盐度波动频率对中国明对虾稚虾蜕皮、生长和能量收支的影响

研究不同频率的盐度波动模式下,中国明对虾稚虾的蜕皮、生长和能量收支.实验结果表明:(1) 盐度波动D4(对虾在高盐度水平下处理4 d,降至低盐度水平处理2 d后回到高盐度水平,依次往复,D4表示在高盐水平停留4 d,其它略同)和D6组对虾的蜕皮率分别比恒定盐度D0组高12.9%和17.4%,且D6组和D0组间对虾的蜕皮率差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);(2) 盐度波动D4组对虾的特定生长率显著高于其它4个盐度处理组(P<0.05);(3) 盐度波动组和恒定盐度组间对虾的摄食量差异不显著(P>0.05);(4) 盐度波动D4组对虾的食物转化率显著高于恒定盐度D0组26.9%(P<0.05);(5) 盐度波动D4组对虾用在生长的能量比例显著高于恒定盐度D0组25.6%,(P<0.05);对虾用在蜕皮上的能量比例以D6组最高,D4组次之,且D6组与D0组间的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);对虾用在呼吸和排泄上的能量比例各处理组间存在一定的差异(P<0.05),而用在排粪上的能量比例差异则不显著(P>0.05).D6组对虾较高的蜕皮能表现出较高的蜕皮率;D4组对虾较高的生长能是其生长较快的原因.     

盐度突变对凡纳滨对虾稚虾蜕皮和呼吸代谢的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究了不同盐度波动幅度对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)稚虾蜕皮、耗氧率、排氨率和排尿率的影响。实验以D_1蜕皮期的对虾为实验材料,虾的初始湿体重为(2.485±0.303)g,实验设盐度29为对照组(用C表示),4个不同的盐度波动幅度(分别为2、4、6、8)为处理组,分别用S2、S4、S6和S8表示,每个处理设10个重复。实验分别于降低盐度和恢复盐度至29的不同时间点采样,测定对虾的耗氧率、氨氮和尿素的排泄率,实验持续7 d。主要实验结果如下:(1)降低盐度后,S4组、S6组及S8组对虾的蜕皮整体提前1 d,且S6组对虾的蜕皮较为集中;(2)降低盐度后,所有处理组对虾耗氧率均呈现先下降后随着蜕皮到来逐渐升高的趋势,且降盐后S4组和S6组对虾耗氧率的下降速度最快(6 h),在升盐过程中,仅对照组在6 h和S4组在6 h和12 h处对虾的耗氧率与升盐前相比差异达到显著水平(P0.05);(3)对虾的排氨率呈现出盐度波动后下降的趋势(S8组除外),并随蜕皮期的到来升高(S4组除外),在整个实验过程中S4组、S6组对虾的排氨率较低,S8组对虾的排氨率较高;(4)对照组和S8组对虾的排尿率同样表现出与蜕皮高峰相吻合的关系,而S2组、S4组及S6组对虾的排尿率在降盐24 h后趋于稳定。     

不同盐度波动幅度对中国明对虾稚虾蜕皮和生长的影响

研究了盐度波动幅度对中国明对虾稚虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)蜕皮和生长的影响.实验在水族箱内进行,实验对虾的初始体重为(0.553 2±0.000 1)g,投喂人工配合饲料.实验结果表明:(1)不同盐度波动幅度对中国明对虾稚虾的蜕皮周期有显著的影响(P<0.05),其中S10能明显抑制对虾的蜕皮,S2则能促进对虾的蜕皮,前者较后者蜕皮周期延长4.97 d;(2)不同盐度波动幅度对中国明对虾的特定生长率有显著影响(P<0.05),其中,S4和S7两组对虾的特定生长率最大,分别大于S0组28.11%和22.6%,并且与S0和其他处理组相比差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05);(3)不同盐度波动幅度对中国明对虾的摄食量有显著影响(P<0.05),S4和S7两组分别高于S0组15.96%和11.46%;(4)不同盐度波动幅度对中国明对虾的食物转化效率未产生显著的影响P>0.05,但S4和S7两组对虾的食物转化效率较高.     

