小生境遗传算法在地震CT中的应用研究

针对含单相饱和流体的孔隙介质,综合费马原理、等效孔隙介质理论、Radon变换等,提出了基于地震CT技术求解速度、孔隙度和岩石密度的小生境多参数反演算法．以此为基础,经过改进,形成了物性参数的隔离小生境反演算法．理论分析与实例计算结果表明,该方法简化了波在层状介质中的传播方程,具有一定的实用价值,可以有效解决井间测井地层问题,获得较高精度的地层物性参数;而且模型简单,有精度高、多峰优化等特点,可用于地下层状介质中油气的寻找,满足油气预测与勘探开发的要求．     

用岩芯模拟测试参数做模型正演预测储层油、气、水边界

利用地震资料进行AVO油气检测,需要提供准确的储层岩石物性参数．通过对准噶尔盆地西部储层岩样实验室测定,得出合不同流体岩石在不同温度、压力下纵横波速度、速度比、泊松比的变化规律及差异．根据其差异性,用Zoeppritz方程做模型正演,以确定目的层有无AVO响应,以便对地震剖面做针对性的特殊处理．实际应用结果表明,用实验室测试的岩石物性参数做模型正演,可提高AVO检测的准确性,为用地震资料结合实验室岩芯测试参数预测地层油、气、水边界提供了有效手段．     

青藏高原冻土区天然气水合物地层的岩石物理分析

为了获得青藏高原冻土区天然气水合物地层的物性特征,采用岩石物理方法进行分析.首先,对青藏高原冻土区DK-1、DK-3和DK-4三个井孔制作了速度密度交会图,并比较了不同岩性水合物地层的差异.其次,基于DK-1和DK-4含水合物粉砂岩层段的测井数据,提取了水合物地层骨架的物性参数,包括纵波速度、横波速度、密度、体积模量和剪切模量.最后,依据水合物地层各主要成分的物性参数,建立了基于K-T方程的岩石物理模型和区分填充模式的岩石物理模型,将两类模型的速度曲线分别与实际地层数据进行了对比,并分析了模型与实际地层的近似程度,发现填充模式Ⅱ的水合物岩石物理模型更符合实际情况.冻土区水合物地层具有速度大、密度小的特征,砂岩水合物地层相比泥岩地层在速度和密度方面更具规律性,DK-4井孔165.80~166.35 m层段中水合物作为岩石骨架的一部分更能反映其物性特征.     

岩石物理驱动的储层物性参数非线性地震反演方法

叠前地震反演和岩石物理反演分别是获取弹性参数和物性参数的重要手段,两者结合有助于实现储层参数预测并精细刻画储层特征.储层物性参数的反演依赖于岩石物理模型,在进行物性参数反演时可以将复杂的岩石物理模型做泰勒展开,进而得到其一阶或高阶的近似表达式,然而这会降低模型的精确性并增加反演的误差.为了提高储层物性参数反演的稳定性和准确性,本文以碎屑岩储层为例,提出了岩石物理驱动的储层物性参数非线性地震反演方法.首先,基于贝叶斯框架和高斯分布约束条件,从叠前地震数据中实现纵、横波速度及密度等弹性参数的反演.其次,通过碎屑岩岩石物理模型建立起弹性参数与物性参数之间的联系.最后,利用粒子群算法进行全局寻优获得较为准确的孔隙度、泥质含量和含水饱和度等物性参数.合成数据和实际资料测试结果验证了所提方法的可行性和准确性,反演结果与测井数据吻合较好,可有效指示含气储层区域,本文方法在储层预测和评价方面具有广泛的应用前景.     

