维嘉平顶海山富钴铁锰结壳空间分布特征:基于“蛟龙号”载人潜水器近海底观测资料的分析

基于对具有高精度水下定位功能的载人潜水器“蛟龙号”近海底观测视像资料数据的分析研究,本文首次报道了维嘉平顶海山山顶平台凸起区域、顶坡过渡带以及斜坡上部地形单元内的富钴结壳分布特征,对我国富钴结壳资源勘查评价具有重要意义。研究表明:(1)不同地形单元发育的富钴结壳具有明显不同的分布特征;(2)山顶平台凸起区发育有连续分布的富钴结壳,可作为我国富钴结壳资源勘查工作的关注区;(3)顶坡过渡带—斜坡上部区域发育有连续分布的富钴结壳,然而往往被白色波纹状沉积物隔成数段;(4)顶坡过渡带钴结核发育较少,与马尔库斯—威克海山群平顶海山存在明显的不同。     

手持式X射线荧光光谱仪测定富钴结壳样品中锰铁钴镍铜锌

便携式X射线荧光光谱仪可以快速进行多元素实时分析,在富钴结壳资源勘查中有广阔的应用前景,但是现有仪器的分辨率和稳定性有待进一步提高,特别是现场原位分析法的应用有待研究。本文针对富钴结壳中目标元素含量相对较高的特点,采用松散粉末法制样,建立了手持式X射线荧光光谱仪快速测定太平洋富钴结壳样品中Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu和Zn的分析方法。该方法用多金属结核和富钴结壳国家标准物质进行验证,测定值的相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.2%~3.0%之间,测定值与标准值的相对误差为92.9%~107.6%。样品现场分析和实验室分析的数据对比表明,除了低含量Cu略有超差外,Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Zn和品位均无超差,完全满足该类矿产资源勘查规程的要求。本法简单、高效,适用于对野外富钴结壳资源作出快速的初步评价。     

关于对我国大洋富钴结壳进行地质经济评价工作的讨论

对我国正在进行的针对富钴结壳资源调查的地质经济评价工作进行了探讨，对影响富钴结壳资源量评价的几个关键指标，海山地形及其坡度，富钴结壳覆盖率，厚度，品位，丰度进行了分析，提出了沿等高线和垂直于等高线进行勘探网点布设和根据勘探进程合理选择评估方法的建议，鉴于目前我国以勘查圈定矿区为主要目的，故暂拟侧重于地质资源量评估，在鉴探早期和后期以算术平均法为主，中期以克拉格法为主。     

手持式X射线荧光光谱仪在富钴结壳资源勘查中的应用

便携式X射线荧光光谱仪具有快速、无损分析的特点,本文重点研究了手持式X射线荧光光谱仪在富钴结壳碎块和浅钻岩心野外现场原位分析中的应用能力。采用压片法制样,以富钴结壳国家标准物质（GBW 07337~GBW 07339）和多金属结核国家标准物质（GBW 07249、GBW 07295和GBW 07296）作为校准样品,建立了手持式X射线荧光光谱仪测定富钴结壳样品的校准曲线。方法经国家标准物质GBW 07339验证,元素Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cu的精密度（RSD）在0.3%~3.0%之间,满足富钴结壳样品现场分析的要求。在海上资源勘查现场,应用手持式X射线荧光光谱仪对富钴结壳碎块和浅钻岩心原样进行了现场原位分析。富钴结壳碎块原样烘干后直接测试分析数据与实验室压片制样XRF分析数据对比表明,Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cu元素的测定值一致性良好;浅钻岩心的原位分析数据与实验室人工分层分析数据对比表明,各层位Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cu元素直接测试数据与实验室压片制样XRF分析数据分布趋势基本一致。实际应用研究表明,手持式X射线荧光光谱仪适合于现场原位分析,满足野外富钴结壳资源快速评价的要求,同时原位分析能更真实地反映原始富钴结壳岩心不同层位中各元素的变化特征,为进一步研究富钴结壳成矿机制提供更丰富的数据资料。     

