Robustness of the holistic seismic risk evaluation in urban centers using the USRi

The Urban Seismic Risk index (USRi) published in a previous article (Carreño et al., Nat Hazards 40:137–172, 2007) is a composite indicator that measures risk from an integrated perspective and guides decision-making for identifying the main interdisciplinary factors of vulnerability to be reduced or intervened. The first step of the method is the evaluation of the potential physical damage (hard approach) as a result of the convolution of the seismic hazard with the physical vulnerability of buildings and infrastructure. Subsequently, a set of social context conditions that aggravate the physical effects is also considered (soft approach). According to this procedure, the physical risk index is evaluated for each unit of analysis from existing loss scenarios, whereas the total risk index is obtained by multiplying the former index by an impact factor using an aggravating coefficient, based on variables associated with the socio-economic conditions of each unit of analysis. The USRi has been developed using the underlying holistic and multi-hazard approach of the Urban Risk Index framework proposed for the evaluation of disaster risk in different megacities worldwide. This article presents the sensitivity analysis of the index to different parameters such as input data, weights and transformation functions used for the scaling or normalization of variables. This analysis has been performed using the Monte Carlo simulation to validate the robustness of this composite indicator, understanding as robustness how the cities maintain the ranking as well as predefined risk level ranges, when compared with the deterministic results of risk. Results are shown for different cities of the world.     

安徽阜阳中心城区地面沉降灾害风险评价

阜阳市作为地面沉降的典型城市,近年来,地面沉降已成为阻碍城市发展的重要地质环境问题。研究结合阜阳市现行地质条件,从地面沉降现状、自然因素与人类活动三个方面建立适用于阜阳市的地面沉降危险性评价指标体系,从地面高程、人口密度、单位面积GDP、工程重要性分布4个方面建立易损性评价指标体系共同组建风险性评价指标体系,引入层次分析法-综合指数法完成阜阳市地面沉降风险评价。依据评价结果提出针对性防控建议,取得的研究成果可为阜阳市国土空间开发规划与社会经济发展提供地学依据。     

Earthquake risk assessment in urban fabrics based on physical,socioeconomic and response capacity parameters (a case study: Tehran city)

Determination of the priorities for improvement of vulnerable urban fabrics based on a comprehensive assessment is among the main desires of local governments in earthquake-prone countries like Iran. However, in most countries, the comprehensive and absolute estimation of seismic risk is not possible due to shortages of the required data. In this paper, a new method is proposed for estimation of the risk through combination of hazard, vulnerability and response capacity indicators. Also, new evaluation methods based on relative scheme are presented for simple quantification of indicators in urban areas suffering from limited or insufficient database. For this purpose, important vulnerability parameters at urban areas are classified into physical, human life and socioeconomic groups. New hazard factors are also defined to evaluate the risk through combination of each vulnerability indicator and its directly related hazard factor. In addition, the capacity of response activities is accounted for in the model using planning, resource, accessibility and evacuation capacity indicators. The post-earthquake reduction of response capacity is also measured by means of reduction factors. Then, total relative seismic risk index is defined and calculated at each urban division (or zone) by weighted combination of the mentioned risk and response capacity indicators. This index represents the state of the risk in each zone in comparison with the others. The proposed method is applied to assess the earthquake risk at 22 municipal districts of Tehran. The results show that physical, human life and overall risk indices in district 15 of the city are considerably greater than the others. Meanwhile, in socioeconomic aspects, district 6 has the highest risk. Also, the analysis of the results demonstrates the major contribution of the response capacity term to determine the mitigation priorities. Finally, the results are compared with JICA (2000), using the same data, to show the efficiency of the proposed model. It is shown that the introduced method can significantly improve the results of the risk estimation and mitigation priorities.     

Integrated risk assessment method of waterlog disaster in Huaihe River Basin of China

Regional waterlog disaster integrated risk system, affected by natural, social, and economic systems and its combination relationship, is a complex system with certain structure and function. Waterlog disaster integrated risk results from the combined effects of regional environment, impact factors, vulnerability, and disaster-reducing capability of flood hazards in the drainage area. Waterlog disaster integrated risk system can be divided into four subsystems of hazard, vulnerability, disaster-reducing capability, and disaster conditions. Evaluation indexes are selected using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method, and the evaluation index system is established. Then, the waterlog disaster integrated risk evaluation model is proposed based on set pair analysis method. Taking Huaihe river in Anhui Province of China as the typical area in this study, the results show that the proposed approach is able to obtain the spatial distribution characteristics of waterlog hazard, vulnerability, mitigation capabilities, and integrated disaster risk within the study area. From the quantitative point of view, identification of the areas with high flood risk can provide a scientific basis for the flood management and technical support.     

