南羌塘盆地江鱼玛洛地区中侏罗统雀莫错组砂岩地球化学及源区环境

南羌塘盆地江鱼玛洛地区发育中侏罗统雀莫错组,通过岩石地球化学分析,对砂岩源区环境进行恢复. 化学风化作用指标(CIW)、化学蚀变作用指标(CIA)和A-CN-K图解反映砂岩的碎屑成分遭受过较强烈的风化. 化学组分指标(ICV)和Th/Sc-Zr/Sc图解指示主要为第一沉积旋回产物,伴有少量沉积再循环物质. 岩石元素Al₂O₃/TiO₂、Th/Sc、Cr/Zr比值和La/Th-Hf源岩判别图解反映砂岩的碎屑主要来源于上地壳长英质源区,并混入少量基性铁镁质岩石. 砂岩的微量元素特征及SiO₂-K₂O/Na₂O、La-Th-Sc、Co-Th-Zr/10、Sc-Th-Zr/10判别图解均表明该砂岩形成于大陆边缘裂陷构造背景.     

塔中地区志留系砂岩元素地球化学特征与物源判别意义

通过分析塔中地区志留系砂岩的某些常量元素和微量元素含量的变化,研究了该地区砂岩的地球化学以及其物源特征。结果表明塔中地区志留系的沉积构造环境为活动大陆边缘和被动大陆边缘,物源主要来自再循环造山带。砂岩的矿物成分主要在石英、钾长石、斜长石、伊利石、绿泥石等矿物之间变化。化学风化作用指标(CIW)和化学蚀变作用指标(CIA)反映了该地区砂岩的碎屑成分受到了强烈的风化作用,风化作用强度为:依木干他乌组>塔塔埃尔塔格组>柯坪塔格组。化学组分变化指标(ICV)反映了有些砂岩中含有第一次旋回沉积物。A-CN-K三角图反映了砂岩的碎屑源岩中斜长石含量要高于钾长石含量,主要在花岗闪长岩和花岗岩之间变化,砂岩的碎屑成分在风化过程中受到了钾的交代作用,长石以及长石中的高岭石发生了伊利石化。稀土元素及其比值(La/Yb)_N、(La/Lu)_N等也反映了该地区砂岩来源于花岗闪长岩和花岗岩的混合物。     

塔里木盆地志留系柯坪塔格组砂岩岩石学特征与物源分析

通过对塔里木盆地志留系柯坪塔格组砂岩的碎屑矿物含量与氧化物、微量元素变化规律分析,研究该地区砂岩的岩石学及其物源特征。研究结果表明塔里木盆地志留系柯坪塔格组构造环境为活动大陆边缘和被动大陆边缘,物源区主要为再循环造山带。砂岩成分主要在石英、钾长石、斜长石、伊利石和绿泥石等矿物之间变化。化学风化作用指标(CIW)和化学蚀变作用指标(CIA)反映了该地区砂岩受到了强烈的风化作用,风化作用强度为:塔中地区砂岩>塔北地区砂岩>满东地区砂岩。化学组分变化指标(ICV)反映有些砂岩中含有第一次旋回沉积物。A-CN-K三角图反映了砂岩的母岩中斜长石含量要高于钾长石含量,在花岗闪长岩和花岗岩之间变化,砂岩在风化过程中受到了钾的交代作用,长石以及长石中的高岭石发生了伊利石化。微量元素及其特征参数(如La/Yb-ΣREE、δEu等)也反映了该地区砂岩来源于花岗岩物源区。     