天然气水合物地层岩石物理模型构建

天然气水合物地震反射特征的识别和物性信息的定量提取存在多解性与不确定性,岩石物理模型是将水合物地层地球物理观测值地震信息定量转化为物性信息的桥梁,而传统的岩石物理模型少有对微观孔隙结构和孔隙充填水合物剪切性质的描述.文章针对孔隙充填和颗粒支撑两种微观分布模式的水合物地层,重点考虑水合物地层的微观孔隙结构以及水合物的剪切性质,基于等效介质理论定量描述地层矿物组分特征和孔隙连通性及形状,利用斑块饱和理论和广义Gassmann理论定量描述孔隙充填水合物的剪切性质,在此基础上构建了两种模式水合物地层的岩石物理模型,揭示了水合物地层宏观弹性性质与微观物理性质之间的定量关系.数值研究发现,纵横波速度比随孔隙度和水合物饱和度增大而减小;颗粒支撑模式地层的纵横波速度对水合物含量较为敏感,且孔隙越狭长,敏感性越高;孔隙充填模式地层的纵横波速度比在高水合物饱和度时对水合物组分剪切性质的敏感性更高.实验数据和神狐海域的实际资料应用结果表明,岩石物理模型可有效地计算水合物地层宏观弹性性质与微观物性特征之间的定量关系,提供常规测井中缺乏的横波速度信息,确定对水合物含量指示能力较强的弹性参数,可以根据实际数据求取水合物饱和度、孔隙纵横比等物性参数,为天然气水合物地层的定量解释和资源评价提供理论依据和数据支持.     

基于统计岩石物理模型的各向异性页岩储层参数反演

提出了各向异性页岩储层统计岩石物理反演方法.通过统计岩石物理模型建立储层物性参数与弹性参数的定量关系,使用测井数据及井中岩石物理反演结果作为先验信息,将地震阻抗数据定量解释为储层物性参数、各向异性参数的空间分布.反演过程在贝叶斯框架下求得储层参数的后验概率密度函数,并从中得到参数的最优估计值及其不确定性的定量描述.在此过程中综合考虑了岩石物理模型对复杂地下介质的描述偏差和地震数据中噪声对反演不确定性的影响.在求取最大后验概率过程中使用模拟退火优化粒子群算法以提高收敛速度和计算准确性.将统计岩石物理技术应用于龙马溪组页岩气储层,得到储层泥质含量、压实指数、孔隙度、裂缝密度等物性,以及各向异性参数的空间分布及相应的不确定性估计,为页岩气储层的定量描述提供依据.     

基于等效各向异性和流体替换的地下裂缝地震预测方法

地下裂缝是油气聚集和运移的重要通道,而裂缝岩石物理是裂缝参数与地震响应之间联系的桥梁.从裂缝岩石物理出发,探索利用地震数据预测地下裂缝的方法.首先通过构建裂缝岩石物理等效模型,弥补测井横波的缺失,并且实现裂缝岩石物理参数的预测;然后推导了裂缝岩石物理参数与地震响应之间的近似关系式,同时探索裂缝岩石弹性参数和岩石物理参数的地震直接反演方法;最后分别利用测井数据和实际工区地震数据对裂缝岩石物理等效模型的可靠性以及裂缝岩石物理参数直接反演方法的精度进行了验证.结果表明,构建的裂缝岩石物理等效模型可以实现裂缝岩石纵横波速度及岩石物理参数的可靠估测,而且裂缝岩石物理参数地震直接反演方法具有较高的抗噪性,在实际目标工区弹性参数和裂缝岩石物理参数的估算中具有较好的应用结果.     

岩石物理驱动的相约束叠前地震概率化反演方法

地震岩石物理是连接岩石弹性参数与储层物性参数的桥梁,叠前地震反演是实现地下岩石弹性、物性、岩性及含流体性质定量表征的重要方法.文章构建了碎屑岩地震岩石物理高阶近似模型,推导了利用岩石模量高阶近似(Jacobian、Hessian矩阵)表征的叠前地震AVO反射特征方程,并分析了岩石孔隙度、泥质含量及流体饱和度对AVO反射率的贡献度,探讨了此方程在岩石物性参数直接预测方面的可行性.以此为基础,在待反演模型参数服从混合概率先验模型的前提下,文章提出了基于差分进化-马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗随机模型的相约束叠前地震概率化反演方法,兼具差分进化算法的全局寻优特性和马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗模型的不确定性分析能力;通过多条马尔可夫链的交叉并行,可以同步获得待反演模型参数的多个随机解,进而模拟待反演模型的后验概率密度分布,后验均值作为待反演模型的最优解,方差与置信区间用来评价反演结果的不确定性,实现储层弹性、物性、离散岩相及干岩石骨架等参数的同步预测.通过理论试验和实际资料处理验证了该理论方法的有效性.     

