祁连山东段宁缠河1号冰川和水管河4号冰川表面运动速度研究

祁连山东段冷龙岭北坡冰川融水是河西走廊重要的水源补给,然而却少有现代冰川运动观测资料. 通过在该区域宁缠河1号和水管河4号冰川布设花杆,观测了冰川表面的运动速度. 结果表明：2010-2012年,面积较大的水管河4号冰川表面年平均运动速度(5.2 m·a^-1)要高于面积相对较小的宁缠河1号冰川(2.8 m·a^-1). 水管河4号冰川最大运动速度出现在花杆观测区域的最上部(接近物质平衡线),宁缠河1号冰川最大运动速度出现在坡度较大的区域,说明冰川最大运动速度通常出现在平衡线附近,但还要考虑坡度等地形因素的影响. 较之早期的观测资料,水管河4号和其他中国西部地区冰川的运动速度呈现出减缓趋势,可能是物质平衡持续亏损导致冰川厚度变薄的直接结果.     

基于Landsat-8 OLI影像的天山南伊内里切克冰川2016年冰川表面运动状态提取与分析

利用Landsat-8 OLI传感器获取的2016年3-9月覆盖天山西段托木尔峰-汗腾格里地区的3期光学遥感影像数据,基于频谱归一化互相关算法提取并分析了该地区南伊内里切克冰川在最近一年消融期内不同时段的表面运动速度分布及其时空变化特征。研究结果表明：2016年消融期内靠近该冰川上游区域可观测到约为55 cm·d^-1最大运动速度;由于受到冰川下游物质补给量减弱、表碛物增多等因素影响造成冰川末端区域运动速度最小,整个消融期内冰川主体运动速度基本介于20~50 cm·d^-1之间,其平均运动速度约为35 cm·d^-1。而且,可观测到位于冰川上游区域在2016年3月9日至9月17日时段内,冰川运动速度呈递增趋势,相反位于冰川下游区域冰川运动速度呈现减弱趋势。另外,与早期研究对比可知,该冰川运动速度有所减缓且冰川末端明显处于退缩状态。     

西藏阿里地区大、小昂龙冰川变化观测研究

在西藏阿里地区狮泉河上游的大、小昂龙冰川开展了连续2年(2014—2016年)的冰川变化地面观测,主要包括冰川表面物质平衡与差分GPS高程变化同步观测,以及冰川表面流速观测,冰川末端观测和冰川雷达测厚.观测结果表明:大、小昂龙冰川表面物质平衡与同期差分GPS观测结果之间存在差异.冰川表面物质平衡结果显示,2014—20...     

天山冰川储量变化和面积变化关系分析研究

冰川储量的变化对海平面和区域水资源、生态环境以及社会经济等有重要影响,但是对大量冰川的储量变化很难通过实地观测获得。基于天山9条监测冰川储量变化的估算结果,通过统计分析,探讨冰川储量变化和面积变化的相互关系,以期通过测定冰川面积变化来估算冰川储量变化。结果表明：冰川储量变化与面积变化具有线性关系,其决定系数为0.67~0.70。加入其他山区冰川样本以后,决定系数并没有提高。其原因在于,一方面对冰川变化监测和冰川储量估算存在误差;另一方面,不同的冰川区由于冰川的类型、规模及区域气候特征的差异,冰川变化对气候变化响应的敏感程度不同。因此,未来不仅需要更多更准确的冰川储量估算,还需要按冰川形态类型和区域分别研究。     

近30年来乌鲁木齐河流域冰川波动特征与流域高山带升温幅度的估算

乌鲁木齐河流域典型冰川与全流域其他冰川波动的监测结果表明,５０年代末与６０年代初以来,各冰川均处于全面退缩状态,且冰川长度退缩量、面积和冰储量减小量与冰川的规模有密切的关系,大冰川退缩量大,但退缩量所占百分比较小,小冰川则相反,而且三者与冰川的长度等级有较好的统计关系。在区域上有更多的冰川波动资料时,可以通过优化这种统计关系用于推断无观测资料冰川在过去数十年中的波动情况,为评估区域冰川资源变化提供快捷的方法。计算说明,流域冰川全面退缩量值相当于乌鲁木齐河流域高山带在过去３０年中气温升高了０．３５±０．２７℃。     