滇西户撒盆地芒棒组砂岩地球化学特征及物源区和构造背景分析

滇西户撒盆地芒棒组砂岩地球化学分析结果表明:砂岩主要为长石砂岩和杂砂岩,少量为页岩;矿物成分主要为石英、钾长石、斜长石和伊利石等;REE配分模式曲线一致,LREE/HREE=9.75～15.91,平均13.24,(La/Yb)_N=13.06～26.41,平均19.21,轻稀土元素相对重稀土元素明显富集,稀土元素分馏明显。SiO_2/Al_2O_3=2.06～6.01,平均4.60,ICV=0.54～1.09,平均0.86,结合沉积特征表明样品为被动构造环境下沉积物的再循环而成,而非强烈风化作用过程中形成的第一次旋回沉积物。Th/U=5.44～12.10,平均8.48,CIA矫正均值为69,反映了温暖、湿润条件下的中等化学风化作用。A-CN-K判别图说明交代作用降低了CIA值、且样品源岩钾长石比斜长石含量高。Th/Sc=4.43～25.35,平均8.18,Rb-K_2O图解、Co/Th-La/Sc图解和La/Yb-∑REE图解表明样品物源为花岗岩。TiO_2-(Fe_2O_3T+MgO)、Al_2O_3/(Cao+Na_2O)-(Fe_2O_3T+MgO)、La-Th-Sc以及(K_2O/Na_2O)-SiO_2构造判别图解表明:源岩形成于被动大陆边缘环境,与中特提斯洋在晚侏罗世—早白垩世已经打开且长期稳定相对应。户撒盆地为沿早期户撒走滑-挤压断裂拉张沉积形成,接受周缘晚侏罗世—早白垩世花岗岩沉积。     

川西中段地区砂岩碎屑组分变化记录的沉积转型事件

提要：砂岩作为山脉隆升过程中在盆地内的直接记录,其碎屑组分在分析造山带及沉积物源区构造背景等方面具有较好的效果。本文应用砂岩碎屑组分特征对比、单井碎屑组分垂向演化特征、Dickinson图解及砂岩的成分成熟度Q/（F+L）与F/L的演变特征四种方法,对川西中段地区侏罗系进行了系统的研究。结果表明：（1）根据砂岩碎屑组分的空间分布特征分析,认为研究区中侏罗世沙溪庙组受到了来自西部龙门山造山带和北部米仓山—大巴山造山带的复合造山运动的共同影响;（2）通过对川西地区单井碎屑组分垂向对比及砂岩成分成熟度分析,发现在千佛崖组与沙溪庙组界线附近,沉积物源发生了明显的变化,暗示川西地区此时发生了一次重要的沉积转型事件,这与米仓山—大巴山的构造演化密切相关。（3）砂岩碎屑组分的变化反应盆地周缘造山带的活动：早侏罗世—中侏罗世早期,构造相对稳定,砂岩成分成熟度高;中侏罗世中晚期,在米仓山—大巴山逆冲推覆作用的影响下,砂岩成分成熟度低,且具有火山岩岩屑增多的特征;晚侏罗世早期,构造相对稳定,砂岩成分成熟度增高,至晚侏罗世晚期川西地区主要受龙门山造山带的影响,其砂岩特征与龙门山前缘砂岩特征趋于一致。     

化学蚀变指数(CIA)及其在新元古代碎屑岩中的应用

化学蚀变指数(CIA)首先是作为一个判断源区化学风化程度的化学指标被广泛应用的,它的表达式通常表示为:CIA={x(Al_2O_3)/[x(Al_2O_3)+x(CaO~*)+x(Na_2O)+x(K_2O)]}×100,主成分均指摩尔分数,caO~*仅为硅酸盐中的caO。利用CIA分析湖南石门杨家坪剖面的新元古代地层,发现冰期沉积物(南沱组、东山峰组)的CIA值(60～70)和间冰期沉积物(湘锰组)CIA值(70～75)分别反映了冰期和间冰期的化学风化特点,并且根据渫水河组CIA值(55～70)可以判断渫水河组可能也是冰期的沉积产物。另一方面,可以利用A-CN-K图解判断沉积岩源岩成分,因为样品点在三角图解中投影点的趋势线与Pl—Ksp连线的交点代表的是源岩斜长石和钾长石的比率。据此初步判断渫水河组源岩成分是南秦岭—扬子地区元古宙TTG岩石。此外,钾交代作用在前寒武纪普遍发育,在A-CN-K图解中表现为样品点的趋势线向右偏离预测的风化趋势线,渫水河组的样品点就表现出这样的特征,可以判断渫水河组钾交代作用发育。样品的选取是进行CIA研究的一个重要的步骤。首先样品的岩性最好是细屑岩,这样可以排除分选作用对源岩成分的改造;其次,需要考虑去除成岩作用过程中加入的K_2O;再次,利用ICV这个化学指标来判断沉积再循环作用对沉积物成分的改造,ICV大于1意味着沉积再循环作     