非线性AVO反演方法研究

与叠后地震数据相比,叠前地震数据包含有更多的反映地下地层特征的信息,利用AVO( Amplitude Versus Offset,振幅随偏移距的变化)信息通过求解Zoeppritz方程的近似公式,叠前反演可直接得到反映地下岩石特征的弹性参数——密度、纵波速度和横波速度.从本质上讲,叠前地震反演是非线性的,但目前多采用线...     

测井资料Xu-White模型预测横波速度的一些新观点

目前横波预测的方法大致可以分为两种:经验公式预测和理论岩石物理模型。由于经验公式预测一般具有区域性,研究者更重视岩石物理模型预测。目前大多数岩石物理模型预测横波的方法假定地下流体的物性参数(速度和密度)不受地层深度的影响,且孔隙扁率是恒定的,实际上这并不科学。因为矿物的体积模量和剪切模量随所处地层深度发生改变,而对于孔隙扁率则随颗粒形状、孔隙度等的变化有较大变化。针对这些情况,提出一种新的改进的Xu-White横波预测方法,并可取得较好的效果。     

The mechanism and dynamics of rock fracture upon mechanical impact and electric discharge

The mechanism and dynamics of the deformation and fracture of quartz, granite, and marble samples under the striker blow on their surface and electric discharge inside them are studied by the fractoluminescence (FL), electromagnetic (EME), and acoustic emission (AE) methods with 10-ns resolution. The impact excites a forced deformation wave with a velocity within 0.8 to 2 km/s depending on the mineral. The atomic bonds rupture and microcracks are formed at the nodes of the wave, which leads to the emergence of the FL flashes and disruption of the time dependences of EME. Based on the intensity of the flashes, the dimensions of microcracks are estimated to vary from 2 to 70 µm depending on the mineral. In turn, the emergence of microcracks initiates additional deformation waves.The discharge inside the studied samples excites a pressure shock wave which transforms into the tension wave after reflection from the surface. According to the analysis of FL spectra, this leads to the breakdown of the rocks into positively charged ions and electrons. The shock wave velocity in granites is measured at 4.8 km/s, which is close to the velocity of the longitudinal acoustic vibrations ~5 km/s. The microcracks in the rock have not enough time to form with this loading velocity. It is supposed that the shock wave stretches the deformed interatomic bonds at the dislocation nuclei in the crystal lattices of the minerals up to their breakdown into positively charged ions.     

The role of seismic methods in investigation of rock mass

The existence of cracks in a rock mass causes the reduction of seismic wave velocity and the anisotropy of seismic wave velocity, which is characteristic for rocks with preferred orientation of cracks. The present study concerns sedimentary rocks (sandstone, limestone) and igneous rocks (basalt, granite). Studying the relationship between seismic anisotropy and cracks anisotropy in rocks I was only interested in fractures perpendicular to the layering. This allowed me to calculate two-dimensional crack tensors and velocity tensors in planes parallel to the layer surface. An application of tensor calculus enables to take into account both geometry and orientation of cracks. The obtained results confirm that the directions of major axes of second-rank velocity tensor prove the relationship consistent with predictions of theoretical models. Owing to these dependences, seismic methods can be used to study the cracks anisotropy in rocks inaccessible for direct observations.     

Attenuation coefficients of the maximum amplitude and the spectral amplitude of stress waves in non-elastic zones of explosive sources

Summary The dependences of the values of coefficients of attenuation of the maximum amplitude and of the spectral amplitude were determined from stress wave records obtained from measurements in gravel sandy soil. These dependences were expressed mathematically and their interrelations are discussed.     

