中国木本植物物候对气温变化的响应

本文利用全国21个站的木本植物物候资料和全国599个站的逐日气温资料,分析了1963~1988年中国木本植物物候对气温变化的响应,研究表明:26年来,植物春季物候期与春季气温在全国总体呈负相关,气温越高,物候期越提前;植物秋季物候期与秋季气温在全国呈正相关,但相关性没有春季物候期显著;我国木本植物物候生长季长度有明显的南-北向梯度,早春气温对植物物候生长季的影响比秋末气温对其影响更大。      

中国木本植物物候变化特征分析

利用1963—1988年中国木本植物物候观测资料,运用趋势分析的方法研究了26 a来全国21个站的木本植物物候变化特征。结果表明:26 a来,全国各地区木本植物春季物候期和秋季物候期大体上都是推迟的,1976—1988年与1963—1975年相比,绝大多数植物物候期都有明显推迟,部分植物物候期推迟了10 d以上。     

气候变暖对石家庄春季物候的影响

利用统计方法分析了1965-2007年石家庄春季物候特征,研究了春季物候期与日平均气温稳定通过指示温度日期之间的关系,探讨了气候变暖对石家庄春季物候的影响。结果表明：石家庄春季物候期呈提前趋势;物候期与日平均气温稳定通过指示温度日期的关系是正相关,即日平均气温稳定通过指示温度的日期提早,则物候期提前,反之则物候期推迟;早春、仲春物候与2-4月气温相关性最大,晚春物候与春季气温相关性最大,春季物候对温度的响应不同;春季物候发生转折的时期与气温突变（或转折）的时期同步或紧随其后;春季物候异常偏晚年主要分布在20世纪90年代之前,异常偏早年主要分布在90年代之后,物候异常偏早年通常是气候异常偏暖年,物候异常偏晚年不一定是气候异常偏冷年,但通常是气候异常度为负值的年份。     

粤中地区木本植物春季物候特征及其对气候变化的响应

根据1982-2012年高要气象站自然物候和气象观测资料,利用线性回归、相关分析等方法研究了近30 a来粤中地区木本植物木棉、苦楝春季物候特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明,粤中地区木本植物春季物候期总体呈提前趋势,苦楝展叶始期、开花盛期平均每年提前0.4 d和0.8 d,木棉开花盛期、展叶始期平均每年提前0.8 d和1.1 d。冬季平均气温、春季平均气温、年平均气温以及前期≥10℃积温均与苦楝、木棉展叶始期、开花盛期呈显著负相关,其中,2-3月平均气温对苦楝、木棉春季物候期的影响最为显著,高要市2-3月平均气温上升1℃,苦楝展叶始期、开花盛期分别提前5.4 d和6.9 d,木棉开花盛期、展叶始期分别提前6.6 d和8.0 d。物候期特征可作为评估区域气候变化的一个衡量指标,为当地生态系统保护、新物种引进、农时预报和农林业发展等提供参考。     

吉林省蒲公英物候特征及其对气候变暖的响应

利用数理统计方法,对在气候变暖背景下吉林省蒲公英物候期变化进行分析,探讨了蒲公英物候期变化与春季、秋季气温的关系。结果表明：自1980年以来,吉林省春、秋季增温显著,且秋季较春季明显;吉林省西部地区展叶期推迟,黄枯期提前,生长季缩短;中部地区基本无变化;东部地区展叶期提前,黄枯期推迟,生长季延长。温度和物候期的变化趋势均有明显的地域特征,展叶期变化趋势在地域分布上恰好与春季气温一致,在湿润的东部地区,黄枯变化趋势与秋季气温一致,在干旱的西部地区,枯黄期变化趋势与秋季气温变化相反。探讨了对东西部物候期变化截然相反趋势的原因,并通过线性回归分别建立了各站物候期的温度模型。     

中国植物物候变化特征及其对降水变化的响应

利用1963~1988年中国木本草本植物物候观测资料,运用趋势分析和相关分析方法,研究了26年中国20个物候站点植物始展叶期、始花期、始落叶(黄枯)期物候变化特征及其对降水变化的响应。结果表明:1963~1988年我国植物始展叶期、始花期、始落叶(黄枯)期均以推迟趋势为主;春季始展叶期、始花期,东北、华北以提前趋势为主,其他各区以推迟趋势为主;秋季始落叶(黄枯)期华北以提前趋势为主,其他各区以推迟趋势为主;1980年前后的物候期变化与1963~1988年的变化相同;春季物候期平均值差异多在-3~6天,秋季物候期平均值差异多在-10~10天;我国植物的始展叶期、始花期、始落叶(黄枯)期对于之前月份的累积降水量有不同程度的响应,物候期对该物候期前1月至前3月的累积降水量响应最为明显;我国春季物候期与降水量以正相关为主,秋季物候期与降水量则以负相关为主。      