手持式X射线荧光光谱仪在富钴结壳资源勘查中的应用

便携式X射线荧光光谱仪具有快速、无损分析的特点,本文重点研究了手持式X射线荧光光谱仪在富钴结壳碎块和浅钻岩心野外现场原位分析中的应用能力。采用压片法制样,以富钴结壳国家标准物质(GBW 07337~GBW 07339)和多金属结核国家标准物质(GBW 07249、GBW 07295和GBW 07296)作为校准样品,建立了手持式X射线荧光光谱仪测定富钴结壳样品的校准曲线。方法经国家标准物质GBW 07339验证,元素Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cu的精密度(RSD)在0.3%~3.0%之间,满足富钴结壳样品现场分析的要求。在海上资源勘查现场,应用手持式X射线荧光光谱仪对富钴结壳碎块和浅钻岩心原样进行了现场原位分析。富钴结壳碎块原样烘干后直接测试分析数据与实验室压片制样XRF分析数据对比表明,Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cu元素的测定值一致性良好;浅钻岩心的原位分析数据与实验室人工分层分析数据对比表明,各层位Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cu元素直接测试数据与实验室压片制样XRF分析数据分布趋势基本一致。实际应用研究表明,手持式X射线荧光光谱仪适合于现场原位分析,满足野外富钴结壳资源快速评价的要求,同时原位分析能更真实地反映原始富钴结壳岩心不同层位中各元素的变化特征,为进一步研究富钴结壳成矿机制提供更丰富的数据资料。     

富钴结壳资源量评估参数的分形特征研究

概述了富钴结壳资源量评估参数及其分形特征;对中国太平洋调查区海山数据发现的研究表明,富钴结壳的丰度、厚度和钴等量品位(CEG)经过累计和的系列变换后与水深、坡度、坡向之间呈多重分形分布。这一结果为资源量计算时地质块段的划分提供了定量依据。     

大洋富钴结壳资源调查与研究进展

富钴结壳是继多金属结核资源之后被发现的又一深海沉积固体矿产资源,在太平洋、大西洋和印度洋的海底均有分布。据估算,全球三大洋海山富钴结壳干结壳资源量为(1081.1661~2162.3322)×108t。世界各国对富钴结壳的调查始于20世纪80年代初,截至目前,已有日本、中国、俄罗斯和巴西等4个国家与国际海底管理局签订了富钴结壳勘探合同,而韩国的矿区申请也于2016年获得核准。富钴结壳按形态可分为板状结壳,砾状结壳和钴结核3种类型。富钴结壳内部结构构造在宏观上通常表现为三层构造,即底部亮煤层、中部疏松层和顶部较致密层;在微观下主要表现为柱状构造、叠层构造、斑块状构造、纹层状构造等多种类型。富钴结壳的矿物成分主要为自生的铁锰矿物,包括水羟锰矿、钡镁锰矿、羟铁矿、四方纤铁矿、六方纤铁矿、针铁矿等。富钴结壳富含Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn等金属元素以及稀土元素和铂族元素,其中Co含量尤为显著。三大洋中,以太平洋富钴结壳的Co平均含量最高。富钴结壳的生长过程极其缓慢,平均仅几毫米每百万年。研究表明,西太平洋富钴结壳最早于始新世-早中新世开始生长。目前通常认为富钴结壳为水成成因,即Co、Fe、Mn等金属元素来源于海水。此外,有研究表明微生物在富钴结壳的形成过程中也起着非常重要的作用。富钴结壳的分布及特征受地形、水深、基岩类型、海水水文化学特征、经纬度等多种因素的影响,其主要分布于碳酸盐补偿深度以上、最低含氧带以下、水深800~2500 m的海山、岛屿斜坡和海底高地上,西、中太平洋海山区被认为是全球富钴结壳的最主要产出区。     