近30年来乌鲁木齐河流域冰川波动特征与 流域高山带升温幅度的估算

乌鲁木齐河流域典型冰川与全流域其他冰川波动的监测结果表明,50年代末与60年代初以来,各冰川均处于全面退缩状态,且冰川长度退缩量、面积和冰储量减小量与冰川的规模有密切的关系,大冰川退缩量大,但退缩量所占百分比较小,小冰川则相反,而且三者与冰川的长度等级有较好的统计关系。在区域上有更多的冰川波动资料时,可以通过优化这种统计关系用于推断无观测资料冰川在过去数十年中的波动情况,为评估区域冰川资源变化提供快捷的方法。计算说明,流域冰川全面退缩量值相当于乌鲁木齐河流域高山带在过去30年中气温升高了0.35±0.27 ℃。     

利用卫星资料反演区域冰川冰量变化的尝试——以祁连山为例

物质平衡是衡量冰川“健康”状况的最好方式,由于野外工作开展难度大,物质平衡观测仅局限于少数几条冰川上,限制了区域冰川物质平衡和冰量变化的评估.通过卫星高程数据可以监测区域冰川高程变化,进而可估算其冰量变化.利用SRTM和ICESat激光测高数据反演了祁连山冰川冰量变化,结果表明:21世纪初祁连山冰川处于物质亏损状态,年平均高程减薄(0.345士0.258)m,相当于(0.293土0.219)m w.e.,估算祁连山冰川年均冰量损失为(534.2±399.5)×106 m3 W.e..由于祁连山各冰川区相对独立,相隔较远,冰川规模普遍不大,且ICESat地面轨迹在中低纬度分布稀疏,使得结果的不确定性还很大.     

第三极地区冰川径流研究进展北大核心CSCD

青藏高原是地球上除南北极之外冰川面积最大的区域,被称为地球“第三极”。全球变暖导致该地区冰川普遍退缩,融水释放成为冰川径流,使得下游河川径流发生重大变化,给下游流域水资源利用与管理带来挑战。然而由于第三极地区特殊的地形和复杂的气候,加上冰川水文过程内在的复杂性,使得冰川径流的研究十分困难。本文总结了目前关于冰川径流研究的几类主要方法:直接观测法、遥感观测法、水量平衡法、水化学示踪法和冰川水文模型法,其中冰川水文模型法使用最为广泛。在第三极地区,前人利用这些方法对于冰川径流的研究结果表明,自20世纪90年代以来,冰川径流普遍呈现上升趋势,但是其对于总径流的贡献同时受气候条件和流域内冰储量的影响,存在显著的空间差异;总体来看,位于西风控制区的流域的冰川径流贡献普遍大于季风控制区的流域。未来变化方面,除部分冰储量较大的西风区流域(塔里木河、印度河)外,第三极地区大多数流域冰川径流将在本世纪中叶前达到峰值。但是目前由于观测不足、模型物理机制简化等制约,对于第三极地区冰川径流的研究存在很大的不确定性,未来需要开展更多观测、开发更先进的冰川水文模型以提高第三极地区冰川径流研究的准确性,进而为该地区水资源利用与管理和防洪减灾工作提供科学依据。     