土层剪切波速测试中的不确定性对场地地震动参数的影响分析——以Ⅲ类场地为例

本文选取山东地区2个Ⅲ类场地的工程地质勘探及土层剪切波速等资料,将土层厚度按5个深度段,每个分段给出了4个土层剪切波速的改变量,通过改变不同深度段土层剪切波速,建立了19种土层地震反应分析模型,分析了不同深度段,不同概率水平下土层剪切波速的变化对场地地震动参数的影响。研究表明,不同深度段土层剪切波速的变化对场地地震动参数的影响有差异。具体表现为,土层剪切波速的改变在1—10m、11—40m和地震输入界面处三个深度段对地震动加速度峰值影响较大;其中,41—70m和71—100m两个深度段剪切波速的改变对地震动加速度峰值影响小;在土层深度1—10m时,剪切波速降低,峰值变大,剪切波速的改变与峰值的改变呈负相关;在其它深度段,剪切波速降低,峰值变小,剪切波速的改变与峰值的改变呈正相关。剪切波速的改变在1—10m和11—40m两个深度段对地震加速度反应谱影响较大;在41—70m、71—100m和地震输入界面三个深度段对地震加速度反应谱影响很小。     

辽宁地区波速比分布特征及构造意义

利用辽宁数字台网2001年以来的观测报告,采用单台和达法计算辽宁测震台网34个台站的平均波速比,重点分析辽宁地区波速比的空间分布特征。结果显示,辽宁地区的波速比空间分布呈横向不均匀性,下辽河盆地的波速比平均值低于整个辽宁地区波速比的均值,而辽西隆起和辽东隆起区的波速比却明显高于下辽河盆地的波速比和辽宁地区的均值。研究也发现,辽宁地区5级以上地震多发生在波速比低值区或高低值过渡区。计算所得的各区平均波速比对以后辽宁地区波速比值的变化分析有一定的参考作用。     

Properties of some rocks from the section of the Kola ultradeep borehole as a function of the P-T parameters

Using core samples of the Kola ultradeep borehole (SG-3) and their surface analogues, variations in the density and elastic properties of some crystalline rocks of the Earth’s crust are estimated by modeling of in situ conditions. It is shown that the bulk density and the elastic wave velocities in the rocks have a weak depth gradient. In the SG-3 section under consideration, this gradient is negative. The resulting dependences for estimating the variations in the properties of the crystalline rocks are suitable for the depth range from the surface to 20–30 km. The initial data for the linear approximation of the characteristics can be obtained from the results of tests of surface analogue samples. It is shown that the velocity anisotropy of the metamorphic rocks can vary within wide limits.     

P波速度对接收函数H-k搜索叠加结果的影响分析

从公式推导、 不同模型数值试验和实际资料处理等3个方面, 系统研究了P波速度v_PP对接收函数H(地壳厚度)-k(波速比)叠加搜索结果的影响. 结果表明, v_PP的变化与H正相关, 与k负相关; 且地壳模型越复杂, v_PP对H的影响越大.      

转换波AVO反演速度比各横波反射系数

Based on the empirical Gardner equation describing the relationship between density and compressional wave velocity, the converted wave reflection coefficient extrema attributes for AVO analysis are proposed and the relations between the extrema position and amplitude, average velocity ratio across the interface, and shear wave reflection coefficient are derived. The extrema position is a monotonically decreasing function of average velocity ratio, and the extrema amplitude is a function of average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient. For theoretical models, the average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient are inverted from the extrema position and amplitude obtained from fitting a power function to converted wave AVO curves. Shear wave reflection coefficient sections have clearer physical meaning than conventional converted wave stacked sections and establish the theoretical foundation for geological structural interpretation and event correlation. ＂The method of inverting average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient from the extrema position and amplitude obtained from fitting a power function is applied to real CCP gathers. The inverted average velocity ratios are consistent with those computed from compressional and shear wave well logs.     