大洋富钴结壳研究现状与进展

在研究富钴结壳的地质构造背景时,发现富钴结壳的形成与板内地幔柱活动胡关,并与基岩类型和基岩的风化程度有关。由于现代分析测试技术的进步,对富钴结壳的结构造,矿物组成和地球化学特征的研究正在逐渐深入,特别是各种微区观察测试技术和同位素年代学方法的应用,使富钴结壳的高分辨率部面研究取得长足的发展。以此为基础,生长速率缓慢,在无沉积物时期生长的富钴结壳近年来被尝试用于古海洋学和全球变化的研究,它不但能反映千万年级的环境变化,而且能弥补深海沉积物所不能反映的沉积间断的历史,因此正成为该领域研究中的一个热点。在富钴结壳的成矿物质来源方面,逐渐认识到包括火山,热液和低温水岩反应等在内的内源物质供应的重要性。在结壳的成因机制研究方面发现微生物在结壳的形成过程中起到了主要作用。     

莱恩海山链MP2海山富钴结壳Co元素的富集/亏损研究

富钴铁锰结壳(简称富钴结壳或海山结壳)是生长在大洋洋底地势较高处(如海山)硬质基岩上的富含铁、锰、钴、铂、稀土等金属元素的"壳状"沉积矿产.与其它深海铁锰沉积相比较,海山结壳的的最主要特征是富Co,其Co含量是大洋铁锰沉积中最高的.但是,同一富钴结壳样品的不同层位Co含量的差异是比较大的,到目前为止,人们并没有充分认识富钴结壳为什么"富钴",即Co发生富集/亏损的原因.本文通过对莱恩海山链MP2海山的一块典型富钴结壳样品电子探针原位化学成分数据的系统分析,对富钴结壳形成过程中Co富集/亏损的原因进行了系统研究,以揭示富钴结壳中的Co富集机制以及富钴结壳成矿作用是否具有时代的特殊性.     

分形理论在富钴结壳资源量评价方面的应用研究

总结了已有富钴结壳资源量评价方法,分析了这些方法存在的问题,在此基础上提出将分形理论应用于富钴结壳资源量评价方面.根据我国太平洋海山的数据,研究了富钴结壳的丰度、厚度和金属等量品位(指钴等量品位,CEG)与水深、坡度、坡向的分形特征,结果显示富钴结壳的丰度、厚度和金属等量品位的多阶累计和呈多重分形分布.这一结果可以用在资源量评价时地质块段的划分上,为地质块段的划分提供定量依据.     

Assessment of sedimentation processes determined from side-scan sonar surveys in the Buffalo River, New York, USA

An assessment of sedimentation processes was made using side-scan sonar records collected over a 15-year period in the Buffalo River, New York, USA. Spatial and temporal changes in natural and man-made bedforms documented sediment erosion, slumping, and sediment depositional sites. Bedforms and sediment texture were used to divide the mapped portion of the river (9 km) into four sedimentary environments, with Section 1 at the upper end and Section 4 near the mouth where the river discharges into the east end of Lake Erie. Based on annual changes in side-scan sonar records, depositional rates decrease in the downriver direction. Section 2, located 5 km from the river’s mouth, contains sedimentary furrows. The persistence of furrows in this portion of the river requires both sediment erosion and deposition under a bidirectional flow regime. Results from this study confirmed that side-scan sonar is a valuable tool in understanding sediment dynamics and can be useful in river restoration decision making.     

Control Experiments for Underwater Cultural Relics Survey by Marine Geophysical of Acoustics

Marine geophysical acoustic methods are a powerful tool for high-precision, large-scale underwater archaeological relics investigations and research in the shallow water. There is a complex coupling relationship between the marine environment and the preservation of underwater cultural relics, which leads to great uncertainty based on the detection data to deduce the existence and distribution of underwater cultural relics. In the past 30 years, the controllable experiments of acoustic methods for underwater cultural relics show that different side-scan sonar systems have varied acoustic response. Multi-beam sonar can be used to study the temporal variation of underwater cultural relics, while shipwreck partially or totally embedded in seabed sediments can be detected by sub-bottom profile. The control experiment will increase the understanding of the acoustic response for different underwater cultural types. Control experiment on the underwater cultural relics can provide a reference for the correlation between detection results and interpretation accuracy, and hopefully provide a systematic solution for underwater cultural survey in an efficient way and on a wide-scale, thus better protecting and managing underwater cultural relics.     

