三种电离层延迟多频修正算法的比较

电离层延迟多频修正算法在修正电离层延迟的同时会放大观测噪声等伪距误差的影响。分析了电离层延迟双频修正、三频一阶修正和三频二阶修正三种修正算法及观测噪声的影响。以Galileo系统的四个载波频率为例,对不同频率组合下三种修正算法进行了比较。结果表明电离层延迟多频修正中,并不是观测量的频点数越多或修正掉的高阶项越多修正精度越高,还与观测伪距噪声的大小以及采用的修正方法有关。为多频测距系统的电离层延迟修正算法和最佳频率组合设计提供了一种可行的分析方法。     

三频BDS电离层延迟改正分析

针对电离层改正会引起观测噪声放大,尤其三频二阶改正致使观测噪声被过分放大的不足,该文分别推导了BDS电离层双频一阶改正、三频一阶改正和三频二阶改正模型及三频载波无电离层组合模型。改正电离层延迟的同时会不同程度地放大观测噪声,为此分析比较了各种方法改正后的观测值精度和观测噪声,并对不同方法的应用进行了分析。     

三频载波相位伪距平滑算法分析与比较

针对现代化卫星导航系统的三频新特点,本文推导了利用多频载波相位平滑单频伪距及组合伪距的一般算法,提出通用的计算方程和解析表达式,比对了三频GNSS系统中的3种平滑算法,并进行实测数据验证和分析。理论分析表明三频二阶伪距平滑算法噪声方差性能最差,三频一阶伪距平滑算法噪声方差性能与双频伪距平滑算法相当。     

多频载波相位混合伪距组合解算模糊度研究

基于多频载波相位混合伪距组合原理,根据无几何消电离层的限制条件,以组合后噪声最小为目标提出了优选模型,搜索得到适用于GPS中长基线模糊度解算的典型组合;进而研究了利用电离层延迟平滑改进的多频模糊度解算方法,对GPS三频仿真中长基线数据进行了实验。结果表明,采用实时平滑电离层延迟,只需几min的数据便可以使双差电离层延迟影响削弱到cm级,而利用十几min的观测数据可以快速正确固定基础载波相位模糊度,具有一定的实用价值。     

区域卫星导航系统无电离层组合定位精度分析

电离层折射误差是卫星导航系统定位的主要误差源之一。目前使用最广泛、最有效的电离层折射误差改正技术是双频技术。区域卫星导航系统具有3个频率的观测数据,可以形成多种消除电离层一阶项的观测组合以及消除电离层二阶项的观测数据。文中假设各个频率上的观测噪声相同,推导了B1/B2,B1/B3和B2/B3三种消电离层一阶项组合的表达式,其噪声放大因子分别为2.899,3.527和14.286;推导了B1/B2/B3消电离层一阶项且噪声最小组合的表达式,组合系数分别为6.179,-3.826和-1.000,该组合的噪声放大因子为2.865;推导了消除电离层二阶项组合的表达式,组合系数分别为-0.263,-0.749和1.000,该组合的噪声放大因子为35.748。利用实测的伪距数据对5种组合的定位误差进行了计算。定位结果表明,消电离层一阶项且噪声最小的定位精度最高;B1/B2,B1/B3和B2/B3组合定位精度依次降低;B1/B2/B3消电离层二阶项组合虽然消除了电离层二阶项,但噪声放大了35.748倍,因此其定位精度最差。     

BDS三频双差载波相位组合平滑伪距算法

针对现有的载波相位平滑伪距算法多基于GNSS双频观测值且在伪距平滑过程中易受电离层延迟累积干扰的问题,提出一种基于北斗三频观测值的载波相位平滑伪距算法。首先通过构建北斗三频优选线性组合,进一步削弱双差载波相位观测值的电离层延迟以及观测噪声;接着通过经典Hatch滤波平滑器,用优选三频双差载波相位观测值代替原始载波相位观测值对组合伪距观测值进行平滑,得到最终伪距平滑解用于伪距定位。最后采用0.004、14.4、61.7和131.6 km这4组不同基线长度的北斗三频实测数据对算法进行验证,给出了平滑前后伪距历元差对比图及算法对4组基线观测值的平滑率。结果表明,所提算法对短基线和中长基线三频观测值的平滑率均能达到90%以上。通过对4组基线条件下平滑效果进行比较分析,验证了本文中的理论推导及算法的有效性。     