影响鲁西南木本植物秋季物候期的气象要素分析

选取鲁西南地区1981—2020年旱柳、榆树、合欢、楝树4种不同科属典型木本植物物候期资料,结合当地相应时期的气候资料进行相关性分析,研究气象要素变化对不同种类木本植物秋季物候期产生的影响。结果表明：（1）鲁西南地区1981—2020年平均日平均气温、平均日最低气温均呈极显著上升趋势,上升速率分别为0482 ℃/10 a、0609 ℃/10 a。（2）受气候变化影响,鲁西南地区四种木本植物的秋季物候期均呈推迟趋势,榆树、旱柳对于气候变化的敏感度高于其他两种木本植物,木本植物的秋季物候期中落叶末期对气候变化响应最为强烈。（3）鲁西南地区木本植物秋季物候期变化受气温、地温、风速的影响较大,其中气温、地温越高,木本植物秋季物候期会出现的越晚;风速越大,木本植物秋季物候期会出现的越早。（4）鲁西南地区木本植物秋季物候期虽受日照、降水、空气湿度等气象要素影响,但影响并不显著。     

青岛地区气候变化对动物物候变化的影响研究

基于青岛地区气候和动物物候观测资料,分析了气候和动物物候变化特征及两者之间的相关关系。1986—2016年青岛地区蚱蝉始鸣期表现为小幅波动变化,蟋蟀的始鸣期则呈先显著推迟后显著提前的变化趋势,青蛙和家燕的始鸣期均有显著推迟的趋势。以上4种动物的绝鸣期均显著提前,间隔期均明显缩短。受全球气候变暖的影响,青岛地区气温表现为显著增温趋势,日照时数和平均风速均呈显著减小趋势,而降水对气候变暖的响应较小。日照时数的减少对4种动物物候期的影响最大,有利于4种动物绝鸣期的提前和间隔期的缩短以及家燕始鸣期的推迟;蟋蟀和青蛙的物候期对气温有明显的响应,蚱蝉和家燕对气温的变化不敏感;风速的减小有利于蚱蝉、家燕绝鸣期的提前和间隔期的缩短,但却导致青蛙绝鸣期的推迟和间隔期的延长。多种气候因子共同作用决定了动物物候期的变化。除气候条件对动物物候期变化的影响之外,动物之间食物链的制约关系在一定程度上也对物候变化有影响。     

广东木棉、苦楝主要物候期温度指标及其农业气候意义

根据广东省气象观测资料和农业气象观测站的物候观测资料,计算出木棉和苦楝展叶期和开花期温度指标,并分析其对应的农业气候意义,同时分析了当前气候变暖背景下物候期对温度的响应。结果表明:木棉开花始期的指示温度为11℃,苦楝展叶始期的指示温度为10℃;由于气候增暖,上世纪80年代以后,稳定通过物候期指示温度的日期明显有提早的趋势,春季物候期也明显提前。     

气温对巴楚县乔木物候的影响

利用新疆巴楚气象站1987—2013年物候资料和气象资料,运用线性回归、t检验、相关分析等方法,分析了巴楚县气温和乔木物候期的变化特征,以及气温对植物物候期的影响。结果表明：近27a巴楚县乔木春季展叶始期表现出明显提前趋势,秋季叶变色始期表现出推迟趋势,生长季明显延长;3月份气温对展叶始期的影响最显著,巴楚县3月份气温每上升1℃,乔木展叶始期提前2.6d。     

气温对吐鲁番地区木本植物春季物候的影响

利用吐鲁番和鄯善1980-2004年气象资料以及同期春季物候资料,统计分析了吐鲁番地区气温和木本植物春季物候的变化趋势及其相关性;各物候间的相关关系以及不同时段气温变化对物候的影响。在此基础上探讨了未来气候变化对吐鲁番地区木本植物春季物候的可能影响。     

鲁西南木本植物生长季及物候期持续日数对气候变暖的响应

以1981-2010年中国鲁西南地区的植物为研究对象,采用统计分析法研究7种木本植物生长季与物候期持续日数对气候变暖的响应规律。结果表明：1981-2010年中国鲁西南地区气温呈极显著上升趋势（p<0.01）,随着气候变暖,木本植物春季物候期间隔缩短,秋季物候期间隔延长,全生长季延长,且全生长季变化趋势比各物候持续期变化趋势明显;展叶持续期主要与上月、当月和持续月平均气温呈负相关,其中梧桐展叶持续期与当月平均气温呈极显著负相关（p<0.01）;旱柳和刺槐开花持续期与持续月平均气温呈显著正相关（p<0.05）;叶变色持续期和落叶持续期与上月、当月、结束月和持续月平均气温呈正相关,其中旱柳与平均气温达到显著正相关（p<0.05）。木本植物全生长季与气温呈正相关,其中旱柳生长季变化对气候变暖的响应最敏感,其次是榆树、梧桐和楝树生长季变化对气候变暖的响应较敏感;随着年平均气温每升高1 ℃,植物生长季延长3.0-20.0 d;年平均最高气温每升高1℃,生长季延长5.0-14.0 d;年平均最低气温每升高1 ℃,生长季延长2.0-18.0 d。     

