塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞储层油气成藏动力学与油田水体类型

塔河油田是大型的碳酸盐岩不整合—古岩溶缝洞型奥陶系油气藏。由塔河油田主体往南,油气驱替程度逐渐降低,缝洞系统中含水量逐渐增加。油水界面分布总体上由潜山顶部向周围斜坡波动中降低。塔河油田的区域构造背景、储层缝洞系统以及成藏动力学过程导致了流体分布的非均质性。根据储层孔隙结构特征、油气驱替过程、开发过程中产出水的化学—动力学响应,塔河奥陶系缝洞油藏的水体类型可以区分出三种:洞穴底部油气驱替残留水、洞穴周缘小缝洞系统驱替残留水、储层下部层间水。不同水体类型的出水时间、水体能量、含水率、水化学性质等会呈现出不同的变化规律。     

塔河油田奥陶系油藏地层水赋存分布

根据地层水赋存状态,在塔里木盆地塔河油田奥陶系油藏地层水中区分出3种不同的类型:洞穴底部油气驱替残留水、洞穴周缘小缝洞系统驱替残留水和储层下部层间水,并分析了不同类型水体的化学—动力学特征。塔河油田奥陶系油藏储层非均质性强,油水分布规律十分复杂。背景储层缝洞发育程度不同,油气驱替程度不同,储集空间大小不同,其相应的油水分布规律、油藏开发动态及含水动态都不尽相同。本文总结了这些不同点并探讨了其油气勘探意义。     

塔河油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏可采储量计算方法探讨

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏是经过多期构造岩溶作用形成的缝洞,为储集体以缝洞单元为基本开发单元,平面上连续性极差,具底水但没有统一油水界面,具正常温度、压力系统,低饱和弱亲油性油藏．不同部位油井产能差异较大,高、低产井穿插,油井采油指数相差数百倍．根据油藏描述对塔河油田奥陶系缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏研究及油藏开发进行动态分析,通过可采储量计算方法筛选,认为递减法较适用．随着近两年来对该类油藏的注水开发试验,油藏逐渐表现出明显水驱特征．本项目尝试用水驱法进行试算,与递减法计算结果对比,探讨试算方法的可行性及应用范围,进一步论证目前计算的可采储量是否能反映地层现阶段真实状况．     

塔河油田奥陶系岩溶油藏溶洞储集体成因及演化

古岩溶作用形成的溶洞、溶孔、裂缝构成了塔河油田奥陶系缝洞型油藏的重要储集体,控制油气分布。塔河油田奥陶系古岩溶发育主要经历了加里东期和海西早期岩溶作用的改造,通过对塔河油田岩溶作用演化及发育期次的研究,认为O3s尖灭线以北为海西早期岩溶及加里东期岩溶共同作用的结果,以南区域主要为加里东期岩溶发育区。利用岩心、钻井、录井、测井、地震等资料相结合的方法,将塔河油田溶洞储集体从成因上划分为侵蚀型溶洞、异地沉积物充填型、原地沉积物充填型、塌陷型溶洞4种类型。结合塔河油田岩溶储层发育特征,建立了塔河油田奥陶系岩溶洞穴型储层的纵向分布模式和平面分布模式。     

沉积盆地地下水与油气成藏－保存关系

含油气沉积盆地地下水动力场可以划分为：①泥岩压实水离心流;②大气水下渗向心流;③(层间)越流、越流——蒸发泄水和④滞流四种局部水动力单元类型。通常盆地边缘大气水不对称下渗,发育向心流,中央凹陷区以泥岩为主的砂泥岩地层压实,发育离心流,大气水下渗向心流与地层压实离心流汇合,发育越流泄水。沉积盆地地下水动力场演化和地下水成因控制了地下水化学场的分布规律。在离心流和向心流流动过程中,地下水浓缩、盐化,在越流泄水区形成高浓缩、高盐化地下水。泥岩压实离心流是沉积盆地油气运移的主要动力之一,在地层压实排水离心流过程中,由于岩性、地层、断层等圈闭使得部分油气在运移过程中聚集;在地下水越流泄水过程中有利于油气大量聚集—富集;在向心流推进过程中,早期聚集的油气可能部分被破坏,此外也可能在特定的地质条件下形成水动力和部分岩性、地层、断层油气藏。     

轮南低凸起油气输导体系格架及输导样式

多源多灶的生烃背景导致轮南地区的油气成藏过程高度复杂化.基于油气成藏动力学理论,综合运用钻井、地震以及地球化学等资料对轮南低凸起关键时期油气输导体系格架及典型油气藏输导样式的研究表明,由于志留系沥青砂盆地级的分布特征有力地证实了加里东晚期奥陶系岩溶缝洞体尚未形成,因此志留系砂体是加里东晚期源自寒武系烃源岩的烃类向轮南低凸起横向输导的主要通道;其次,海西早期的强烈抬升及长时间的暴露剥蚀导致表生岩溶作用深度改善了轮南地区碳酸盐岩层系的储集效能,而潜山风化壳之下的奥陶系岩溶缝洞储集体是这一时期源自满加尔坳陷内奥陶系烃源岩烃类的横向运载层;喜山期油气成藏的实质为海西晚期奥陶系整装油气藏形成后的调整改造过程,包括过量干气的气洗改造以及不同尺度断裂的垂向调整.轮南油田、桑塔木油田以及解放渠东油田三叠系油气藏的形成均受控于深大断裂的垂向输导.同时,上覆盖层的强制性封闭将喜山期干气的横向输导路径束缚于奥陶系内部,奥陶系油藏经气洗相分馏改造转变为次生的饱和凝析气藏.而由于桑塔木断垒带地区连接奥陶系与石炭系的层间断裂以及轮古东地区奥陶系层内断裂活动所诱发的泄压相分馏改造,不仅在石炭系圈闭形成了纯气相的不饱和凝析气藏,还直接控制了轮古东油田凝析气藏及其流体性质的分布.      

