基于大陆地震活动特点建立的简化动力学模型--细胞自动机模型

基于大陆地震活动的特点和已建立的由弹簧－滑块－阻尼器组成的平面网络非线性动力学模型研究结果,根据细胞自动机的原理,提出了对这类模型的一种简化模型－细胞自动机模型。其演化规则是根据大陆地震活动特点和从上述非线性模型中总结出来的,介质参数采用分维分布设定。将新建的模型应用于３０×４０单元组成的较大系统中,探讨了该模型显示的一些地震活动特点。     

中国大陆的特征地震活动及其中—长期预测研究（一）

中国大陆不同地点２４个特征地震轮回的震级－时间序列分析表明，在一个完整轮回中，相继特征地震事件ｉ和ｊ之间时段的前１／２极少有破坏性地震发生；而在轮回的后１／２，大多数情况下至少有一次中－强地震发生，其中，中－强地震发生在轮回最后１／３时段的约占５４％。称这种地震为“填隙式中强震”（事件ｆ），其发生可能标志着当地自从上一次特征地震后，应变已重新积累 到达距下一次和下地震极限应变不远的背景，故对于发生     

中国大陆的特征地震活动及其中一长期预测研究（一）

中国大陆不同地点２４个特征地震轮回的震级一时间序列分析表明：在一个完整轮回中，相继特征地震事件ｉ和ｊ之间时段的前１／２极少有破坏性地震发生；而在轮回的后１／２，大多数情况下至少有一次中－强地震发生；其中，中一强地震发生在轮回最后１／３时段的约占５４％。称这种地震为“填隙式中强震”（事件ｆ），其发生可能标志着当地自从上一次特征地震后，应变已重新积累到达距下一次特征地震极限应变不远的背景，故对于发生在轮回末尾的特征事件ｊ来说，具有作为中一长期“前兆”的意义。有可能识别出的首次填隙式中强震（事件ｆ１），其强度通常比同一轮回开始的特征事件ｉ小１—２个震级单位，但明显大于当地背景地震活动强度，并发生在与事件ｉ和ｊ相同的空间位置。文中初步建立起中国大陆完整特征地震活动轮回的震级－时间序列模式（ｉ－ｆ－ｊ模式），它将作为本研究第二部分中进一步发展特征地震中－长期预测方法的基础。     

中国大陆强震轮回活动的计算机模型研究

通过对中国大陆7级以上强震的研究发现,地震活动呈现为时间上轮回和空间上迁移的动态图像。为探索这种图像的物理本质,本文应用非线性动力学模型来模拟在统一构造应力场作用下含有多个活动地震带的地震构造块体的地震活动。文中用若干列并联排列的基本元件(由Maxwell体和刚性滑块组成)来模拟地震活动带,并用耦合元件来模拟地震活动带之间和带内各段之间的相互耦合作用。本文的研究结果有助于理解强震的轮回活动以及高潮中成组强震间的相互影响特征。     

地震孕育发生的场源关系初步研究

场和源在地震学和地震预报研究中已成为两个最重要分友。本文应用计算机模型研究地震活动中的场源关系。模型以非线性元件构成的网络系统来模拟含有多个地震活动带的地震构造块体的地震活动。在模型边界上加以定常应变速率，则在模型中可产生高低起伏的轮回式地震活动，并形成应力场强度和应变能高低起伏的准周期变化，各地地震活动轮回有其主体活动地区，不同的轮回之间常显示出地震主体活动区的空间转移。同时，若将模型中达到一定     

中国大陆原地复发强震的基本特征及其预测

在印度板块与欧亚块相碰撞形成的喜马拉雅弧板块边界力作用下，中国大陆有自己独特的现代构造运动和地震活动基本格架。格架是两组近似于对数螺线的现代构造滑移线，即最大剪切应力和剪切应变集中释放的区，带。在这种格架控制下，强震和大震在原地或基本在原地重复发生是中国大陆地震活动的重要特征。本文还提出了ｉ－ｆ－ｊ复发轮回模式和估计当前轮回强震复发时间的概率分布以及计算未来强震复发概率分式。为中，长期预测原地复发     

中国大陆大震形势研究

本文分析了１５００－１９９４年间中国大陆７级以上地震活动的时空分布特征，得出强弱活跃期相间交替出现，地震轮回内活跃期与一个轮回持续时间之比服从准黄金分割，活跃期具三幕式结构，一个活跃段一般仅有一个主体活动区、１－２个参与活动区等结论。据此分析认为，１９７７年后中国大陆已进入第四个轮回的相对平静期，并将持续３０年左右。     

中国大陆的特征地震活动及其中—长期预测研究（二）

在中国大陆，中国震源区过去多次特征地震之间时间间隔的变异系数一般大于０．３５，且在不同的震源区各不相同，以特征地震轮回的ｉ－ｆ－ｊ模式（闻学泽等，１９９４）为基础，将特征地震复发时间Ｔ表示成同一轮回事件ｉ至事件ｆ１的时间差Ｔｉｆ的函数，并发展了估计“当前”轮回平均复发时间的方法，对任一震源区而言，用该方法估计的平均复发时间与过去特征地震时间间隔的表现行为无关，进一步得到Ｔ近似服从于对数正态分布ＬＮ     

大陆强震的动力学模型及其在地震活动性研究和地震预测中的应用

本文以中国大陆为具体研究对象 ,从大陆强震活动成组特征的客观性出发 ,开发了一种非线性动力学模型 ,用于模拟大陆强震成组活动特征及孕震环境对地震成组性的影响 ,运用此模型对一些地震活动特征和前兆场的演化特征进行了模拟和解释。地震活动的分布具有空间不均匀性和时间非平稳性。地震的空间不均匀性表现为地震在空间上往往成带、成区分布 ,地震的时间非平稳性表现为地震活动在时间轴上具有活跃和平静 (高潮和低潮 )相交替的特性。分析表明大陆地震具有明显的成组活动特征。强震活动的成组性是指强震活动在某些时段十分集中 ,呈成丛或丛…     

全球地震层析地幔密度横向不均匀及大陆动力学

地震层析为我们提供了研究全球及区域地幔横向不均匀的有力工具。本文使用Ｓ１２－ＷＭ１３［１］层析模型,假设地震波速度异常与密度异常之间呈线性关系［２］,以ＰＲＥＭ模型［３］为基础,计算了全球和部分区域的球谐展开１２×１２阶地幔密度异常分布;分析了一系列的结果,特别分析了大陆下部地幔密度异常的基本格局;讨论了其对大陆动力学研究的意义。应用于中国大陆发现,整个中国大陆下部７０ｋｍ－１５０ｋｍ深部范围内是地震剪切波的低速带或密度低的地区,而在１５０－４００ｋｍ范围中又处于密度高的异常地带。本文从地幔动力学的观念出发讨论了中国大陆岩石层构造运动的地幔动力学问题。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.