北羌塘盆地三叠系康南组砂岩地球化学特征及其对物源区和构造背景的制约

沉积盆地中碎屑砂岩的地球化学特征主要受物源区的制约,分析碎屑砂岩的化学成分可以揭示盆地砂岩的物源属性和构造背景。笔者对北羌塘盆地三叠系康南组碎屑砂岩进行全岩分析。样品具有高SiO_2含量,K_2O/Na_2O值变化较大,TFe_2O_3+MgO含量中等。稀土元素配分模式图显示富集轻稀土元素,(La/Yb)N=3.96～9.25,平均为6.32,δEu明显负异常;δCe呈弱负异常。碱土金属元素和化学蚀变指数(CIA)以及成分变异指数(IPV)说明其源区物质较新鲜,成熟度相对较低,化学风化作用较弱—中等。此外,微量元素Th/U、La/Sc、Th/Sc等值以及TiO_2-Ni、La/Th-Hf、Co/Th-La/Sc和Th/Sc-La/Sc源岩判别图解反映砂岩的物源具有长英质特征。砂岩的SiO_2-K_2O/Na_2O、La-Th、La/Y-Sc/Cr双变量图解,La-Th-Sc、Th-Sc-Zr/10、Th-Co-Zr/10三变量图解以及Th/U、Rb/Sr等值表明北羌塘三叠系康南组碎屑砂岩的物源区构造背景以大陆岛弧为主,兼有被动大陆边缘构造背景特征。     

东营凹陷南坡沙河街组四段砂岩地球化学特征

基于东营凹陷南坡沙河街组四段砂岩的某些常量元素和微量元素(包括稀土元素)含量的变化规律,研究了该地区砂岩的地球化学特征。本地区沙河街组四段砂岩类型以岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主,部分砂岩为岩屑砂岩和长石砂岩。A-CN-K三角图解反映了砂岩的母岩中斜长石含量要高于钾长石含量,主要在花岗闪长岩和花岗岩(含相应的片麻岩)之间变化。砂岩在风化过程中受到了钾的交代作用。化学风化作用指标(CIW)和化学蚀变作用指标(CIA)反映了该地区砂岩受到了强烈的风化作用,尤以纯梁地区为强。化学组份变化指标(ICV)反映了有些砂岩中含有第一次旋回沉积物。微量元素比值(La/Yb)_N、(La/Lu)_N等也反映了该地区砂岩来源于花岗闪长岩和花岗岩的混合物。     

塔里木北缘库鲁克塔格南华系阿勒通沟组沉积环境及构造背景分析

关于塔里木北缘南华-震旦纪的构造演化存在争议,本文研究了其东北缘库鲁克塔格地区南华系阿勒通沟组的沉积环境、地球化学特征等方面,揭示其源区风化、物源类型和构造背景等信息,以期为塔北同期构造演化及古地理环境恢复提供更多证据。阿勒通沟组由底部的冰碛砾岩和之上发育细密纹层的细砂-粉砂-泥岩组成,砂岩中发育丘状交错层理、渠模等典型风暴沉积构造,可识别出3种风暴沉积序列,为风暴浪控浅海陆棚沉积,是阿勒通沟组冰期和特瑞艾肯组冰期分属两个冰期的有力证据。该组宽广陆棚相的沉积环境,砂岩较高的结构成熟度及V-Cr-Ni-Sc负异常、Ti-Hf-Zr-Y正异常等地球化学特征皆显示其处于被动大陆边缘。物源判别图解、过渡族元素含量和稀土配分特征显示该组砂岩主要碎屑物质为来自南部塔里木克拉通的长英质岩类,另有古老沉积岩的加入。砂岩样品CIA值、A-CN-K图解和Th／U比值等显示其源区经历了微弱-中等的化学风化,碎屑物质具沉积分选、沉积物再旋回特征,且在成岩过程中钾交代明显,这些特征也与被动大陆边缘一致。在此基础上,结合前人研究成果认为库鲁克塔格自贝义西组裂解至阿勒通沟组演化为被动大陆边缘,且至少持续到震旦系扎摩克提组。     