The effect of a hydrous phase on P‐wave velocity anisotropy within a detachment shear zone in the slow‐spreading oceanic crust: A case study from the Godzilla Megamullion,Philippine Sea

We studied the contributions of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and amphibole to the P‐wave velocity properties of gabbroic mylonites of the Godzilla Megamullion (site KH07‐02‐D18) in the Parece Vela Rift of the central Parece Vela Basin, Philippine Sea, based on their crystal‐preferred orientations (CPOs), mineral modes, and elastic constants and densities of single crystals. The gabbroic mylonites have been classified into three types based on their microstructures and temperature conditions: HT1, HT2 and medium‐temperature (MT) mylonites. The P‐wave velocity properties of the HT1 mylonite are dominantly influenced by plagioclase CPOs. Secondary amphibole occurred after deformation in the HT1 mylonite, so that its effect on P‐wave velocity anisotropy is minimal due to weak CPOs. Although the HT2 mylonite developed deformation microstructures in the three minerals, the P‐wave velocity properties of the HT2 mylonite are essentially isotropic, resulting from the destructive interference of different P‐wave velocity anisotropy patterns produced by the distinct CPOs of the three constituent minerals (i.e., plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and amphibole). The P‐wave velocity properties of the MT mylonite are influenced mainly by amphibole CPOs, whereas the effect of plagioclase CPOs on P‐wave velocity anisotropy becomes very small with a decrease in the intensity of plagioclase CPOs. As a result, the gabbroic mylonites tend to have weak P‐wave velocity anisotropy in seismic velocity, although their constituent minerals show distinct CPOs. Such weakness in the whole‐rock P‐wave velocity anisotropy could result from the destructive contributions of the different mineral CPOs with respect to the structural framework (foliation and lineation). These results show that amphibole has a high potential for P‐wave velocity anisotropy by aligning both crystallographically and dimensionally during deformation in the hydrous oceanic crust. The results also suggest that the effect of a hydrous phase on P‐wave velocity anisotropy within the detachment shear zone in a slow‐spreading oceanic crust varies depending on the degree of deformation and on the timing of hydrothermal activity.     

APPLICATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY AND DEPTH OF SOIL-LAYERS

The shear wave velocity is one of the important parameters in seismic engineering.The common mathematical models of relationship between shear wave velocity and depth of soil-layers are linear function model,quadratic function model,power function model,cubic function model,and quartic function model.It is generally believed that the regression formulae based on aforementioned mathematical models are mainly used for preliminary estimation of the local shear wave velocity.In order to increase the value of test data of wave speed in boreholes,the calculation formulae for the thickness of ground cover layer are derived based on the aforementioned mathematical models and their fitting parameters.The calculation formulae for the mean shear wave velocity of soil-layers are derived by integral mean value theorem.Accordingly,the calculation formulae for the equivalent shear wave velocity of soil-layers are derived.The calculation formulae for the depth of reflective waves in time-depth conversion of the reflection seismic exploration are derived.Through the statistical analysis of test data of shear wave velocity of soil layers in Changyuan County,Henan Province,regression formulae and their fitting parameters of aforementioned mathematical models are obtained.The results show that in the determination of the quality of these regression formulae and their fitting parameters,the adjusted R-square,root mean square error and residual error,the matching on the statistical range between the geometry of function of mathematical models used and the scattergram of the measured data,the application purpose and the simplicity of the regression formulae should be considered.With the aforementioned new formulae,the results show that the calculated values of equivalent shear wave velocity of soil-layers and thickness of ground cover layer meet the engineering needs.The steps for statistics and applications of the relationship between shear wave velocity and depth of soil-layers for a new area are as follows:(1) Analyze the relevant data about the site such as the drilling and wave speed test data,etc.and divide the site into seismic engineering geological units;(2) In a single seismic engineering geological unit,make statistical analysis of the data of borehole wave speed test,comprehensively identify and select mathematical models and their fitting parameters of the relationship between shear wave velocity and depth of soil-layers;(3) Substitute the selected fitting parameters into the formulae,based on their mathematical models for the thickness of ground cover layer,or the equivalent shear wave velocity of soil-layers,or the depth of reflective wave,then the thickness of ground covering layer,equivalent shear wave velocity,and depth of reflective wave are obtained.