Assessment of the impact of climate change on the olive flowering in Calabria (southern Italy)

In phenological studies, plant development and its relationship with meteorological conditions are considered in order to investigate the influence of climatic changes on the characteristics of many crop species. In this work, the impact of climate change on the flowering of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.) in Calabria, southern Italy, has been studied. Olive is one of the most important plant species in the Mediterranean area and, at the same time, Calabria is one of the most representative regions of this area, both geographically and climatically. The work is divided into two main research activities. First, the behaviour of olive tree in Calabria and the influence of temperature on phenological phases of this crop are investigated. An aerobiological method is used to determine the olive flowering dates through the analysis of pollen data collected in three experimental fields for an 11-year study period (1999–2009). Second, the study of climate change in Calabria at high spatial and temporal resolution is performed. A dynamical downscaling procedure is applied for the regionalization of large-scale climate analysis derived from general circulation models for two representative climatic periods (1981–2000 and 2081–2100); the A2 IPCC scenario is used for future climate projections. The final part of this work is the integration of the results of the two research activities to predict the olive flowering variation for the future climatic conditions. In agreement with our previous works, we found a significant correlation between the phenological phases and temperature. For the twenty-first century, an advance of pollen season in Calabria of about 9?days, on average, is expected for each degree of temperature rise. From phenological model results, on the basis of future climate predictions over Calabria, an anticipation of maximum olive flowering between 10 and 34?days is expected, depending on the area. The results of this work are useful for adaptation and mitigation strategies, and for making concrete assessments about biological and environmental changes.     

呼伦湖湿地消长对气象水文因子变化的响应

利用1961—2005年呼伦湖湿地的气象及水文资料,基于灰色关联度分析、Mann-Kendall检验及小波分析、回归统计等方法,分析了湿地消长对气象水文因子变化的响应特征。结果表明:年与夏季气候在湿地消长中起主导作用。区域年降水量每增加10 mm,年降水量的直接作用是使湿地水域面积和水位深度分别增加2.6 km2和1.6 cm;年径流量每增加1×108 m3,湿地水域面积和水位深度分别增加4.8 km2和3.0 cm。45年来,湿地消长对影响因子连续变化过程的响应特征具有一致性,特别在20世纪90年代后响应更显著,湿地萎缩加快;气温与降水量变化在湿地水域面积、水位深度消长中的贡献率分别为33.1%与66.9%,22.5%与77.5%,降水量变化起主导作用。湿地消长对影响因子的多时间尺度周期性具有很好的响应。在27年的年代际尺度主周期与11~16年次周期、2~10年年际尺度准周期的叠加作用下,45年来,湿地消长出现了2次减少、1次增加的周期过程,并呈现短周期波动特征。     

Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Tropical Asian Forests Through an Influence on Phenology

Changes in plant phenology will be one of the earliest responses to rapid global climate change and could potentially have serious consequences both for plants and for animals that depend on periodically available plant resources. Phenological patterns are most diverse and least understood in the tropics. In those parts of tropical Asia where low temperature or drought impose a seasonal rest period, regular annual cycles of growth and reproduction predominate at the individual, population, and community level. In aseasonal areas, individuals and populations show a range of sub- to supra-annual periodicities, with an overall supra-annual reproductive periodicity at the community level. There is no evidence for photoperiod control of phenology in the Asian tropics, and seasonal changes in temperature are a likely factor only near the northern margins. An opportunistic response to water availability is the simplest explanation for most observed patterns where water is seasonally limiting, while the great diversity of phenological patterns in the aseasonal tropics suggests an equal diversity of controls. The robustness of current phenological patterns to high interannual and spatial variability suggests that most plant species will not be seriously affected by the phenological consequences alone of climate change. However, some individual plant species may suffer, and the consequences of changes in plant phenology for flower- and fruit-dependent animals in fragmented forests could be serious.     

