双套自动气象站数据评估及其优势探讨

象站双套运行的结果和优缺点进行了深入分析和探讨。从缺测率上分析了双套站数据的完整性,认为双套站可以明显降低数据的缺测率,具有保证数据完整性的优点。从差值的统计数字特征以及一致率、超差率和粗差率等指标上分析了两套数据的差异性,表明双套站大部分要素 (如气温、气压、相对湿度等) 具有差值小、差值变化幅度小、数据之间有较高的一致率、较低的粗差率和超差率等特点,但个别要素 (草面温度和5 cm地温) 差异略大。运行中通过对两套数据的差值、差值的滑动平均值、差值日变化特征的监控可以及时发现数据异常、探测仪器的系统性误差等情况,从而说明双套站具有保证数据质量的潜在优势,且从一定程度解决了目前自动气象站单套运行的不足之处。     

黄山黟县双套自动观测站数据的质量评估

利用2011年2月安徽省黄山市黟县试点双套自动观测气象站(A站和B站)和黟县本站(Z站,自动站)的气象要素(气温、气压、风速、相对湿度、地温等)观测资料,进行了对比分析,并对自动气象站仪器换型后数据的连续性进行了全面的评估。评估的内容为:数据的完整性和差异性,其中,差异性通过均值、标准差、误差率、粗差率和一致率得到体现。评估的结果表明:1)双套自动站观测数据的可靠性较好,大多数要素接收率高达100%,B站湿度接收率较低,只有83.3%,是由于B站的相对湿度传感器故障造成的;2)双套站观测的多要素有较好的一致性,但AB、AZ的地温差值和AB的气压差值一致率较低,部分要素差值存在少量的奇异值;3)T-检验表明,双套自动站的观测数据与历史序列无显著差异,连续性很好;4)双套自动站可用于气象业务观测,但还要进行一定时间的并行运行,以便日后更好地对数据进行对比分析和订正。     

气象站迁站前后主要气象要素的差异性分析及对预报服务工作的影响

利用河南近年来7站迁移后新旧站观测资料,采用通用的差值统计方法,分析新旧站观测资料的差异,评估台站迁移对预报服务工作的影响。统计结果显示:新、旧测站平均气温年差值7站平均为-0.8℃;相对湿度年差值平均为5.4%;平均风速年差值平均为0.6 m/s,风向相符率最小为29%,最大为62%,大多数台站风向相符率均未超过50%。新站址气温低于旧站址的,相对湿度、平均风速大于旧址的,新、旧站址风向一致性较差。迁站对最低气温的影响大于对平均气温及最高气温的影响。由于台站旧址受破坏程度、周边障碍物方位和距离、下垫面性质及新与旧站址间距离、高差等的不同,迁站对气象要素的影响也不尽相同。预报员在作预报时,应充分考虑新旧站气象要素的差异。     

气象站迁站距离及海拔高差对新旧站资料差异的影响分析

本文采用新疆13个已迁站新旧站1年对比观测资料,分别计算新旧站资料的绝对差值及差值标准差与迁徙距离和海拔高差的相关系数,分析迁站距离和海拔高差对新旧站资料差异的影响结果表明,年平均气温、最低气温、最高气温、相对湿度新旧站绝对差值和标准差与台站迁徙距离和新旧站海拔高差为正相关,新旧站年风向相符率与台站迁徙距离和海拔高差为负相关;其中,迁站距离对最高气温和风向相符率影响最为显著,最高气温的年值绝对差值及年风向相符率与台站迁徙距离相关系数通过了保证率为95%的显著性检验;而台站迁徙前后海拔高差对平均气温、最低气温、相对湿度影响更为显著,即新旧站平均气温、最低气温、相对湿度的年值绝对差值与新旧站海拔高差的相关系数通过了保证率为95%的显著性检验。山区由于地形复杂年平均气温、年最低气温、年相对湿度的绝对差值比多数平原站大一倍以上,且风向相符率都比平原站小一个量级;在极其干旱的东疆吐鲁番地区迁站,由于地表环境差距较大,使年平均气温、最低气温、相对湿度绝对差值和标准差比其它站大,而风向相符率都比其它站小。     

互助站迁站前后气温序列均一性检验及订正

气象台站的迁移常导致气候序列的非均一性。本文对互助站迁站前后气温序列作均一性检验及订正。采用t检验和SNHT法,对互助站迁站前后的气温序列进行均一性检验,结果表明站址迁移对互助站温度序列均一性的影响非常显著。对差值法、一元线性回归、逐步多元线性回归以及确立订正方程式的参考站平行资料年限对互助站气温序列订正效果进行分析,结果表明用参考站15年平行观测资料建立的逐步多元线性回归订正效果较好。用逐步多元线性回归法对互助站迁站前的气温序列进行订正,经订正后互助站气候倾向率为0.31℃/10a,消除了序列的不均一现象。     