青藏高原及周边石冰川识别、冰储量及动力学过程研究进展

青藏高原及周边分布着数量众多的石冰川,因其独特的蓄水功能和气候响应特征,不仅影响区域潜在的固态水资源,还增加了相应灾害发生的风险,受到越来越多的关注。当前,对石冰川识别、冰储量估算及其动力学过程模拟的探讨还较为缺乏,导致无法准确评估广大无资料或缺资料地区的石冰川变化及其气候响应特征。在系统梳理青藏高原及周边石冰川分布特征的基础上,综合回顾和总结了石冰川识别方法、冰储量估算方法、动力学过程及其模拟的研究进展。受观测数据缺乏和方法不确定性等问题的限制,当前青藏高原及周边石冰川编目、识别和冰储量估算精度仍面临诸多挑战。展望未来,应深入认识气候—石冰川动力学过程的相互作用机制,强化天—空—地多层次、多角度和多手段的石冰川监测,集成人工智能和新观测技术的石冰川识别和冰储量估算方法,准确评估气候变化条件下青藏高原及周边石冰川变化、未来趋势及其影响,进而服务于青藏高原及周边区域社会经济可持续发展。     

我国大陆型冰川运动的某些特征

运动是冰川区别于其它自然冰体的主要标志之一。我国现代冰川工作者一开始就重视对冰川运动的观测研究,至今已积累了二十多年的资料。1958年以来,先后对祁连山、天山、昆仑山、念青唐古拉山、喜马拉雅山和阿尔泰山的某些冰川,进行了运动速度观测及其研究,有些冰川还进行过连续的观测(表1)。此外,还对喀喇昆仑山的巴托拉冰川进行过详细的观测研究。施雅风等曾对我国冰川运动情况作过总结。本文试图在前人总结和笔者在祁连山、天山等新近观测研究的基础上,对我国冰川运动作一分析。     

Structural control on the kinematics of the deep-seated La Clapière landslide revealed by L-band InSAR observations

The objective of this work is to document the deformation pattern of the deep-seated La Clapière landslide for the period 2007–2010 from the combination of L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferograms, ground-based total station measurements and identification of the slope geomorphological structures. The interferograms are calculated for pairs of ALOS/PALSAR images at a time interval of 46 days. The displacement field derived from the interferograms reveals a non-uniform displacement gradient from the top (subsidence) to the bottom (accumulation). Vertical velocities are calculated from the unwrapped phase values and are in good agreement with ground-based measurements. The results demonstrate the potential of L-band ALOS/PALSAR imagery for the monitoring of active landslides characterized by complex kinematic patterns and by important changes in the soil surface backscattering in time.     

Analyzing Yengisogat Glacier surface velocities with ALOS PALSAR data feature tracking, Karakoram, China

Little is known about the detailed behavior of glaciers in the Karakoram Mountains. Advanced land observing satellite (ALOS) phased array type L-band synthetic aperture radar (PALSAR) data were used to obtain the surface velocity of the Yengisogat Glacier in the Karakoram Mountains. Four ALOS PALSAR data sets with 46?days temporal baseline acquired from 2007 to 2009 covered all four seasons and were used to extract the offset fields and estimate annual average surface velocity based on seasonal velocities. For the ALOS PALSAR data the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) feature-tracking procedures within the GAMMA software were utilized instead of SAR interferometry because of low coherence in case of fast-moving glaciers or large time intervals between the image acquisitions. The accuracy of the measurements is discussed, and the measurements were consistent with previous results from optical imagery feature tracking. It was revealed that the south tributaries contributed to the main flow of the glacier, with the glacier surface velocities of the south tributaries moving more rapidly than the north tributaries. This was mainly attributed to the effect of the glacier??s aspect in the glacier long-term development point of view. Seasonal and spatial variations of the glacier surface velocity imply that the tributary South Skamri Glacier is probably surging. This has previously been mentioned by some researchers such as Copland et al. The Equilibrium Line Altitude was found to be at about 5,000?m a.s.l for south tributaries, estimated from the surface velocity distribution along the glacier centerline.     