华北克拉通南部周口坳陷谭庄—沈丘凹陷早白垩世沉积、构造特征与原型盆地性质

谭庄—沈丘凹陷位于华北克拉通南部,大别山北缘与华北克拉通接壤部位的周口坳陷内。区内下白垩统地层厚度巨大,沉积和沉降中心偏于盆地南侧。沉积物以细粒陆源碎屑砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩为主;岩石中富含火山碎屑,成分成熟度和结构成熟度中等;发育一系列牵引流成因的沉积构造,属于与河流三角洲——滨浅湖沉积体系及其沉积相的组合,早白垩世沉积物源供给主要来自南部。盆地的发育和演化及早白垩世沉积主要受南部边界的叶鲁断裂控制,属于张性正断层,后期该断层发生明显地向盆地方向的逆冲。依据下白垩统砂岩组分构造属性、砂岩岩屑组分、沉积物常量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征分析以及与南部大别山造山带火山岩发育年代的对比等综合分析认为,谭庄—沈丘凹陷形成于早白垩世伸展大地构造背景,是受大别山北缘山盆耦合作用影响形成的断陷型沉积盆地。     

Composition and Provenance of Sandstones and Siltstones in Paleogene, Huimin Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China

This study was conducted to distinguish the compositions and provenance of sandstones and siltstones in the Ek1-Es3 members of Huimin (惠民) depression. The samples have been analyzed for petrographic, major element and selected trace element compositions (including REE). The results show that the sandstones from the first member of Kongdian (孔店) Formation (Ek1) have higher quartz compositions than those from the fourth member (Es4) and the third member (Es3) of Shahejie (沙河街) Formation. The alkali feldspar/plagioclase ratio in the A-CN-K diagrams decreases in the order Ek1>Es4>Es3, which suggests that the Ek1 member had a more alkali feldspar-rich granitoid source and more intense weathering of the source than the Es4 and Es3 members. The mineral distributions in the A-CN-K diagrams also indicate that the sandstones and slltstones in the three members underwent K-metasomatism. Extrapolation of the sandstones and siltstones back to the plaginclase-alkali feldspar line in the A-CN-K diagram suggests a high average plagioclase to alkali feldspar ratio in the provenance (tonalite to granite). In addition, the chemical index of weathering (CIW) and chemical index of alteration (CIA) parameters of the sandstones and siltstones suggest that the weathering of the first cycle material was intense, and the CIW decreases in the order Ek1>Es4>Es3. Trace element ratios suggest all the sedimentary rocks were mostly derived from granitoids. Elemental ratio plots (e.g., Th/Sc vs. Eu/Eu*) of sandstones and siltstones suggest a mix of a granodiorite-tonalite source as a source of the sandstones and siltstones. The sandstones and siltstones of Es3 and Es4 members also contain higher Eu/Eu* and lower Th/Sc ratios than the sandstones and siltstones of Ek1 member. As is consistent with the petrography, it suggests that the sandstones and siltstones of Es3 and Es4 members are derived from a source with less granite and more granodiorite-tonalite than the sandstones and siltstones of Ek1 member.     

Detrital mode, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Sidi Aïch Formation (Early Cretaceous) in central and southwestern Tunisia: Implications for provenance, tectonic setting and paleoenvironment

The chemical and mineralogical composition of the Sidi Aïch Formation sandstones in central and southwestern Tunisia has been investigated in order to infer the provenance and tectonic setting, as well as to appraise the influence of weathering. The sixteen studied samples are mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, kaolinite and/or illite. Sidi Aïch sandstones are mainly arkosic, potassic feldspar-rich and immature. Much of the feldspar was transformed to kaolinite. Concerning the relation between sandstone detrital composition and their depositional setting, the Sidi Aïch Formation sandstone in the major studied localities, probably accumulated in relatively proximal small basins within the continental interior. However, for the Khanguet El Ouara study site, sandstones may have been deposited in a foreland basin which received recycled sediments from an adjacent orogenic belt.The source area may have included quartzose sedimentary rocks. The dominance of quartz and enrichment in immobile elements suggest that the depositional basins were associated with a passive margin. The petrography and geochemistry reflect a stable continental margin and sediments were derived from granitic and pegmatitic sources located in the southern parts of the Gafsa basin. High values for the chemical index of alteration (CIA) indicate that recycling processes might have been important. Particularly high CIA values in the Garet Hadid locality indicate more intense chemical alteration, either due to weathering processes or tectonic control.     