基于北斗系统三频特性的观测质量分析

本项研究在双频消除电离层技术的基础上,根据北斗的三频特性,消除观测值中的几何观测量,得到消电离层消几何观测量的组合值,并且对同一地区两个测站同步观测数据的组合值站间单差处理,在伪距观测和载波观测两个方面,分析各类卫星观测值的噪声和多路径误差的相关特征,预估和评定北斗系统的观测质量。结果表明:地球静止轨道卫星观测值主要影响为多路径误差,非地球静止轨道卫星观测值主要影响为观测噪声。     

电离层延迟变化自模型化的载波相位平滑伪距算法

传统的单频载波相位平滑伪距算法因受到电离层延迟变化的影响，容易出现平滑结果发散和精度下降的问题，而现有的解决方案对精度提高有限或需要外部精密电离层改正数据的支持。本文研究了电离层的变化规律并建立回归模型，在此基础上提出了一种自模型化电离层延迟变化的单频载波相位平滑伪距算法。此算法利用伪距和载波观测量中含有的电离层延迟信息进行电离层延迟建模，从平滑伪距中扣除了历元间电离层延迟变化值，有效避免了平滑伪距的发散问题。利用自编软件GNSSer实现了电离层自模型化的载波平滑伪距算法，并采用静态与动态实测观测数据进行了定位试验和精度分析。算例结果表明：①长时段常规Hatch滤波受电离层影响非常严重；②自模型化电离层延迟可达厘米级的精度，在30 min窗口内，使用线性移动开窗拟合法效果最佳；③自模型化电离层改正可以有效消除平滑伪距电离层影响，随着时段窗口的增加，精度没有降低；④利用本文提出的算法进行逐历元单频平滑伪距单点定位，在静态与动态的NEU方向都达到了亚分米级别的定位精度，其中，动态定位测试中水平和高程方向精度为6.25和10.4 cm，比原始伪距分别提高了5.4倍和3.3倍。     

非差虚拟观测值的网络RTK实现

网络RTK是利用多基准站观测值实现流动站附近的误差建模,其中包括对流层、电离层延迟和卫星轨道等误差。讨论了利用VRS技术实现网络RTK中的几个关键技术,包括将多基准站插值所得的双差大气延迟添加到非差模式的VRS观测值中,利用IGS的超快速星历中的预报部分改正广播星历误差和利用恒星日滤波改正VRS的伪距多路径效应。24 ...     

BDS-3卫星伪距偏差及多路径误差分析

卫星伪距偏差对卫星精密定位的实现及其应用会产生较大的影响,为了探究BDS-3卫星伪距观测值是否存在伪距偏差,正确评价BDS-2和BDS-3各频率信号伪距观测值多路径误差,推导了可以度量多路径及噪声的无几何和无电离层的多路径组合(MP)观测量,并利用全球均匀分布的43个MGEX测站的观测数据,计算分析了多路径误差与卫星高度角的关系,对比分析了BDS-2和BDS-3不同频率信号伪距多路径的特性,统计了多路径误差的均方根,结果表明BDS-3伪距多路径误差明显小于BDS-2,验证了BDS-3卫星伪距观测值中不存在与卫星相关的伪距偏差。     

Benefits of the third frequency signal on cycle slip correction

Cycle slip detection and correction are important issues when carrier phase observations are used in high-precision GNSS data processing and have, therefore, been intensively investigated. Along with the GNSS modernization, the cycle slip correction (CSC) problem has been raised to deal with more signals from multi-frequencies. We extend the geometry-based approach by integrating time-differenced pseudorange and carrier phase observations to estimate the integer number of triple-frequency cycle slips together with the receiver clock offset, ionospheric delay variations and receiver displacements. The Least-squares AMBiguity Decorrelation Adjustment method can be employed. The benefit of the third frequency observation on the cycle slip estimate is first investigated with simulation tests. The results show that adding the third frequency observation can significantly improve the model strength and that a reliable triple-frequency CSC with a theoretical success rate of higher than 99.9 % can still be achieved, even under the condition that the range or ionosphere delay variation is poorly defined. The performance of triple-frequency CSC is validated with real triple-frequency BDS data since all BDS satellites in orbit are transmitting triple-frequency signals. The results show that the fixing rate of CSC can reach 99.1 % in static precise point positioning (PPP) and 98.8 % in the kinematic case. PPP solutions with cycle slip-uncorrected and cycle slip-corrected data sets are compared to validate the correctness of triple-frequency CSC. The standard deviations of the PPP solution in east, north and vertical component, respectively, can be improved by 31.1, 30.7 and 37.6 % for static, and by 42.0, 53.8 and 39.7 % for kinematic after cycle slips are corrected. The performance of dual- and triple-frequency CSC is also compared. Results show that the performance of dual-frequency CSC is slightly worse than that of triple-frequency CSC. These results demonstrate that the performance of CSC can be significantly improved with triple-frequency observations.     