去眼柄对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)稚虾耗氧率昼夜节律的影响

采用流水装置测定去眼柄对凡纳滨对虾稚虾 (Litopenaeusvannamei)耗氧率昼夜节律的影响。实验水温为 2 5℃± 0 .5℃ ,实验虾规格为 (2 .2 6 6± 0 .0 13) g。实验结果表明 :1、去眼柄对凡纳滨对虾稚虾耗氧率的高峰和低峰发生的时间产生影响。正常组对虾耗氧率的高峰多发生在夜间 ,低峰多发生在日间 ;去眼柄后 ,对虾耗氧率的高峰和低峰则大都发生在日间 ;2、去眼柄对虾的日间和夜间的平均耗氧率差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,而正常对虾夜间平均耗氧率显著高于日间 34.79% (P <0 .0 5 ) ;3、去眼柄对对虾的平均耗氧率未产生显著的影响(P >0 .0 5 )。     

盐度和营养对凡纳滨对虾生长、耗氧率及排氨率的影响

研究了盐度和饲料蛋白水平与凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei生长、耗氧率、排氨率的关系,并分析了实验对虾肌肉成分.结果表明,随着饲料蛋白水平的提高,凡纳滨对虾的生长速率逐渐提高,但饲料蛋白水平对其存活率影响不显著(P>0.05).在不同饲料蛋白水平下,实验对虾的存活率随着盐度的增加而增加,差异不显著(P>0.05).实验对虾的生长速率在低盐度水平下随着盐度的增加而增加,在盐度18‰时达到最快的生长速率,而后生长速率随着盐度的增加而降低.随着盐度的提高,实验对虾肌肉中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和灰分含量显著提高(P<0.05);而肌肉含水率、无氮浸出物的含量则显著下降(P<0.05).随着饲料蛋白水平的提高,实验对虾肌肉中粗蛋白质和灰分含量显著提高(P<0.05);肌肉含水率、无氮浸出物的含量则显著下降(P<0.05),而粗脂肪含量差异不显著(P>0.05).盐度和饲料蛋白水平对凡纳滨对虾的耗氧率、排氨率有显著的影响(P<0.05).随着盐度和饲料蛋白水平的提高,对虾的耗氧率显著下降(P<0.05),耗氧率高峰值出现在摄食后2-3 h.排氨卒随着饲料蛋白水平的提高逐渐升高,随盐度的升高逐渐降低,排氨率高峰值出现在摄食后2 h.盐度与饲料蛋白水平对凡纳滨对虾氧氮比影响显著(P<0.05).     

不同盐度对克氏螯虾幼虾代谢率的影响

研究了不同盐度对克氏螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)幼虾耗氧率和排氨率的影响.试验用虾体长(3.13±0.30)cm,体重在(1.82±0.21)g.在25℃条件下,试验设置0、2、4、6、8、10、12共7个盐度梯度.在试验设置的盐度范围内,在盐度为2时,克氏原螯虾幼虾的的耗氧率与排氨率最低,由此可以表明幼虾对盐度调节的等渗点在2左右.随着盐度升高,幼虾的耗氧率和排氨率也随之上升,Turkey HSD test发现,在对照组、2、4和6盐度组的耗氧率、排氨率差异明显(P＜0.05).超过0～6的盐度范围时,盐度对幼虾的耗氧率、排氨率影响与对照组的差异显著(P＜0.05).     

氨氮急性胁迫对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)死亡率、耗氧率及窒息点的影响

采用静水停食法,在水温(24.0±0.2)°C、p H(7.61±0.04)条件下开展了氨氮对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)[体长(4.29±0.32)cm,体质量(1.80±0.12)g]的急性毒性实验,并以此为基础测定了不同氨氮质量浓度胁迫下日本沼虾的耗氧率与窒息点。结果表明:(1)氨氮对日本沼虾24h、48h、72h、96h的半致死质量浓度依次为7.922、6.034、4.237和3.371mg/L;(2)鳃是氨氮攻毒日本沼虾的重要靶器官,氨氮对日本沼虾耗氧率的影响具毒物兴奋效应,0.225mg/L为该效应达到峰值的氨氮质量浓度,0.337mg/L为该效应被终止的氨氮质量浓度临界阈;(3)在对日本沼虾耗氧率的影响具毒物兴奋效应的氨氮质量浓度范围内,日本沼虾的窒息点随氨氮质量浓度的梯次升高渐次呈稳定、略增、再稳定之态势,氨氮质量浓度0.112mg/L为致该虾窒息点发生显著改变的临界阈,该实验组窒息点含氧量与对照组无差异(P0.05)。     