Provenance,tectonic setting,source weathering and palaeoenvironmental implications of Middle-Upper Jurassic rocks of Ler dome,Kachchh, western India: Inferences from petrography and geochemistry

The Middle-Upper Jurassic sandstones and shales of Ler dome (Chari and Katrol Formations), Kachchh, western India, have been analyzed for modal, bulk mineralogy and geochemistry to deduce their provenance, tectonic setting, source area weathering and palaeoenvironmental conditions. The detrital modes of Ler dome sandstones indicate that they were emanated from recycled orogen (uplifted shoulders of rift) and stable cratonic source in passive margin setting. Rapid deposition of sediments from a granitic source area can be predicted from feldspar abundance. A highly mature heavy mineral assemblage characterized in the form of high Zircon-Tourmaline-Rutile (ZTR) index also endorses these findings. The X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) data show the presence of clay minerals depicting moderate to extensive chemical weathering in an oxidizing environment with periodic cycles of transgression and regression. The chemical index of weathering, chemical index of alteration and plagioclase index of alteration suggest moderate to high and low to moderate weathering conditions for sandstone and shales, respectively, that took place in low to moderate relief. We postulate that Ler dome sediments are derivative of the eroded and weathered parts of the Aravalli craton located on east and northeast of the basin and the Nagarparkar Massif placed to the north and northwest.     

Provenance of Middle Jurassic clastic rocks from the Bogda area of Eastern Tianshan and its implications

ABSTRACT

The siliciclastic rocks in the Xishanyao (XSY) and Toutunhe (TTH) formations recorded the Middle Jurassic palaeogeographic evolution processes of the Bogda Mountains. To explore their provenance, the geochronological, geochemical, and petrological characteristics of the Middle Jurassic sandstones from the west Bogda area are analyzed in this study. The detrital grains of sandstones are generally poorly to moderately sorted and subangular to subrounded. Low to moderate CIA* (chemical index of alteration), PIA (plagioclase index of alteration), CIW (chemical index of weathering) and relatively high ICV (index of compositional variability) values indicate the overall low to moderate weathering intensity, low sediment recycling, and abundant first-cycle siliciclastics supply. The abundant acid volcanic lithic fragments and element contents/ratios of the sandstones indicate source areas dominated by felsic rocks. The detrital zircon U-Pb age spectrum of the lower XSY Formation is dominated by a single Carboniferous age group. Multiple Palaeozoic zircon U-Pb age groups exist in the middle-upper XSY Formation. The TTH Formation has a typical age of late Middle Jurassic. Combined with the sedimentological characteristics, it reveals that (1) the Eastern Bogda Mountains (EBM) were the only provenance for the lower XSY Formation; (2) both the Yemaquan arc and the EBM provided detritus for the middle XSY Formation; (3) the Yemaquan arc became a minor provenance for the TTH and upper XSY formations. Middle Jurassic palaeogeographic evolution in the EBM is inferred as follows: (1) during the deposition of the lower XSY Formation, the EBM suffered a rapid uplift and became an obvious positive relief; (2) the palaeorelief became high in the Yemaquan arc area and low in the EBM during the deposition of the middle XSY Formation; (3) the Yemaquan arc was considerably eroded, which caused the palaeotopography to decline sharply during the deposition of the upper XSY Formation; (4) the EBM uplifted again during the TTH Formation period, accompanied by volcanic activities at ~165Ma.     