Integrated risk assessment method of waterlog disaster in Huaihe River Basin of China

Regional waterlog disaster integrated risk system, affected by natural, social, and economic systems and its combination relationship, is a complex system with certain structure and function. Waterlog disaster integrated risk results from the combined effects of regional environment, impact factors, vulnerability, and disaster-reducing capability of flood hazards in the drainage area. Waterlog disaster integrated risk system can be divided into four subsystems of hazard, vulnerability, disaster-reducing capability, and disaster conditions. Evaluation indexes are selected using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method, and the evaluation index system is established. Then, the waterlog disaster integrated risk evaluation model is proposed based on set pair analysis method. Taking Huaihe river in Anhui Province of China as the typical area in this study, the results show that the proposed approach is able to obtain the spatial distribution characteristics of waterlog hazard, vulnerability, mitigation capabilities, and integrated disaster risk within the study area. From the quantitative point of view, identification of the areas with high flood risk can provide a scientific basis for the flood management and technical support.

     

信息量模型在塌岸灾害风险评价中的应用

塌岸灾害风险与塌岸灾害特点及人类社会经济活动密切相关,其风险评价涉及诸多因素.将信息量法应用于塌岸灾害风险预测库,建立了相关的信息量模型及评价指标;以重庆万州区和平广场地段为例,在三峡水库蓄水条件下,分别对塌岸灾害的危险性、易损性、风险性进行了综合预测研究.研究结果表明,塌岸评价指标选取合理,塌岸高危险性的单元与不良地质现象、库岸侵蚀和库岸类型密切相关;塌岸灾害易损性与人类社会经济活动及不良地质现象相关;塌岸高风险区主要集中在塌岸高危险性及高易损性单元,或受人口、建筑物分布影响的塌岸中等危险性的单元.     

Volcanic Risk Assessment and Mapping in the Vesuvian Area Using GIS

This paper assesses the risk to people and property from lava flow hazard in the Vesuvian area of Italy using a Geographical Information System (GIS). The intense urbanisation and dense population near Mt. Vesuvius make the area very hazardous. Due to the large amount of available data, GIS is an essential tool to facilitate risk evaluation and constant monitoring of the zone. This analysis is based mainly on a lava flow hazard map of Mt. Vesuvius, determined from volcanic activity between 1631 and 1944. A land-use zonation map of the area was created in order to show areal distribution of the resources, built-up centres and population. For each of the 17 municipalities in the area, demographic and urban data were entered into the GIS database and linked to each appropriate geographic unit in order to create a set of reference maps at the 1:50 000 scale. The lava flow hazard map was overlain on the land use map, and spatial and numerical information of risk were extracted from the resulting maps.     

基于综合指数法的泰莱盆地岩溶塌陷风险性评价

泰莱盆地岩溶地面塌陷始发于20世纪60年代,至今岩溶塌陷地质灾害仍不断发生,造成了日趋严重的经济损失和社会影响。本文将泰莱盆地作为整体研究对象,在对工作区地质环境条件进行充分分析的基础上,选取了包括岩溶塌陷影响因子及能反应社会影响的易损因子（包括灾损敏感因子和抗损强度因子）在内的共计12项指标作为岩溶塌陷评价要素,建立了研究区风险性评价体系;然后,利用层次分析法（AHP）计算各评价要素的权重,结合已有资料绘制各指标分级图并分别赋值;最后,利用MAPGIS软件叠加计算风险性指标,依据风险性分级标准进行研究区岩溶塌陷风险性评价分级区划。结果表明:高风险区主要分布在泰安市城区火车站、訾家灌庄、东羊娄—旧县一带;莱芜市大王庄镇孤山—后枯河及铁矿区孟公清、泉河一带,这些区域多位于水源地周边或矿山企业排水区,高强度的抽排地下水是岩溶塌陷发生的最主要的致塌因素。      

岩溶塌陷地质灾害的评价方法探讨

利用层次分析法确定了岩溶塌陷地质灾害危险性评价指标的权重,并采用综合指数模型计算了岩溶塌陷地质灾害的危险性指数,通过量化的危险性指数分级,划分了岩溶塌陷的危险性大小,这种方法对今后地质灾害危险性评估中岩溶塌陷的评价具有一定指导意义。     

黄河上游地区崩塌滑坡泥石流地质灾害风险评价

本文在对黄河上游地区崩塌、滑坡、泥石流进行野外地质调查和资料收集的基础上,确定了灾害风险评价的主要影响要素和指标体系,进行了以县(市、旗)为单元的风险评价。评价单元共116个。研究区地质灾害风险共分为5级,高风险单元3个,较高风险单元8个,中等风险单元24个,较低风险单元54个,低风险单元27个。风险评价结果表明,评价区内不同地区崩滑流灾害风险程度相对差异较大,总体分布特点是中部地区较高,北部和南部较低。从风险指数的结果来看,有些风评价单元的风险指数非常接近临界值,一旦危险性条件和易损性条件发生改变,将会引起地质灾害的风险级别发生变化。因此,在西部大开发的进程中,无论是在开发资源还是进行各种工程活动,都应注意保护环境,避免地质灾害向着严重的方向发展。      