海洋物探方法在海上风电场勘察中的应用

海洋物探方法是海洋调查的主要方法,在海上风电地质勘察中得到了广泛的应用。在广东阳江沙扒海上风电场勘察中,通过浅地层剖面结合单道地震,查明了场区覆盖层厚度,绘制了基岩埋深图;采用多波束测深和侧扫声呐,并结合浅地层剖面探测和钻探取样成果查明了海底障碍物分布;通过浅地层剖面,初步查明了研究区浅层气分布范围;将海洋磁法成果绘制成研究区磁场等值线图。根据多波束测深、侧扫声呐、海洋磁法、浅地层剖面和单道地震等海洋物探方法特点,通过广东阳江沙扒海上风电项目,展示了应用海洋物探技术在海上风电勘察领域取得的成果。     

Mapping Benthic Habitats in Delaware Bay and the Coastal Atlantic: Acoustic Techniques Provide Greater Coverage and High Resolution in Complex, Shallow-Water Environments

Accurate benthic habitat maps are critical for resource management in coastal waters with competing uses. We used a 500 kHz phase-measuring bathymetric sonar (PMBS) and 900 kHz side-scan sonar to acquire seafloor data in estuarine and shelf environments. Grab samples and remotely operated vehicle video created geological and biological classifications for segmented maps produced by a backscatter clustering program. PMBS improves regional map resolution (<1 m), reduces the need for direct sampling, extends information on sediment–biological relationships to larger areas, and allows measurements of bedforms. Auto-segmentation was successful in environments with highly contrasting acoustic signatures and meters-scale homogeneity. Patchier communities are identifiable in PMBS data. Species preferences for sediment (i.e., tubeworm preference for sediment without shell hash) allowed us to determine potential habitat without identifying individual organisms in acoustic data. PMBS with sufficient ground-truthing offers an efficient way to map seafloor characteristics, which is critical in marine spatial planning efforts.     

Downstream changes of large-scale bedforms in turbidites around the Valencia channel mouth,north-west Mediterranean: implications for palaeoflow reconstruction

Side-scan sonar, seismic and core data are used to identify mega-flutes, transverse and ‘V’ shaped bedforms in turbidites around the Valencia channel mouth, north-west Mediterranean. Long-range side-scan sonar data reveal a broad, curved, asymmetric, channel, that widens and terminates downfan. The western channel bank near the channel mouth has been partly eroded by turbidity currents that spilled out of the channel. Transverse bedforms on the east of the channel floor are interpreted as antidunes and, if this interpretation is correct, they indicate that the flow was probably supercritical at least locally within the channel. Trains of mega-flutes, are incised into coarse-grained sediments of the channel floor near the channel mouth. The association of mega-flutes and antidunes is thought to be diagnostic of channel–lobe transitions on deep-sea fans. The mega-flutes pass downfan into an area of streaks that diverge at up to 45° and indicates flow expansion from the channel mouth. About 75 km downfan from the channel mouth, deep-towed side-scan data record transverse bedforms (interpreted as antidunes) passing downfan into an area covered by ‘V’ shaped bedforms with upflow pointing apices (named chevrons here). The chevrons are commonly c. 200 m from limb to limb and c. 2 m in amplitude with flow-parallel wavelengths of c. 400 m. We propose that chevrons were formed by a strong, probably supercritical (or near critical) turbidity current spreading from the channel mouth and flowing towards the Balearic Abyssal Plain. Thinning of the turbidity current, resulting from flow spreading would allow the Froude number to remain high up to 100 km from the channel mouth and could explain the observed reduction in antidune wavelength.     

New data on the subaerial low-center-polygonal relief and factors controlling its transformation and current state on the East Siberian Shelf

The problem of the current state of subaerial morphosculptures on the periglacial East Siberian Shelf is still debatable due to the lack of in situ data. Therefore, any new information contributes to the knowledge of the evolution of the Arctic environment. In view of this, a complex of interdisciplinary oceanological studies was carried out in the southeastern part of the Laptev Sea. Using a side-scan sonar, images of the bottom surface were made, which show the shape of low-center-polygonal relief of the part of the modern coastal lowland area in the coastal zone near the area under study. Possible factors controlling the state of this morphosculpture within the East Siberian Shelf area of interest are considered.     

