新疆东准噶尔拉伊克勒克斑岩铜(钼)矿床成岩成矿年龄、地球化学特征及其意义

拉伊克勒克矿床是在第四系覆盖区新发现的隐伏斑岩铜(钼)矿床。采用LA-ICP-MS技术,对赋矿岩体英云闪长岩中的锆石和矿石中的辉钼矿分别进行锆石U-Pb同位素、Re-Os同位素和锆石Hf同位素测定及相应的研究。测得锆石U-Pb年龄为421.8±2.5Ma,辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄为409.1±2.6Ma,表明拉伊克勒克斑岩铜(钼)矿床形成于晚志留世—早泥盆世,与琼河坝地区主要斑岩矿床大规模成矿时间一致。英云闪长岩属过铝质-钙碱性系列花岗岩类,岩体具有较高的铝钙含量,K_2O/Na_2O值普遍偏低,介于0.16~0.29之间;稀土元素配分曲线呈现右倾特征,稀土元素总量较低,轻稀土元素相对富集,负Eu异常不明显。在微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,高场强元素Th、Nb、Ta、P、Ti等相对亏损,大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、U、K、Sr等相对富集。同时岩体具有高的正ε_(Hf)(t)值(10.98~15.01)和年轻的模式年龄(451~708Ma),暗示英云闪长岩体是大陆边缘弧环境下大洋板片熔融的产物,对进一步明确琼河坝地区斑岩型矿床的成矿环境和找矿方向具有重要意义。     

新疆东准乌伦布拉克斑岩型铜矿床元素迁移规律研究及成矿预测

乌伦布拉克铜矿床位于新疆东准北塔山地区,是中亚-兴蒙斑岩铜矿带的一部分,近年来在该成矿带的境外发现了多处大型铜矿床。我国新疆北部斑岩型铜矿床也取得突破,相继发现了希勒库都克、哈腊苏、琼河坝等斑岩型铜矿床,具有良好的找矿前景,因此乌伦布拉克铜矿床值得进一步深入研究。本文通过对新疆乌伦布拉克铜矿床15种微量元素和9种常量元素含量的系统研究,总结出元素富集贫化特征,并对这些元素含量随着主成矿元素Cu含量变化的规律性进行了探讨,筛选出指标元素,对这些元素进行迁移量计算。以试验区K04勘探线剖面为例,以多维异常体系为指导,对元素空间分布特征和成矿与未成矿地段的地球化学特征差异进行初步讨论。结果表明:赋矿闪长岩体中元素带入带出特征明显。成矿阶段发生明显带入的元素包括S、Cu、Ag、As、Sb、Mo、W和Se,以及H2O+等,发生明显带出的元素包括Ba、Sr、Rb、Fe2O3等,带出元素形成的负异常范围更大,涵盖了带入元素形成的正异常。综合利用不同属性的异常,不仅可以直接有效地指示矿(化)体产出位置,也为试验区进一步找矿提供了方向。     

黑龙江黑河争光金矿异常结构模式研究

黑龙江多宝山矿田争光金矿位于中亚-蒙古斑岩铜矿带东部,近年来在该矿田内发现了多处铜钼、金矿床,显示区内良好的找矿前景。本文对该金矿床钻孔岩石剖面及地表岩石剖面测量的地球化学数据进行系统研究,分析了元素富集贫化的特征及规律,并总结出争光金矿的异常结构模式。研究发现,试验区内Na_2O、Ba、Sr形成的负异常突出而明显,是本区的找矿标志;在这些负异常的基础上,再着重考虑矿化剂元素S、主成矿元素Au及其伴生元素Ag、Cd等元素的异常。利用这样的异常结构模式,提出了争光矿区下一步找矿方向,并为相同类型矿床的勘探提供参考。     