东北西部碱水水域对虾生存和生长与K~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),Na~+/K~+及M/D的关系

利用盐碱化湖泊和池塘水进行凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)淡化幼虾的生长试验,研究对虾生存和生长与水环境 K+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Na+/K+ 及 M/D(离子系数)的相关性,为内陆碱水水域养殖提供科学依据.结果表明,在碱度为 10.32～38.50 mmol/L,盐度 1.02～3.34,pH 8.5～9.5 的试验水环境下,幼虾存活率差异极显著(P< 0.01),体重特定生长率(SGRW)无显著性差异(P>0.05).存活率和 SGRW 值与水环境因子间的相关性存在因子间的互作效应,其简单相关系数都受到其他因子组合的负效应影响.存活率与 K+,Ca2+,Mg2+ 质量浓度和 Na+/K+ 及 M/D 的相关性不显著;SGRW 值与 Ca2+,Mg2+ 质量浓度和 Na+/K+ 及 M/D 显著相关,与 K+ 质量浓度的相关性很小(P>0.05).投施 KCl,CaCl2 及 MgCl2,可以改善内陆碱水水域 K+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Na+/K+ 及 M/D 的组成结构,有利于对虾生存与生长.     

不同盐度条件下亚硝酸态氮与非离子氨对花鲈幼鱼的毒性实验

在水温为25～31℃、p H 7.70~8.17、溶解氧≥5.0mg/L、自然光照的条件下,作者采用半静水法研究了亚硝酸态氮与非离子氨在不同盐度条件下对花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼(50.33 g±4.35 g)的急性毒性、半致死量浓度、安全质量浓度及不同盐度条件下氨氮胁迫对花鲈幼鱼耗氧率与排氨率的影响。结果表明,花鲈幼鱼在盐度0、10、20时,亚硝酸盐安全浓度分别为16.357、52.540、58.622 mg/L,总氨氮安全浓度分别为0.794、4.625、5.163 mg/L,非离子氨安全浓度分别为0.584、2.313、1.951 mg/L。实验结果说明,盐度和氨氮联合胁迫对花鲈幼鱼的耗氧率、排氨率有显著影响,盐度10时耗氧率和排氨率最低。     

周期性Ca2+ 、Mg2+浓度波动对凡纳滨对虾稚虾摄食、生长和能量代谢物含量的影响

养殖水环境中的离子浓度会因气候和季节的变化发生波动,对凡纳滨对虾的摄食、存活和生长产生影响。在实验室条件下,凡纳滨对虾养殖水体Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)保持在1∶3左右,以恒定Ca~(2+)浓度150 mg/L、Mg~(2+)浓度450 mg/L为对照组(CC0组),4 d为一个离子浓度波动周期,分别以Ca~(2+)浓度100 mg/L、Mg~(2+)浓度300 mg/L和Ca~(2+)浓度45 mg/L、Mg~(2+)浓度135 mg/L为离子浓度波动处理组(CCM1组和CCM2组),研究Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)浓度波动对凡纳滨对虾稚虾生长和鳃中能量代谢物质含量的影响。结果表明:在本实验条件下,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)浓度波动对凡纳滨对虾稚虾的存活无显著影响。在CCM1组中,对虾的食物转化效率(FCE)、特定生长率(SGR)显著高于CC0组和CCM2组对虾(P0.05),蜕皮率也达到最高,但蜕皮率与其他两组差异不显著(P0.05)。在检测出的21种能量代谢物质中,丙酮酸等3种能量代谢物含量随水体Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)浓度波动幅度的升高而降低,且在CC0组对虾体内含量较高;草酰乙酸等4种能量代谢物含量随水体Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)浓度波动幅度的升高而降低,且在CCM1组对虾体内含量较高;NAD+等14种能量代谢物含量随水体Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)浓度波动幅度的升高而升高。其中,NADP+、环腺苷酸、丙酮酸和α-酮戊二酸的含量变化达到显著水平(P0.05)。研究结果表明:周期性Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)浓度波动条件下,凡纳滨对虾具有生长差异,且在能量平衡上产生积极响应。适宜范围内的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)浓度波动,促进凡纳滨对虾的生长,这与其能量储备和平衡相关。     

CRS-diagrams for design calculations of the stability of ships

This paper describes the development of a fast diagrammatic method to determine the geometric part of a ship's stability lever, the MS. Additionally, diagrams are given of the contribution to the stability of erections: deck houses and superstructures. The methods are intended for use in the design work.     