Extracting damages caused by the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake from SAR remote sensing data

Bad weather conditions usually limit the acquisition of optical remote sensing images, while all day and all weather synthetic aperture radar (SAR) shows the ability of providing timely remote sensing data for emergency response and rescue works after earthquake. Because SAR is sensitive to the surface changes caused by earthquake, the modified electromagnetic behaviour by geological disasters and the collapse of buildings can be recorded in SAR images as backscattering intensity changes. Absolute radiometric calibration was performed to SAR products to derive backscattering coefficient sigma nought from image digital number (DN). Based on change detection methods, Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data and TerraSAR-X data acquired for the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake were used to extract earthquake damage information. This study revealed that landslides showed stronger backscattering and barrier lakes showed lower backscattering in post-earthquake 10 m ALOS PALSAR images comparing to pre-earthquake, and collapsed buildings showed lower backscattering compared to un-collapsed buildings in 1 m TerraSAR-X image. Results showed that SAR data with different spatial resolutions are useful for different earthquake damage information extraction: medium spatial resolution SAR data, e.g. 10 m ALOS PALSAR data, were efficient for secondary geological disaster extraction; high-resolution SAR data, e.g. 1 m TerraSAR-X data, with the help of ancillary GIS data or high-resolution optical data, could be used to extract building collapse information in urban areas. This study indicates that SAR remote sensing data can provide earthquake damage information at early emergency stage and assist the field surveying, further damage assessment and post-earthquake reconstruction.     

时序InSAR技术三峡库区藕塘滑坡稳定性监测与状态更新

坡体表面形变是表征坡体稳定性的重要信息,因此,非常有必要对滑坡多发区域进行时序常规变形监测.近年来,星载合成孔径雷达数据由于其覆盖范围大、形变监测精度高的特点,被越来越多的用于山区滑坡识别与探测.首先介绍了联合分布式目标与点目标的时序InSAR方法,并将该方法应用于分析覆盖三峡藕塘滑坡的2007年至2011年的19景ALOS PALSAR数据和2015年至2018年的47景Sentinel-1数据,提取了数据覆盖时间段内的藕塘地区的变形速率.发现相比于2007年至2011年,2015年至2018年新增三处不稳定斜坡.进一步对滑坡的时序变形分析表明,降雨和水位变化是坡体稳定性最大的两个影响因素.实验证明时序InSAR方法可以作为常规形变手段来识别与监测三峡库区等地区潜在的滑坡,为防灾减灾提供支持与依据.      

基于SAR的表碛覆盖型冰川边界定位研究

使用光学图像进行表碛覆盖型冰川边界判断相对比较困难。采用日本高级陆地观测卫星（ALOS）携带的L波段相控阵型合成孔径雷达（PALSAR）数据的干涉相干对表碛覆盖型冰川边界进行判断,并使用ALOS PALSAR数据的特征匹配方法获得表面流速进行验证分析,发现公格尔山区5Y663D0009冰川表碛覆盖区呈现高相干性且运动速度十分缓慢,表明该表碛区域可能已经演化成非活动区;而该冰川中碛覆盖区则表现出低相干性,运动速度比较高（5 m/a）,表明相干性是有效的判断依据,利用PALSAR数据相干性及获得的表面流速可以区分表碛覆盖型冰川活动与非活动区域,使气候波动情景下该类型冰川的动态变化监测成为可能并对该方法的可靠性与不确定性进行了探讨。     

PALSAR及RADARSAT2全极化雷达数据在地质构造应用中的研究

由于雷达数据不受天气影响,且具有一定的穿透能力,近年来已被广泛的运用在地质构造信息提取研究中。ALOS PALSAR与RADARSAT2是近年发展的最先进的雷达传感器,其全极化模式同时又具有较高的空间分辨率,这为植被区地质构造研究提供了良好的数据源。本文选取非洲埃塞俄比亚西部为研究区,通过对研究区域两种全极化雷达数据进...     