西南典型矿业城市土壤及近地表大气尘中重金属污染特征及评价——以攀枝花市为例

以攀枝花市为研究区域,分别采用富集因子法、潜在生态危害系数法和单因子指数-内梅罗综合污染指数法有针对性地对土壤和近地表大气尘中As,Cd,Cr,Cu,V,Zn和Ni七种重金属污染状况进行了综合性评价。结果表明,攀枝花宝鼎煤矿区和攀钢片区土壤及近地表大气尘中的重金属含量较高,均超过四川省土壤背景值。富集因子指数分析表明,研究区重金属污染受到人为活动的影响较大,污染也较为严重,其中Zn和Cd的富集情况较为显著,Cd,V,Zn,Cu为主要污染因子。潜在生态危害系数结果表明,在各元素中,绝大多数元素处于轻微生态危害,Cd 8个点位处于强生态危害,7个点位处于很强生态危害,处于中等生态危害的占5%,处于强生态危害的占47%,处于很强生态危害的占41%,土壤中Cd元素的潜在生态危险最高,其余元素处于轻微生态危险状态。单因子指数-内梅罗综合污染指数分析结果表明,Cd,Cr和Ni元素在宝鼎煤矿区和攀钢片区都存在重度污染,Cd(7.70),Cr(3.38),Cu(4.49),V(3.62),Zn(3.68)和Ni(5.80)存在重度污染,As(2.07)存在中度污染。     

灾害学定义之下的土壤盐碱化风险评价

为改善灌区中低产地的产量、提高其田间管理及粮食综合生产能力、防止土壤盐碱化灾害的扩展,在土壤盐碱化灾害学研究的基础上,建立了土壤盐碱化灾害风险评价指标体系。选用基于熵权的灰色关联评价方法来构建土壤盐碱化灾害风险评价模型,根据标准自然灾害风险原理,建立土壤盐碱化灾害风险指数计算模型。在松原灌区土壤盐碱化灾害风险评价中的应用表明,灌区各灌片盐碱灾害风险值为0.10～0.36,属于中度风险和重度风险区,风险值由小到大排序为：前郭片、安字片、有字片、龙海片、水字片、大布苏片、潜字片、套浩太片、戎字片、红星片、洪字片。该模型与灌区实情符合较好,客观性较强,表明所建模型可用于土壤盐碱化灾害风险评价。     

城市泥石流风险评价探讨

探讨了城市泥石流风险评价的系统方法,该方法包括泥石流扇形地危险区划、城市易损性分析和城市泥石流风险评价三个主要内容。泥石流堆积扇危险区划是基于数值模拟计算出的泥深和流速分布图进行叠合完成的。以美国高分辨率的“快鸟”卫星影像为数据源,完成了研究区的城市土地覆盖类型遥感解译,在此基础上完成了城市泥石流易损性分析,应用地理信息系统提供的统计和分析工具,完成了研究区泥石流风险评价。该风险区划图可用于指导对泥石流易泛区的不同风险地带的土地利用进行规划和决策,从而达到规避和减轻灾害的目的,也为生活在泥石流危险区的城市居民提供有关灾害风险信息,以作避难和灾害防治的依据。     

城市地质环境风险性分区评价体系

城市地质环境风险性分区评价体系由三级指标体系和三层次用户体系构成.一级指标体系反映城市地质环境风险性分区评价指标;二级指标体系反映城市地质环境条件基础性、城市地质灾害危险性和城市地球化学脆弱性分区评价指标;三级指标体系反映城市地质环境基本组成元素的评价指标.3个不同级别的评价结果主要应用于政府决策机构、城市规划部门、城市管理和建设设计部门3个不同层次的用户.     