松辽盆地南部钱家店铀矿床姚家组砂岩地球化学特征及地质意义

沉积物的地球化学成分在沉积岩物源分析及构造背景的研究中具有重要的作用.对研究区4口钻孔中的姚家组砂岩进行了详细的岩石学和地球化学研究,结果显示,砂岩碎屑颗粒石英含量最高,长石次之,岩屑含量最低,平均值分别为42%、37%和21%,具有锆石+钛磁铁矿+石榴子石的重矿物组合,反映源岩以酸性岩浆岩或变质岩为主,Dickinson判别图解表明物源主要来自于大陆物源区;姚家组砂岩的稀土元素以轻稀土富集、重稀土平坦、中度铕负异常为特征.砂岩CIA值为52.02~60.16,平均值为56.69,反映了干燥气候背景下弱的化学风化作用.源岩属性判别图解表明源岩为再旋回的古老沉积物及长英质火山岩.主量、微量和稀土元素的构造背景判别图解综合表明姚家组砂岩物源区为被动大陆边缘构造环境,结合区域构造演化,认为姚家组砂岩的物源为华北克拉通北缘燕山陆内造山带发育的火山-沉积岩系.      

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987113000352

The Yidun Group extends from the Shangri-La region to the south and the Changtai region to the north,and is an important component of the Triassic Yidun arc in the eastern Tibetan plateau.It is composed of the Lieyi,Qugasi,Tumugou and Lanashan Formations from the base upward.Both the Lieyi and Lanashan Formations consist dominantly of black or gray slate and sandstone,whereas the Qugasi and Tumugou Formations have variable amounts of mafic to felsic volcanic rocks and turfs accompanied with gray slate and sandstone.Sandstone from the Yidun Group has variable CIA values from 55 to 76,indicative of mild to moderate weathering condition for the source rocks.All the sandstones define a general weathering trend nearly parallel to the A-CN boundary in the A-CN-K triangular diagram,implying limited effect of diagenetic and post-depositional K-metasomatism.Dominant detrital quartz and feldspar grains of the sandstones suggest predominantly felsic sources.Relatively high Y/Ni and low Cr/V ratios of sandstones from the Yidun Group indicate more contribution from felsic than mafic sources.Similarly,the Yidun sandstones have Co/Th and La/Sc ratios generally similar to upper continental crust （UCC） and cluster between UCC and felsic sources,indicating felsic rocks as primary sources.Granodiorite represents the average chemical composition of sources as evaluated by extending the predicted weathering trend back to the feldspar join in A-CN-K diagram.Prominently high Zr/Sc ratio or Hf concentration and Paleoproterozoic Nd modal ages （1.94-2.21 Ga）point to input of recycling components derived from old sedimentary source in a relatively stable tectonic setting.     

利用泥质岩化学蚀变指数分析物源区风化程度时的限制因素*

近年来,根据泥质岩中常量元素的摩尔数计算出的化学蚀变指数(CIA: Chemical index of alteration)、化学风化指数(CIW: Chemical index of weathering)和斜长石蚀变指数(PIA: Plagioclase index of alteration)被广泛用来反映物源区的风化程度及物源区古气候,这些指数在应用时都有一些严格的限制因素,应给予足够重视。CIA计算公式未排除成岩作用过程中钾交代作用的影响,需要采用A-CN-K[Al₂O₃-(CaO^*+Na₂O)-K₂O]三角图进行判断,对发生钾交代作用的样品利用A-CN-K三角图或CIA_corr计算公式进行校正。CIW计算公式中去掉了K₂O,但没有排除钾长石中的Al元素。PIA计算公式中考虑了钾长石中的Al元素,但只适用于判断母岩中仅含有斜长石而不含钾长石的物源区风化程度。综合分析表明,在判断物源区风化程度及古气候时,CIA的干扰因素相对较少,值得推广。但即使利用从泥质岩常量元素获得的CIA值来判断物源区的风化程度时,仍需要考虑沉积分异作用、再旋回作用、沉积区进一步风化作用以及成土作用、成岩期的钾交代作用的影响,建议首先依据泥质岩常量元素的摩尔数计算出成分变异指数(ICV: Index of compositional variability),然后对ICV>1的样品进行CIA的计算,并利用A-CN-K三角图或CIA_corr计算公式对CIA值进行钾交代作用的校正,该校正过的CIA_corr计算值可用来判断物源区的风化程度。