Urban landscape extraction and analysis based on optical and microwave ALOS satellite data

Accurate mapping of urban land cover from satellite data provides essential input to urban landscape analysis, modelling and urban ecosystem studies. Additionally, analysis of urban landscape metrics will provide a positive step towards comprehensive understanding of the features of urban landscape structure and further planning. In the present study, multi-spectral Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS)/Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR-2) images and ALOS/Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) dual-polarized (FBD) microwave images were used to extract urban land cover information by applying the decision tree method, and additional Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER/GDEM) was used to reduce the effects of mountains in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images due to high backscattering from urban construction land. A set of landscape metrics, such as landscape diversity, edge density and landscape shape indices with supplementary ecological meanings, were chosen to quantitatively analysis urban landscape patterns in arid environments. The overall accuracy assessment result was 91.50%, and the experimental results demonstrate that synergetic use of optical and SAR ALOS data has the potential and advantages for Arid Urban Region mapping, while the decision tree method showed intuitive simplicity and computational efficiency. The quantitative analysis results of landscape metrics showed that distribution of landscape types in Urumqi city were inhomogeneous, the urban landscape dominated by a few classes. Urbanization in this region has resulted in dramatic increases in patch density (PD), edge density (ED) and landscape shape complexity.     

Spatial-Temporal Ground Deformation Study of BaotouBased on the PS-InSAR Method

Ground subsidence is an emerging geological hazard in Baotou,Inner Mongolia.Four areas of Baotou with relatively large subsidence range and rate were selected for analysis.Focusing on investigation of ground subsidence using PS-InSAR technology,a total of 43 frames of ALOS PALSAR images yielded a SAR data span from December 2006 to January 2011,allowing ground subsidence scope,subsidence velocity,time-series deformation to be obtained.Major causes and influencing factors of the ground subsidence are closely related to soft soil consolidation and compaction and the decrease in the level of groundwater caused by increased development and utilization of groundwater.     

DInSAR analysis of ALOS PALSAR images for the assessment of very slow landslides: the Tena Valley case study

In this work we analyse the performance of advanced land observing satellite (ALOS) phased array type L-band syntetic aperture radar (PALSAR) images for mapping and monitoring of very slow landslides using conventional differential interferometry in the Tena Valley (Central Pyrenees, Spain). These results are compared with those retrieved in previous works where multi-band advanced differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) analysis was performed for the same area using PSI techniques. The study area is largely underlain by slates (ca. 80 %) where large deep-seated very slow earth flows are dominant. The results reveal that DInSAR analysis is able to measure displacements of landslides with a greater spatial coverage than PSI analysis, but for a lower amount of them (nine against 51). Overall, the combination of the DInSAR and multi-band PSI analysis permitted to map and monitor 68 % of the landslides in Tena Valley. From this amount, 63 landslides are considered as active. The main advantage of DInSAR with respect to PSI analysis is the capability to detect faster movements (up to 145 cm?year^?1) derived from the 46 days interferograms. That is the case of Sextas and La Selva landslides where an acceleration of the moving mass was measured after intense rainfall periods producing major damages to linear infrastructures. The combination of measured displacement from ALOS interferograms, with the observed damages on the A-136 road, was useful to assess the potential damage that could cause these slow movements. In general, it is demonstrated that even though PSI analysis provides a better performance in terms of landslide mapping, L-band DInSAR analysis provides an added value for landslide hazard assessment through radar remote sensing. For this reason it is necessary to encourage the launch of new satellite missions similar to ALOS PALSAR that could operate with shorter revisiting time periods.     

Monitoring subsidence at Messara basin using radar interferometry

The Messara valley is the largest and most productive region in the island of Crete, Greece. Over the last 20 years, extensive exploitation of the aquifer mainly for agricultural purposes has led to a 40-m decrease in the level of groundwater. This investigation aims at mapping ground subsidence that might be induced by such overpumping of groundwater using conventional differential interferometry. A total of 29 ERS-1 and 2 SAR and 7 ALOS PALSAR images have been used for forming interferograms. The images used cover the period from 1992 to 2000 and 2007 to 2010, respectively. Processing of ALOS L-band data (λ = 23.6 cm) has revealed a ground motion away from the Line of Sight of the satellite (LOS direction) that amounts to at least 3 cm/year for the period 2007–2010. Piezometric measurements and other geological parameters have also been analyzed.