过程进行成因分析。结果表明:(1)此次海雾具备辐射和平流两种性质,海雾生命周期中,层云和海雾发生4次相互转化,而新一轮冷空气使海雾过程结束;(2)海雾发生在入海变性的高压脊天气系统中,100～200 m有逆温层存在,为海雾的生成维持提供较好的背景环境;(3)海雾期间边界层高度小于300 m,边界层适度的抬升有利于海雾生成和维持;(4)低层偏南风为海南岛东部海面输送水汽和热量。在海雾生成发展阶段,感热输送大于潜热,而消散阶段潜热输送大于感热。风场输送的热量增大海气温差,增强湍流热量输送,造成降温增湿使海雾生成维持。     

一次春季黄海海雾和东海层云关系的研究

结合多种观测数据和数值模拟结果对2011年3月12—13日的一次黄海海雾过程进行分析。观测数据分析表明:此次黄海海雾过程与东海层云之间存在密切的联系。地面高低压位置为水汽从层云区向北输送提供了有利的环流条件;黄海上空天气尺度下沉运动,加强了海洋大气边界层(MABL)层结的稳定性,MABL顶自南向北高度降低,有利于水汽在向北输送过程中不断向海面聚集;下沉导致的干层以及逆温层对海雾的发生发展起重要作用。模式结果进一步证明天气尺度下沉运动与MABL内的下沉在29°—30°N附近同位相叠加,使得该海区上空的下沉运动明显增强,边界层高度迅速下降。下沉可能会导致气块温度升高,云滴蒸发,来自层云区的水汽随流场向北向下输送逐渐接近冷海面凝结成雾,近海面水汽的平流输送使海雾进一步向北发展。本研究为海雾预报提供新的参考思路。     

The dependence of precipitation on wind direction over the Kuroshio front in the winter East China Sea

This study investigates atmospheric responses to the directions of surface wind over the Kuroshio front in the East China Sea, using wintertime satellite-derived data sets. Composite maps of sea surface temperature, wind speed, precipitation, turbulent heat flux, surface wind divergence, and the curl of wind vectors above the atmospheric boundary layer are depicted based on the classification of intense northeasterly (along the front) and northwesterly (across the front) winds over the East China Sea. When northeasterly winds prevail, considerable precipitation occurs on the offshore side of the Kuroshio front, in contrast to periods when northwesterly winds prevail. First, the northeasterly winds strengthen above the front because of the downward transfer of momentum from the fast-moving air at higher levels and/or an adjustment of sea level pressure over the oceanic front, although the process by which the influence of the Kuroshio penetrates beyond the marine atmospheric boundary layer remains unclear. Second, a cyclonic vortex forms above the marine atmospheric boundary layer (at 850-hPa height) on the offshore side of the front, and thereafter, surface wind convergence via Ekman suction (hence, enhanced precipitation) occurs over the East China Sea shelf breaks. The northeasterly winds blow over the East China Sea when the Aleutian Low retreats to the east and when high sea level pressure covers the northern Sea of Japan.     

黄东海大气边界层高度季节变化特征及其成因

利用CFSR再分析资料,采用EOF的分析方法统计分析了黄东海边界层高度的季节变化特征,探讨了2个模态的分布型以及与之相联系的下垫面热通量和垂直环流,统计了ICOADS资料中近30a逐月低云发生频率和海雾发生频率,揭示了其与边界层高度分布特征的一致性。结果表明:盛行风的平流作用与下垫面特征相结合造成的低空稳定性的变化是黄东海边界层高度时间上夏季低、冬季高,空间上呈现东高西低、南高北低的重要因素。EOF分析中第一模态表现为整个黄东海区域具有一致性,主要是大尺度环流的影响;第二模态为春秋相反的2个分布型,与海洋锋、冷舌以及暖水团的季节变化有着密切关系。黄东海大气边界层高度的最大值出现时间以及其大小在空间上较为一致,而最小值以黄东海海洋锋为界,向北逐渐减小,以南差异性不大,出现时间上有较大的差异。,这主要由黄东海冷舌、暖水团以及海洋锋的季节变化所引起对边界层经向分布影响较大所引起的。春夏季节,南部(西部)低云发生频率高于北部(东部),海雾发生频率低于北部(东部);海雾高频区对应较低边界层高度,而低云高频区对应相对较高边界层高度。     