Appraisal of gas-hydrate/free-gas from VP/VS ratio in the Makran accretionary prism

Existence of gas-hydrate in the marine sediments elevates both the P- and S-wave seismic velocities, whereas even a small amount of underlying free-gas decreases the P-wave velocity considerably and the S-wave velocity remains almost unaffected. Study of both P- and S-wave seismic velocities or their ratio (V_P/V_S) for the hydrate-bearing sediment provides more information than that obtained by the P- or S-wave velocity alone for the quantitative assessment of gas-hydrate. We estimate the P- and S-wave seismic velocities across a BSR (interface between gas-hydrate and free-gas bearing sediments) using the travel time inversion followed by a constrained AVA modeling of multi channel seismic (MCS) data at two locations in the Makran accretionary prism. Using this V_P/V_S ratio, we then quantify the amount of gas-hydrate and free-gas based on two rock-physics models. The result shows an estimate of 12–14.5% gas-hydrate and 4.5–5.5% free-gas of the pore volume based on first model, and 13–20% gas-hydrate and 3–3.5% free-gas of the pore volume based on the second model, respectively.     

CRS-diagrams for design calculations of the stability of ships

This paper describes the development of a fast diagrammatic method to determine the geometric part of a ship's stability lever, the MS. Additionally, diagrams are given of the contribution to the stability of erections: deck houses and superstructures. The methods are intended for use in the design work.     

龙须菜(Gracilariopsis)/江蓠(Gracilaria)的生长和种质特性分析

龙须菜(Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis)是具有重要经济价值和生态效益的大型红藻, 主要用作琼胶提取原料和鲍的饵料。本研究利用生理生化、液相色谱-质谱联用和氨基酸分析等方法, 比较了龙须菜(Gp. lemaneiformis) (wt、981、Gl-1、Gl-s、Gl-g)、异枝龙须菜(Gp. heterocla, Gh)和细基江蓠繁枝变种(Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liu, Gt)的生长及藻胆蛋白、琼胶、红藻糖苷和氨基酸等的差异, 以期为龙须菜/江蓠栽培中的种质区分及选择提供参考。结果表明Gt在23 ℃和30 ℃条件下生长均最快, 其相对生长速率分别为野生型龙须菜(wt)的2.19倍和2.49倍。龙须菜Gl-s中藻胆蛋白浓度最高, 为wt的1.91倍。除了Gt之外, 其余6种藻中琼胶产率较高(16.22%~18.91%)。Gt中红藻糖苷和海藻糖积累最多, 分别为wt的3.50倍和1.81倍。Gl-g、Gl-s、Gt和Gh多糖丰富, 在36.89%~40.23%; 龙须菜981、Gl-1、wt和Gl-s总氨基酸浓度较高, 在152.35~161.32 mg·g^–1干质量之间, 并且981、Gl-1、Gl-s氨基酸评分较优。综合以上结果, 龙须菜981、Gl-1和Gl-s的藻胆蛋白、琼胶和氨基酸等均显著优于其他藻, 并且生长较快, 可用于琼胶、藻胆蛋白及多糖的提取或鲍的饵料; 而细基江蓠繁枝变种生长快、红藻糖苷和海藻糖丰富, 可大规模栽培用作鲍的饵料。该研究为丰富及开发利用中国大型海藻种质资源提供了重要的资料。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