气候变暖对宁夏引黄灌区春小麦生产的影响

 对宁夏引黄灌区10个观测站1961-2004年春小麦生长发育期（3月上旬至7月上旬）的气温进行分析,结果表明：宁夏引黄灌区春小麦生长期的气候明显变暖。t检验结果表明,春小麦生长发育期日平均气温的突变发生在1989年,突变后的气温比突变前升高了0.7℃。在春小麦生长发育各阶段,气温都有所升高,但没有超出春小麦生长发育的适宜温度范围。引黄灌区春小麦的温度敏感系数在3月中旬至4月上旬及5月上旬至6月上旬为正值,这两个时段的气候变暖有利于春小麦生产;6月中旬至7月上旬及4月中下旬温度敏感系数为负值,这两个时段的气候变暖不利于春小麦生产。总体而言,气候变暖对春小麦单产的贡献为-2.6%。     

气候变暖对宁夏引黄灌区春小麦生产的影响

对宁夏引黄灌区10个观测站1961-2004年春小麦生长发育期（3月上旬至7月上旬）的气温进行分析,结果表明：宁夏引黄灌区春小麦生长期的气候明显变暖。t检验结果表明,春小麦生长发育期日平均气温的突变发生在1989年,突变后的气温比突变前升高了0.7℃。在春小麦生长发育各阶段,气温都有所升高,但没有超出春小麦生长发育的适宜温度范围。引黄灌区春小麦的温度敏感系数在3月中旬至4月上旬及5月上旬至6月上旬为正值,这两个时段的气候变暖有利于春小麦生产;6月中旬至7月上旬及4月中下旬温度敏感系数为负值,这两个时段的气候变暖不利于春小麦生产。总体而言,气候变暖对春小麦单产的贡献为-2.6%。     

用树木物候期做玉米播种期预报

利用呼和浩特1971—2007年气象资料与1988—2007年物候资料,分析了玉米适宜播种期与春季树木物候期的相互关系。结果表明:春季树木物候期与气温存在很好的相关性,用冬春季气温预报春季树木物候期,再由树木物候期确定玉米适播期,或用树木已出现的物候期预测下一个物候期,从而预报玉米适播期等方法均取得较好的预报效果。     

Effects of climate change and agronomic practice on changes in wheat phenology

Phenological changes in crops affect efficient agricultural production and can be used as important biological indicators of local and regional climate change. Although crop phenological changes and their responses to climate change, especially temperature, have been investigated, the impact of agronomic practice such as cultivar shifts and planted date changes on crop phenology remains unclear. Here, we used a long-term dataset (1981–2010) of wheat phenology and associated local weather data from 48 agro-meteorological stations in four temperature zones in China to analyze phenological changes of spring and winter wheat. Trend analysis method was used to estimate changes in the date of growth stages and the duration of growth phases, while sensitivity analysis method was used to qualify the response of growth phase duration to mean temperature (T_mean), total precipitation (PRE), and total sunshine duration (SSD). Using the Crop Environment Resource Synthesis-wheat model, we isolated the impacts of climate change, cultivar selection, and sowing date on phenological change of wheat. Results show that phenological changes were greatest in the warm-temperate zone. Sensitivity analysis indicates that growth phase duration was generally negatively related to T_mean and positively related to PRE and SSD. The positive sensitivity response to T_mean occurred in the tillering to jointing and sowing to maturity growth periods in the warmer temperature zones, suggesting that warmer temperatures during the overwintering period hampered effective vernalization in winter wheat. Modeling results further indicate that reductions in wheat growth duration caused by climate change could be offset by the introduction of new cultivars with high thermal requirements and accelerated with delayed sowing date.     

Climatic conditions and their impact on viticulture in the Upper Moselle region

Climate parameters, especially temperature, sunlight, and precipitation, play a decisive role in growing and maturing processes. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between climate variability and variations in phenological events in viticulture. Long time series of daily meteorological observations are used to quantify these relations. The primary aim is to predict the date of phenological events by relationships between plant morphology and environmental conditions. Causal relationships between environment and internal activities of the vine (phytochemistry, cellular interactions, molecular and cell biology) are not our focus. The dates of the phenological events are important for planning treatments in the vineyards like pest management, for predicting the duration of the ripening phase and estimating the quality of the grapes and the vintage. The focus is layed on the region of the Upper Moselle, especially the Luxembourgian viticulture. First the regional climate and the phenological states of different vine varieties during the time period 1951?C2005 are analysed. Significant trends are detected in annual, spring and summer temperatures. Vine phenology is also found to have changed significantly; budburst date and flowering events occur earlier by about two weeks. In a second step, relationships between phenological events and climate parameters are used to develop a prediction model. The parameterisation used in this study is based on a linear multiple regression method with forward and backward steps. The predictors tested are mainly temperature means for different time periods or temperature derived indices. In addition precipitation and sunshine duration for different time periods are evaluated, but only the temperature based predictors showed sufficient skill. For the budburst event, the significant predictors are the accumulated degree days in March, the mean daily maximum temperature in April and the accumulated frost days from January to March. The flowering event is best predicted by the accumulated degree days in May and April, the mean daily maximum temperature in June, and the date of the budburst event. Depending on the vine variety and the phenological event, the model explains 80?C89% of the variance and has a correlation coefficient above 0.90 with the observations.