矿山地质灾害危险性指数探讨

矿山地质灾害危险性评估是一项新的工作,矿山范围的保护对象是矿山地质灾害危险性评估的价值取向．是矿产资源开发与地质环境保护的技术、经济和安全合理性的价值尺度。矿山地质灾害危险性指数是评价矿山开采适宜性非常重要的概念,矿山地质灾害危险性指数内涵及其分析方法的提出,对于一般性地认识矿山地质灾害的危险性有着重要的现实意义,为加强矿山地质环境指标体系研究开拓新的思路和方法。     

滑坡治理工程效果评估方法研究

滑坡治理是一项系统工程,其防治效果的评估更是一项复杂的综合分析与评价过程。通过对大量滑坡地质灾害防治工程实例的现场调研、对比分析,利用系统工程分析原理对滑坡治理工程防治效果评价进行了探索研究。本文将滑坡治理工程防治效果评估划分成1个多层次、多指标的多级评价过程,以定性与定量评价相结合的方式,从滑坡地质勘察、设计、施工组织以及工程监测等整个治理流程上,分阶段建立各自相应的子目标层评估指标体系。在此基础上,结合"边坡不稳定指数(SII)"分析方法,利用各子目标层的评价结果作为最终的评价因子,建立了综合评估模型——滑坡治理工程"效果评估指数(AEI)"法,实例应用显示此方法能够实现对滑坡防治效果的全面分析与评价。     

基于AHP和模糊综合评判的TBM施工风险评估

岩石隧洞建设中面临很大和众多的风险,利用TBM施工的深埋长隧洞受多种不确定因素影响,具有随机性和模糊性,目前的研究方法难以对其进行准确定量分析。通过深入分析影响TBM施工的风险因素,建立了TBM施工风险综合评价指标体系。基于风险影响因素的层次性,提出了TBM施工风险二级模糊综合评判计算模型,并利用层次分析法(AHP)确定各级因素权重,利用模糊集法确定隶属函数,划分了风险接受等级。以南水北调西线工程深埋长隧洞TBM施工为例,应用二级模糊综合评判计算模型对该工程TBM施工风险进行分析,计算结果表明,该方法是合理性实用的。其理论、方法、思路和结论可供同类工程借鉴。     

Regional disaster risk evaluation of China based on the universal risk model

A comprehensive understanding and scientific evaluation of natural disasters risk is not only the basis of disaster prevention and mitigation, but also the urgent needs of the economic and social sustainable development. Disaster risk evaluation index system in accordance with Chinese reality was constructed, which contains 5 second-class indicators and 28 third-class indicators; moreover, the universal risk evaluation model was designed combined with nonlinear damage evaluation method; then, the disaster risk of China’s 31 provinces was evaluated, as well as the urban risk ranking and risk map of 31 provinces were presented. The evaluation results can make us see the urban risk situation clearly and intuitively, which helps the related department to clearly focus on their work, as well as provides theoretical guidance for the national and local disaster prevention and mitigation planning.     

全国地质灾害趋势预测及预测图编制

区域地质灾害预测是地质灾害研究的难题。本文运用基于地理信息系统的风险评价方法对这一问题进行了探讨。将全国剖分为２７００个单元，对地质灾害进行现状评价，并与已数字化的地质灾害图件进行单要素叠加，编制了全国地质现状等值线图，在现状评价基础上，对地质灾害进行趋势预测，将降雨条件、区域地震活动、区域地壳稳定程度、区域岩组条件和人类工程活动等作为区域地质灾害演变的因素，运用模糊综合评判模型进行综合评判，编制了１：６００万中国地质灾害趋势预测图。     

A method for na-tech risk assessment as supporting tool for land use planning mitigation strategies

Hazardous industrial sites have always represented a threat for the community often provoking major accidents overcoming the boundaries of the plants and affecting the surrounding urban areas. If the industrial sites are located in natural hazard-prone areas, technological accidents may be triggered by natural events, generating so-called na-tech events which may modify and increase the impact and the overall damage in the areas around them. Nevertheless, natural and technological hazards are still treated as two separate issues, and up to now the methods for na-tech risk assessment have been developed mainly for specific natural hazards, generally restricted to some plant typologies and to the area of the plant itself. Based on a review of the current na-tech literature, this article illustrates a risk assessment method as a supporting tool for land use planning strategies aimed at reducing na-tech risk in urban areas. More specifically, a multi attribute decision-making method, combined with fuzzy techniques, has been developed. The method allows planners to take into account, according to different territorial units, all the individual na-tech risk factors, measured through both quantitative and qualitative parameters, while providing them with a na-tech risk index, useful to rank the territorial units and to single out the priority intervention areas. The method is designed to process information generally available about hazardous plants (safety reports), natural hazards (hazard maps) and features of urban systems mainly influencing their exposure and vulnerability to na-tech events (common statistical territorial data). Furthermore, the method implemented into a GIS framework should easily provide planners with comparable maps to figure out the hazard factors and the main territorial features influencing the exposure and vulnerability of urban systems to na-tech events. The method has been tested on a middle-sized Municipality in the Campania Region, identified as 2nd class seismic zone, according to the Ordinance 3274/2003, in which a LPG storage plant, classified as a plant with major accident potential by the Seveso II Directive (art. 9), is located just within the city core.