Underwater inspection/testing/ monitoring of offshore structures

The extraction of offshore oil and gas deposits has resulted in installation of massive steel and concrete platforms in progressively deeper and more hostile waters. Concern for the safety of platform personnel, potential damage to the environment, and the assurance of profitable, unimpeded, extraction of these offshore resources is a concern of host-country governments and the offshore operators.Requirements for underwater inspection of these structures and the techniques and tools to conduct such inspection vary widely from country-to-country. In some instances periodic inspection is required by law; in other instances there is no requirement whatever once the structure has been installed. The instruments to conduct underwater inspections also vary; their effectiveness is sometimes questionable, and the cost of underwater inspection to the operator (which will eventually be borne by the consumer) is high and will get higher as the water depth and complexity of the structure increases.The purpose of this six month study was: 1) to identify and describe all actual or potential underwater inspection requirements (national and international) for fixed concrete and steel structures promulgated by the governments of offshore oil and gas producing countries and by the offshore operators themselves; 2) to identify and assess the state-of-the-art in underwater non-destructive testing/monitoring/inspection of offshore structures; 3) to evaluate the capability of servicing and hardware producers to meet the inspection requirements identified; and 4) to describe and establish priorities for specific tasks for technology development that should be undertaken to satisfy current and future requirements. While this study concentrates on fixed offshore oil and gas structures, the results also reflect the state-of-the-art in underwater inspection/testing for other offshore structures as well, e.g., floating power platforms; offshore terminals and deepwater ports.The data for this study were collected in three stages. First, an intensive literature review was conducted to initially identify those organizations and governments active in projects related to the study goals (the results of this literature survey are presented in Appendix I). Second, telephone interviews were conducted to further identify “Requirements” sources and suppliers/manufacturers of inspection/testing capabilities in the U.S. and Europe. Third, personal interviews were conducted with individuals active in hardware production or inspection services. Personnel and organizations contacted (both by telephone and on a personal basis) are identified in Appendix II (Requirements) and III (Capabilities), respectively. Approximately four months were required to satisfy the data collection phase; the remaining two months were spent analyzing, reducing and synthesizing the data obtained.     

东风螺、弯竹蛏和斑节对虾的壳基质蛋白组学分析

从软体动物中的腹足纲、双壳纲以及节肢动物中的甲壳纲分别选取了3种中国沿海常见的品种——东风螺、弯竹蛏、斑节对虾,提取并分析它们的壳基质蛋白。利用液相色谱串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）技术对蛋白质组学进行分析发现特定的蛋白质具有明显的种属差异：①N66蛋白（一种碳酸酐酶）通常存在于弯竹蛏中,但不存在于东风螺和斑节对虾中,揭示N66蛋白质具有特异性,在未来的物种鉴定中可能具有重要的参考意义;②角质层蛋白AM1199和CP14.6存在于斑节对虾的表皮结构中,在东风螺和弯竹蛏中未检测到;③血蓝蛋白同时在3种动物外壳的基质蛋白中被鉴定出来,揭示了其在不同物种的外壳形成与发育过程中的重要作用。该研究为壳基质蛋白在软体动物或节肢动物外壳中的鉴定提供了基础,也为探索不同物种的生物矿化过程提供了重要参考。     

钪原子的自电离里德伯能级3d4s(1 D2)nf2 D3/2,3d4s(1 D2)nf2 F5/2和3d4s(1 D2)np2 D3/2的理论研究

在多通道量子亏损理论框架下,利用相对论多通道理论,分别在冻结实近似和考虑偶极极化下计算钪原子的J^π=(3/2)^-,(5/2)^-的三个收敛于 3d4s(¹D₂)的自电离里德伯系列的能级.对3d4s(¹D₂)np²D_3/2和3d4s(¹     

Ultrastructure study of the diatom——Ⅱ. Synedra, Cyclophora, Plagiogramma, Opephora, Fragilaria and Pseudostaurosira

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大菱鲆胃质子泵(H~+/K~+ ATPase)与消化机能发生的关系

胃质子泵(H+/K+ATPase)是胃酸分泌的关键酶。本试验采用RACE和PCR方法从大菱鲆的胃组织中提取RNA克隆得到了H+/K+ATPaseα亚基cDNA全长序列。结果表明:大菱鲆H+/K+ATPaseα亚基序列全长3467 bp,开放阅读框为2964 bp,编码988个氨基酸。与GenBank上其它物种比对发现,大菱鲆H+/K+ATPaseα亚基与斑鳜同源性最高,为89%。进化树分析发现,H+/K+ATPase在进化上具有物种特异性。经RT-PCR和荧光定量PCR检测,大菱鲆H+/K+ATPase在胚胎孵化后22d开始表达,晚于大菱鲆胃腺出现的时间(16 d),说明大菱鲆胃腺的发育完成并不代表胃功能的完善。另外,大菱鲆H+/K+ATPase除了在胃中大量表达之外,在食道中的表达量也很高。结合组织学观察,作者认为,大菱鲆H+/K+ATPase在食道中大量表达是因为在发育上食道是胃的前体,因此保留了分泌H+/K+ATPase的能力。同时通过整体原位杂交试验表明:大菱鲆H+/K+ATPase会首先在食道的末端和胃的贲门处表达。本研究为进一步了解海水鱼类的消化机制提供了理论基础。