基于小波分析提取单频GNSS伪距多路径误差及其对定位的影响

伪距多路径误差是影响GNSS导航定位精度的主要误差源之一。多路径误差与接收机周围环境有关,在实际应用中难以建立有效的多路径误差模型进行改正。对于多频GNSS接收机可以通过多频观测值组合估计伪距多路径,但该方法不适用于价格低廉的单频接收机,而导航中使用的大多数为单频接收机。因此,开展单频GNSS伪距多路径误差提取研究具有重要的工程应用价值。本文基于小波分析对单频GNSS接收机伪距多路径误差估计开展研究,首先验证了小波分析用于单频GNSS伪距多路径误差估计的可行性;其次,研究了采用不同的小波基和分解层次对多路径误差估计的影响;最后,研究了改正多路径误差对GNSS定位的影响。实验结果表明不同的小波基和分解层次对多路径误差提取效果没有明显的差别,但小波分解层次较低时定位误差分布相对更加集中,同时,经过多路径误差改正后在NEU3个方向RMS平均改善率达到20.4%、25.1%、16.4%。     

Evaluation of three ionospheric delay computation methods for ground-based GNSS receivers

GNSS observables for ionospheric estimation are commonly based on carrier-to-code leveling (CCL) and precise point positioning (PPP) methods. The CCL method is a geometry-free method which uses carrier phase to level pseudorange observation for decreasing multipath error and observation noise. However, the ionospheric observable based on the CCL has been proven to be affected by leveling errors. The leveling errors are caused by pseudorange multipath and intraday variation of receiver DCB. To obtain more accurate ionospheric observable, the PPP method takes advantage of precise satellite-to-ground range for retrieving slant total electron content and is less affected by the leveling errors. Previous studies have only proven that the ionospheric observables extracted by the two methods are affected by the leveling errors. The influence on ionospheric observable by the pseudorange inter-receiver satellite bias (IRSB) of the receiver has not been taken into consideration. Also, the magnitude of the differences between the ionospheric observables extracted by the two methods has also not been given. In this work, three methods, namely, the CCL, the conventional ionospheric-free PPP method which uses the ionospheric-free Hatch–Melbourne–Wubbena (HMW) function, and the University of Calgary (UOFC) PPP method, are selected to analyze and compare the differences of ionospheric observables and the global ionospheric maps, using a large number of measured data from international GNSS service global stations. Experimental results show that the accuracy of ionospheric observables obtained by the three methods is not only related to the leveling error, but also pseudorange IRSB. The IRSB of the receiver exerts a major effect on the ionospheric observables obtained by the CCL method and a minor effect on the ionospheric observables obtained by the HMW and UOFC methods. The accuracies in the latter case are similar and superior to those obtained by the CCL. The differences of the ionospheric observables obtained by the CCL and UOFC methods, or the CCL and HMW methods, are at decimeter level, whereas the difference of the ionospheric observables obtained by the UOFC and HMW methods is at centimeter level. The UOFC method presented the highest single-frequency pseudorange positioning accuracy using estimated global ionospheric products, followed by the HMW and the CCL methods which presented the lowest positioning accuracy.     