新疆拉伊克勒克斑岩铜矿3D电性结构与找矿指示

拉伊克勒克铜矿是最近在新疆东准噶尔地区发现的斑岩型铜多金属矿床,矿区地表为较厚的第四系覆盖,矿体主要赋存在隐伏英云闪长岩中,确定岩体的范围和三维形态是寻找矿体的关键环节。为了查明拉伊克勒克深部隐伏岩体的空间特征,为下一步勘探工作提供参考依据,在矿区进行了AMT探测,经过数据处理及反演得到了9条电阻率拟二维断面图。反演结果表明,拉伊克勒克深部隐伏岩体与上覆地层电阻率差异明显,呈现高阻特征;岩体外层的中阻层为找矿有利位置。通过对电阻率值进行3D克里金插值及可视化显示,建立了云英闪长岩体的3D电阻率模型,刻画了岩体的顶界面位置,揭示了岩体在深部的展布形态,为矿区下一步的找矿工作提供了参考依据。     

甘肃西部化石沟铜矿地质特征及其找矿标志

化石沟铜矿是近年来甘肃西部发现并评价的最具影响的铜矿床。矿体主要赋存于海西晚期的英云闪长岩和英云闪长斑岩中,近南北向的弧形断裂控制含矿岩体和地层的展布。硅化、绢英岩化、黑云母化蚀变与成矿呈正相关关系,且具斑岩型矿床的蚀变分带特征。表部发育的次生氧化带、硅化、绢英岩化、黑云母化及弧形构造带与含矿岩体的组合是矿床的直接找矿标志,激电异常及化探异常、重砂异常是矿床的间接找矿标志。目前各类找矿标志显示,化石沟矿区及外围具较大的找矿潜力,通过勘查找矿,化石沟铜矿有望成为大型乃至超大型矿床。     

新疆阿舍勒铜锌矿区英云闪长岩年代学及地球化学

对新疆阿尔泰南缘阿舍勒铜矿区英云闪长岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄测定,获得了375.3±2.1Ma和386.2±3.8 Ma的加权平均年龄,表明英云闪长岩形成于早泥盆世晚期—中泥盆世早期。岩石地球化学分析结果表明:所有岩石具有高SiO2(74.72%~77.72%)和中等的Al2O3(12.06%~13.5%)含量,低的P2O5(<0.04%)和CaO(0.34%~1.65%)含量,且具有贫碱(K2O+Na2O=5.84%~6.59%)、富钠(Na2O/K2O=3.3~10.9)、过铝质(A/CNK=1.10~1.18)特点;富集LREE和Th、U、Pb元素,贫P、Sr、Nb、Ta、Ti元素,呈现明显的Eu负异常(δEu=0.47~0.81),属低钾过铝质岩石。综合阿尔泰造山带南缘的区域地质资料及英云闪长岩的地球化学特征,认为阿舍勒铜锌矿区英云闪长岩是早中泥盆世的活动大陆边缘环境陆壳岩石部分熔融的产物。     

新疆青河县库布苏破碎蚀变岩型金矿元素迁移特征与规律研究

本文以新疆库布苏金矿北矿带为研究对象,讨论了库布苏金矿床北矿带元素活动特征,成矿及伴生元素、主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素的质量迁移规律;根据稀土元素的质量迁移、地球化学特征,初步探讨了成矿流体的环境条件和来源问题;并依据元素迁移地球化学图研究了库布苏北矿带105勘探线剖面的元素质量迁移程度和范围。研究结果表明,赋矿闪长玢岩脉及围岩的元素发生明显的带入带出作用,元素迁移活动规律明显,成矿阶段发生明显带入有Au、As、Bi、Ag、Sb、K2O、Si O2,说明引起闪长玢岩脉和接触带围岩蚀变的流体中富含Au、As、K2O、Si O2等,导致这些带入元素向矿体迁移富集;发生明显带出的有Ba、Sr、Cu、Mg O、Na2O、Fe2O3、Ca O,说明Ba、Sr、Mg O、Na2O等受热液蚀变作用随流体迁出。矿区岩脉的稀土元素质量变化显著,发生明显的带入带出,岩脉交代蚀变前后的轻重稀土分馏均明显,蚀变后的岩脉轻重稀土分馏程度有减小趋势。赋矿闪长玢岩脉稀土元素配分曲线右倾,轻稀土富集,轻重稀土分馏明显,Eu强烈负异常,Ce弱负异常,说明库布苏金矿成矿流体条件应为较高温度和还原环境。从围岩与脉岩中元素的迁移程度和迁移范围可见,带入的成矿指示元素有As、W、Sb、Bi,带出的成矿指示元素有Mg、Na。     