天气雷达间一致性评估算法影响因子分析及改进

基于基数据的雷达间一致性评估的基本方法,分析了雷达高差、地形遮挡、噪声、充塞、时空重叠率、衰减等对一致性评估算法的结果质量的影响,并采取了相应的改进措施：使用雷达的波束遮挡比例数据进行遮挡订正或直接剔除存在遮挡的重叠点;对信噪比较低、充塞不充分及存在异常的重叠点予以剔除;增加了时间、空间重叠率因子,分析了不同阈值时间、空间重叠率对评估结果的影响。改进措施对一致性评估结果中的偏差均值、标准偏差的质量均有了一定的提高。使用改进后的算法对岳阳站雷达系统偏差和苏皖地区雷达回波一致性做了评估。结果表明：岳阳站在维护前后与周边雷达的偏差值有明显的降低,并回到正常水平,标准偏差值也略有降低;苏皖地区雷达间偏差均值大部分在2 dB以内,雷达间偏差均值所组成的矢量三角形闭合度较好,标准偏差在2.9~3.3 dB,相关系数在0.40~0.55。     

内蒙古自动站与人工观测数据差异对比分析

利用2006年内蒙古自治区共36个自动站和人工站平行观测资料,对观测得到的气象要素进行了统计和评估。通过分析气温、气压、相对湿度、风等要素的对比差值及其标准差、对比差值的频次分布和空间分布等,探讨自动站与人工观测数据差异的可能原因。结果表明：内蒙古自动观测与人工观测各气象要素均存在一定的差异,对所有台站平均而言,其差异均在自动站差值允许范围之内。产生差异的原因：观测仪器结构与观测原理差异、观测时空差异、观测方式差异等,在将人工观测数据与自动观测数据连续使用时,需要根据当地情况进行适当订正,以确保资料的连续性。     

东北地区月气温序列的均一性检验和订正

本文采用惩罚最大T检验(PMT)方法,结合台站历史沿革信息,对东北地区129个气象站月最高气温和最低气温资料进行均一性检验和订正,并与已有均一化数据集(CHHT)进行对比分析。结果表明:气温的非均一性在空间上普遍存在,最高温和最低温分别检测出断点74个和94个,资料拼接和迁站是造成非均一性的重要因素。均一性检验和订正提高了东北地区最高气温和最低气温的空间一致性,线性趋势空间分布更加合理,订正之后变化趋势略有增加,年平均最高气温和最低气温分别由0.1和0.22℃·(10 a)~(-1)增至0.17和0.33℃·(10a)~(-1),与CHHT相比,两套数据时间相关系数在0.9以上,对东北地区气候长期演变趋势基本一致,东北地区年平均最高气温和最低气温均呈显著升温趋势,采用PMT得到的年平均最高气温和最低气温变化趋势较CHHT分别偏高0.05和0.03℃·(10 a)~(-1),在线性趋势空间分布上PMT均一化检验订正结果较CHHT略有改善。     

新疆探空仪器换型前后资料对比分析

选取阿勒泰、阿克苏、和田等8个台站L波段和59-701系统对比观测逐日07时和19时850～100 hPa 10个位势等压面上的高度、气温、露点温度数据,进行差值、离散程度分析,对数据进行t检验,并给出订正方程.研究发现:(1)温度差值07时阿勒泰、库尔勒、民丰等5站为正,哈密、若羌、阿克苏三站为负,正值表明L波段雷达探测的温度值大于59型的温度值,大部分台站19时的差值比07时稳定.(2)高度差值07时和19时4站为正,250 hPa以下差值在0～-10之间,250 hPa以上差值迅速增大,除个别台站外差值最大值均在100 hPa处.(3)07、19时露点温度差值除个别等压面外均为负值,且07时的差值大于19时.(4)大部分台站的高度、温度能通过信度α=0.05的检验,说明L波段与59-701雷达探空高度和气温观测资料无显著性差异.露点温度均未能通过T检验,通过计算给出订正方程.     

基于Bayes判别法的结冰现象资料序列订正

针对安徽省81个国家级地面气象站1961—2018年结冰现象资料序列,采用要素一致性、内部一致性、空间一致性等方法进行数据质量控制,基于质量控制后的正常年份数据进行Bayes判别模型训练,应用训练所得模型完成异常年份结冰数据的订正。结果表明:安徽省共有38个台站累计84年的年结冰日数质量控制检查异常,年结冰日数异常年份主要集中在1961—1970、1988—1999和2015—2017年,造成年结冰日数异常的原因有部分台站历史观测任务简化、气象台站分类调整以及地面气象观测业务改革等。利用Bayes判别法构建了多个结冰现象判别模型,经检验发现,模型1和模型3具有较高的判识正确率、命中率、TS评分以及较低的误警率。考虑计算的简便性,选用模型1对异常年份结冰数据进行逐日订正。通过六安站、太和站和无为站异常年份结冰现象订正结果对比发现,基于Bayes判别法的结冰现象判别模型,对不同时间段内、不同原因造成的结冰现象观测记录异常的订正均较为合理,订正后的年结冰日数变化趋势更符合实际情况,表明采用Bayes判别模型订正结冰现象是合理、可行的。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on