东海黑潮暖舌对热带气旋“派比安”(1807)强度的影响

通过使用天气研究与预报(Weather Research and Forecasting,WRF)模式对热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)个例“派比安”(1807)进行了一组数值试验,分析了东海黑潮暖舌对“派比安”强度的影响。研究结果表明,东海黑潮暖舌高海面温度(以下简称“海温”)导致TC区域内海气界面热通量显著增加,并造成TC边界层不稳定特征发展,形成了有利于垂直对流发展的边界层环境。因此TC内特别是TC眼墙处对流更为活跃,TC强度显著提高,同时黑潮暖舌对TC的局部加热还会引起TC内部对流活动的非对称分布。根据数值试验的结果,黑潮暖舌为“派比安”整体动能增加做出约24.7%的贡献,中心气压变化对东海黑潮暖舌高海温特征的响应时间约为10 h。此外,在黑潮暖舌作用下,“派比安”7级风圈半径扩张16.3%,最大风速半径收缩10.7%。     

海雾对沿海地区的影响程度初探——2008年春季两次黄海海雾过程分析

利用多种观测资料、再分析资料和WRF模式,对2008年4月29-30日和5月2-3日两次黄海春季海雾进行对比分析,研究黄海海雾影响沿海地区的因素。分析表明：（1）两次海雾过程均属于平流冷却雾过程。在低层水平方向上,合理的高、低压配置,使气流持续地从暖湿海面输送到冷海面上,有利于形成深厚的海雾,进而在海风的作用下影响沿海地区。在垂直方向上,边界层内上干下湿的结构有利于海雾的发展与维持。（2）边界层内稳定持续的逆温层结构,使水汽在逆温层内累积,有利于海雾的发展与维持。雾顶的长波辐射冷却作用以及雾层内适度的湍流有利于海雾的发展与维持;而低层风速增大会引起机械湍流的迅速增长,进而导致海雾消散。（3）海雾影响明显时,对应黄海海域上空的暖平流较强,水汽通量较大,暖湿平流来源于较暖的海面。反之,对应黄海海域上空的暖平流较弱,水汽通量较小,暖湿平流来源于较冷的海面。     

湖北省两类典型极端降水过程气象因子异常特征对比

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析数据和其他常规观测数据,对湖北省两类典型极端降水型(南北气流汇合型、南北槽叠加型)的天气背景及气象因子异常特征进行分析,结果表明:南北气流汇合型500 hPa上形成南北气流汇合形势,低层切变线南侧南风发展异常强盛,地面上冷锋入暖槽形成静止锋,动力因子(850 hPa涡度、200 hPa散度)...     

Convective cloud fields in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic: Satellite and ground-based observations

Convective cloudiness in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic is considered as an atmospheric spatially self-organized convective field. Convective cloud development is usually studied as a local process reflecting the convective instability of the turbulent planetary boundary layer over a heated surface. The convective cloudiness has a different dynamical structure in high latitudes. Cloud development follows cold-air outbreaks into the areas with a relatively warm surface. As a result, the physical and morphological characteristics of clouds, such as the type of convective cloud, and their geographical localization are interrelated. It has been shown that marginal sea ice and coastal zones are the most frequently occupied by Cu hum, Cu med convective clouds, which are organized in convective rolls. Simultaneously, the open water marine areas are occupied by Cu cong, Cb, which are organized in convective cells. An intercomparison of cloud statistics using satellite data ISCCP and ground-based observations has revealed an inconsistency in the cloudiness trends in these data sources: convective cloudiness decreases in ISCCP data and increases in the groundbased observation data. In general, according to the stated hypothesis, the retreat of the sea-ice boundary may lead to an increase in the amount of convective clouds.     