Distribution of potential geological hazards and control factors in Qingdao offshore,China

Engineering construction actively occurs in coastal zones, and these areas have numerous potential geological hazard factors. Since 2009, the development of geological surveys in sea areas has promoted extensive geophysical surveys in Qingdao offshore. In the present study, the types and distribution of potential geological hazard factors were systematically revealed using sub-bottom profile data, side-scan sonar data, and single-channel seismic data, among others. Based on previous research findings, the potential geological hazard factors are classified, and control factors in Qingdao offshore are discussed. The research results show that the primary potential geological hazards include active faults, buried paleo channels, shallow gas, irregular bedrock, eroded gullies, estuary deltas, tidal sand ridges, and seawater intrusion. In addition, neotectonic movement, sea level changes and sedimentary dynamic processes were the main factors that affected the distribution of geological hazards in Qingdao offshore.©2019 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Distance-gradient-based variogram and Kriging to evaluate cobalt-rich crust deposits on seamounts

The spatial distribution of cobalt-rich crust thicknesses on seamounts is partly controlled by water depth and slope gradients. Conventional distance–direction-based variogram have not effectively expressed the spatial self-correlation or anisotropy of the thicknesses of cobalt-rich crusts. To estimate resources in cobalt-rich crusts on seamounts using geostatistics, we constructed a new variogram model to adapt to the spatial distribution of the thicknesses of the cobalt-rich crusts. In this model, we defined the data related to cobalt-rich crusts on seamounts as three-dimensional surface random variables, presented an experimental variogram process based on the distance–gradient or distance–“relative water depth,” and provided a theoretical variogram model that follows this process. This method was demonstrated by the spatial estimation of the thicknesses of cobalt-rich crusts on a seamount, and the results indicated that the new variogram model reflects the spatial self-correlation of the thicknesses of cobalt-rich crusts well. Substituted into the Kriging equation, the new variogram model successfully estimated the spatial thickness distribution of these cobalt-rich crusts.     

Characteristic features of pockmarks on the North Sea Floor and Scotian Shelf

This paper presents the results of a comparative study of pockmarks and associated features appearing on both sides of the North Atlantic: on the Scotian Shelf off Nova Scotia and in the northern North Sea. Pockmarks are formed in seabed material consisting of soft silty clay. The seismic, sonar and lithologic characteristics of the sediments on the Scotian Shelf are remarkably similar to those found in the northern North Sea. Sediment clouds suspended in the water column immediately over the seabed have previously been observed on side-scan records associated with gas-charged sediments on corresponding shallow-seismic records. These and similar observations strongly suggest that most pockmarks are caused by gas efflux through the seafloor. However, the detailed mechanism of formation and the origin of the gas in the sediments is still unknown.     

利用多波束回波强度进行中太平洋潜鱼海山底质分类

中、西太平洋海山区是富钴结壳的重要富集区,钙质远洋沉积、碳酸盐岩沉积及重力作用引起的滑塌沉积是海山山顶和斜坡的主要沉积类型,它们的空间分布规律对于富钴结壳的分布至关重要.在国内首次利用EM122多波束回波强度资料对中太平洋潜鱼海山进行了底质类型研究,对回波强度资料进行处理和统计分类,并与浅地层剖面和地质取样结果对比,分析得出了4种底质类型,即富钴结壳、钙质远洋沉积、碳酸盐岩基底及碎屑流沉积.这几种底质类型具有不同的回波强度特征,其中富钴结壳区表现为均一的回波强度高值特征;钙质远洋沉积区表现为均一的回波强度低值特征,二者回波强度值相差约20 dB.结果显示潜鱼海山山顶仅局部发育钙质远洋沉积,大部分为碳酸盐岩基底出露区,山顶边缘及侧翼山脊处为主要的富钴结壳分布区.此外,该海山存在3处较大规模的重力滑塌沉积区,主要为碎屑流沉积.