多系统非差非组合精密单点定位电离层延迟约束权阵的确定

非差非组合精密单点定位需要估计电离层延迟参数,采用电离层先验改正模型约束可以辅助电离层参数解算。针对先验电离层改正量与实际观测量之间权比关系难以确定的问题,本文提出一种电离层约束权因子搜索算法,采用权因子对先验电离层改正量的方差进行调整,根据验后残差加权平方和最小原则通过搜索找出较优的权因子,利用验后残差动态调整先验电离层改正量的方差从而达到改善定位结果的目的。采用8个MGEX跟踪站的GPS/BDS观测数据对该算法进行验证。静态结果表明：对比传统约束方法,采用搜索算法后平均三维定位精度由3.96 cm提高到3.40 cm,平均收敛时间由76.3 min缩短为59.9 min。     

载波相位平滑时间常数对GBAS精度增强的影响

陆基增强系统(GBAS)是利用载波相位平滑伪距差分修正实现对导航辅助定位的. 其中,平滑时间常数是影响载波相位平滑伪距精度的关键参数. 本文分析研究了不同平滑时间下电离层时间梯度和空间梯度对Hatch滤波的影响. 在结合电离层时空梯度和多径效应引起的滤波总误差方差的基础上,推导出自适应的最优平滑时间常数. 分别对GBAS静态和动态两种环境下的定位误差进行实验,实验结果表明,采用本文推导出的自适应平滑时间常数降低了GBAS伪距测量误差,从而使定位精度得到增强.      

北斗三频电离层延迟及码硬件延迟解算方法

准确固定非差模糊度是利用相位观测量获取高精度电离层延迟的关键。三频观测条件下常规的处理策略需依次固定超宽巷、宽巷以及窄巷模糊度,通常利用MW（melbourne-wubbena）组合解算宽巷模糊度时易受到码硬件延迟和观测噪声的影响而固定错误。利用北斗三频数据和GIM（grid ionosphenimap）产品,通过固定的超宽巷模糊度以及构造相位无几何组合解算宽巷模糊度,进而重构得到高精度电离层延迟,并且分离了码硬件延迟总量。结果表明,GIM模型辅助条件下宽巷模糊度固定成功率能达到100%,且消除了系统性偏差;电离层重构值与GIM模型改正值存在约1 m的差异,等效精度约6TECU;分离的码硬件延迟变化平稳,标准偏差不超过0.3 m。     

BDS网络RTK参考站三频整周模糊度解算方法

北斗卫星导航系统是目前唯一一个全星座提供三频观测数据的卫星导航定位系统,三频观测值有助于载波相位整周模糊度的快速、准确固定。本文提出了一种BDS网络RTK参考站三频整周模糊度解算方法。首先利用B2、B3频率的观测值及严格的模糊度固定标准确定超宽巷整周模糊度,将固定的超宽巷整周模糊度与其他宽巷整周模糊度的线性关系作为约束条件,然后估计宽巷整周模糊度、相对天顶对流层延迟误差和电离层延迟误差,并搜索确定宽巷整周模糊度。利用固定的宽巷整周模糊度与三频载波相位整周模糊度的整数线性关系,将线性关系加入载波相位整周模糊度参数估计观测模型中,然后确定载波相位整周模糊度。使用实测的CORS网BDS三频观测数据进行算法验证,结果表明,该方法可正确有效地实现参考站间三频载波相位整周模糊度的快速解算。     

Multipath Mitigation of Continuous GPS Measurements Using an Adaptive Filter

Though state-of-the-art dual-frequency receivers are employed in the continuous Global Positioning System (CGPS) arrays, the CGPS coordinate time series are typically very noisy due to the effects of atmospheric biases, multipath, receiver noise, and so on, with multipath generally being considered the major noise contributor. An adaptive finite-duration impulse response filter, based on a least-mean-square algorithm, has been developed to derive a relatively noise-free time series from the CGPS results. Furthermore, this algorithm is suitable for real-time applications. Numerical simulation studies indicate that the adaptive filters is a powerful signal decomposer, which can significantly mitigate multipath effects. By applying the filter to both pseudorange and carrier phase multipath sequences derived from some experimental GPS data, multipath models have been reliably derived. It is found that the best multipath mitigation strategy is forward filtering using data on two adjacent days, which reduces the standard deviations of the pseudorange multipath time series to about one fourth its magnitude before correction and to about half in the case of carrier phase. The filter has been successfully applied to the pseudorange multipath sequences derived from CGPS data. The benefit of this techniques is that the affected observable sequences can be corrected, and then these corrected observables can be used to improve the quality of the GPS coordinate results. ? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.