The influences of environmental factors on the air-sea coupling coefficient

The response relationship between equivalent neutral wind speed anomaly(ENWSA) and sea-air temperature difference anomaly(SATDA) has been analyzed over four typical sea regions, i.e., the Kuroshio Extension, the Gulf Stream, the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence and the Agulhas Return Current. The results show that ENWSA is more sensitive to SATDA than sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA), which implies that SATDA seems to be a more suitable parameter than SSTA to analyze the mesoscale air-sea interac...     

Three-Dimensional Velocity Field and Cross-Frontal Water Exchange in the Kuroshio Extension

A spread of warm water from the first crest of the Kuroshio Extension is periodically enhanced by northward warm water intrusions from the main current. The water type in the spread area was previously found to be the same as that in the Kuroshio front at depth. In looking for the possible mechanism responsible for the northward warm water intrusions, a dynamic analysis in the Kuroshio front was carried out by using CTD, ADCP, AVHRR and ARGOS buoy data, obtained in 1996 by the R.V. Hakuho Maru. Downstream, cross-stream and vertical velocities in the Kuroshio Extension were found by using a "stream coordinate system". The velocity field in the Kuroshio front at the first crest showed a double structure with two surface velocity maxima. In the inner part of the front, relatively high cross-stream (northward) and vertical (upward) velocities were found. Thus, this study suggests that while water particles flow downstream along the first stationary meander of the Kuroshio Extension, they also experience lateral and vertical movements which allow the deeper water from an upstream location to rise to the surface layer, and in certain locations to deflect northward. By assuming isopycnal movement and conservation of potential vorticity, it was found that in those locations where anticyclonic curvature of the meander increases, warm water is more likely to deflect northward. High ageostrophic components observed in the first 300 m of the water column are probably related to the relatively high cross-stream and vertical velocities in the inner part of the front.     

A simplified model for the transformation of the atmospheric planetary boundary layer overlying a thermal front in the sea

This paper discusses a simplified model for the evolution of the atmospheric planetary boundary layer overlying a thermal front in the sea. The model provides local values of the friction/heat transfer geostrophic coefficients and the direction of surface wind stress, as well as the wind/temperature profiles at any point on the front. With the running over a warm front, the baroclinicity of the internal boundary layer leads to the generation of a near-surface current of air directed down the front. The model can be used to interpret radar imagery of the sea surface with the purpose of determining its mesoscale variability. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

吕宋海峡西部深海盆内孤立波潜标观测研究

Using a net surface heat flux （Qnet） product obtained from the objectively analyzed air-sea fluxes （OAFlux） project and the international satellite cloud climatology project （ISCCP）, and temperature from the simple ocean data assimilation （SODA）, the seasonal variations of the air-sea heat fluxes in the northwestern Pa cific marginal seas （NPMS） and their roles in sea surface temperature （SST） seasonality are studied. The seasonal variations of Qnet, which is generally determined by the seasonal cycle of latent heat flux （LH）, are in response to the advection-induced changes of SST over the Kuroshio and its extension. Two dynamic regimes are identified in the NPMS： one is the area along the Kuroshio and its extension, and the other is the area outside the Kuroshio. The oceanic thermal advection dominates the variations of SST and hence the sea-air humidity plays a primary role and explains the maximum heat losing along the Kuroshio. The heat transported by the Kuroshio leads to a longer period of heat losing over the Kuroshio and its Extension. Positive anomaly of heat content corresponds with the maximum heat loss along the Kuroshio. The oceanic advection controls the variations of heat content and hence the surface heat flux. This study will help us understand the mechanism controlling variations of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system in the NPMS. In the Kuroshio region, the ocean current controls the ocean temperature along the main stream of the Ku roshio, and at the same time, forces the air-sea fluxes.