双江县勐库地区三叠纪岩脉体地质特征及意义

云南双江县勐库地区的花岗质岩脉,可分为英云闪长岩脉、花岗闪长岩脉和二长花岗岩脉,均属于临沧花岗岩的一部分。这些花岗质岩脉具有高Na_2O、Al_2O_3和低K_2O和TiO_2特征,A/NCK=0.58～1.17,属于准铝质-过铝质岩石;稀土配分曲线为右倾的轻稀土富集型,稀土元素总量较低,中等-强烈的Eu负异常;Rb、Th、Sm为明显的正异常,Ba、Zr元素负异常。其中花岗闪长岩脉LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为229±0.76Ma(n=18,MSWD=4.5)。通过对比,勐库地区的花岗质岩脉与区域上临沧花岗岩基的岩石学特征及侵位时代基本一致。     

西天山阿希金矿床围岩蚀变

阿希金矿是西天山地区典型的低硫型浅成低温热液型金矿床,发育了以矿体为中心,向外依次为硅化、黄铁绢英岩化和青磐岩化的蚀变分带。对矿区火山岩和蚀变岩型矿石的主量、微量元素进行了测试,并借助Isocon法对黄铁绢英岩化、硅化和石英-碳酸盐化进行了元素质量迁移定量计算。结果表明:黄铁绢英岩化岩石富集SiO_2、K_2O、Ag、As、Mo、Bi和Pb,亏损CaO、Na_2O、Sr、Cs和Ba;硅化过程中富集SiO_2、Bi、Pb、Ag和As,而MgO、CaO、Na_2O、Ba和U出现亏损;石英-碳酸盐化过程中元素迁移量较大,主要富集SiO_2、MgO、CaO、Li、Ba和As,亏损K_2O、Na_2O、P_2O_5、Pb和Zn等元素。结合蚀变岩石显微特征,认为热液蚀变过程中的元素迁移与矿物的蚀变或生成直接相关,而且含Au络合物在Au成矿中扮演重要角色。     

柴北缘牛鼻子梁地区闪长–花岗质岩体锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及地质意义

柴北缘牛鼻子梁地区出露大面积闪长–花岗质侵入岩,包括英云闪长岩、闪长岩、角闪闪长岩,本文对其进行了锆石U-Pb定年,结合全岩地球化学特征,探讨了英云闪长岩的岩石成因、形成时代及构造环境。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年分析获得英云闪长岩、闪长岩和角闪闪长岩的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别为346±1 Ma、343±1 Ma和338±1 Ma,限定了岩体的结晶时代为早石炭世。英云闪长岩的分布最为广泛,地球化学组成具有I型花岗岩的特征:①A/CNK都小于1, K_2O/Na_2O值小于1,显示出准铝质富钠的特征;②全碱含量(Na_2O+K_2O)介于4.83%～6.53%,里特曼指数(σ)在2.32左右,表现为钙碱性;③轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素分馏程度较低,基本无Eu异常;④高Sr、低Y,富集K、Rb、La等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ba、Ti、P等元素;⑤P_2O_5与SiO_2具明显负相关关系。综合研究认为英云闪长岩是来自下地壳物质部分熔融,属于晚古生代(早石炭世)柴达木地块与祁连地块的俯冲碰撞后伸展环境下岩浆活动的产物。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).