塔河油田奥陶系油藏古岩溶表生作用期次划分

岩溶缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层是塔河油田奥陶系最重要的储层类型,深入研究古岩溶类型、发育期次和发育模式对认识储层的发育规律具有重要意义。根据岩溶水的特点,可分为大气水和非大气水岩溶两类,大气水岩溶主要发育在表生条件下。结合塔河油田奥陶系古岩溶发育的地质特点,可以将其表生作用过程大致分为5个阶段,分别是加里东中期Ⅰ幕、Ⅱ幕、Ⅲ幕,海西早期和海西晚期。针对各个阶段的岩溶发育特点,建立了相应的岩溶发育模式。     

塔河油田十区西碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏的宏观油水分布控制因素

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏的储层非均质性强,油水分布状况复杂。弄清其在区域尺度上(10 km×10 km)的宏观油水分布规律,对于缝洞型油藏开发过程中的控水稳油意义重大。本文以塔河油田十区西为研究区,在全方位高精度三维地震数据处理、解释和反演的基础上,对岩溶古构造和开发过程中的油水动态进行综合分析,探讨研究区碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏的油水宏观平面分布格局的控制因素。结果表明:研究区在加里东中期第I幕岩溶发生期形成了相对均匀的古岩溶含水层,在海西早期油气充注进古岩溶含水介质以后,海西晚期发生的深部热液活动对缝洞体进行了封闭定容,造成缝洞分隔,并且奠定了目前油水在平面上的宏观分布格局。     

塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞型油气藏的特征及缝洞单元划分

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型油气藏的主要特征表现为油气藏高度远大于残丘圈闭幅度,油气分布受储集体发育程度控制,纵向上不连续,储集体主要为岩溶-构造作用所形成的缝洞,单个缝洞储集体为独立的油水系统等。运用油藏压力降落法、类干扰试井法和流体性质变化法等方法将塔河油田主体开发区划分出10个连通储渗单元和20个孤立或相对定容封闭体,对这些缝洞单元的特点作了描述。塔河油田整体上不具统一的底水;各油气藏流体性质变化较大。     

塔河油田奥陶系岩溶型碳酸盐岩油藏储集空间发育特征及地质模式探讨

碳酸盐岩表生岩溶作用控制着塔河油田奥陶系油藏缝洞系统的发育及分布。塔河油田奥陶系油藏经历了加里东期和海西早期两次岩溶作用,造成了储层极强的非均质性。通过塔河油田岩溶作用演化及发育期次的研究,将塔河油田奥陶系垂向岩溶带划分为地表岩溶带、纵向渗滤岩溶带和水平潜流岩溶带,平面上发育岩溶高地、岩溶斜坡和岩溶洼地3个地貌单元。通过对野外露头、岩心、钻井、测井、地震及生产动态资料的综合研究,认为溶洞、溶蚀裂缝及蜂窝状孔洞等连续孔隙是该区有效储集空间,基质作为不渗透（低渗）层对缝洞系统有一定的隔挡作用。结合表生岩溶洞穴的原理及对孔隙状态的控制作用,将塔河油田溶洞储集体根据不同成因分为落水洞、潜流洞和小溶洞,按溶洞充填物类型分为垮塌充填洞、机械充填洞和化学充填洞,同时建立了不同类型孔洞系统的识别特征及地质模式。结合塔河油田洞穴储层发育特征及生产实际,最终建立了塔河油田岩溶储集空间展布模式。     

Distribution of the Ordovician Fluid in the Tahe Oilfield and Dynamic Response of Cave System $48 to Exploitation

The Tahe Oilfield is a complex petroleum reservoir of Ordovician carbonate formation and made up of spatially overlapping fracture-cavity units. The oilfield is controlled by a cave system resulting from structure-karst cyclic sedimentation. Due to significant heterogeneity of the reservoir, the distribution of oil and water is complicated. Horizontally, a fresh water zone due to meteoric water can be found in the north part of the Akekule uplift. A marginal freshening zone caused by water released from mudstone compaction is found at the bottom of the southern slope. Located in a cross- formationai flow discharge zone caused by centripetal and the centrifugal fows, the main part of the Tahe Oilfield, featuring high salinity and concentrations of CI- and K Na , is favorable for accumulation of hydrocarbon. Three types of formation water in the Tahe Ordovician reservoir are identified: (1) residual water at the bottom of the cave after oil and gas displacement, (2) residual water in fractures/pores around the cave after oil and gas displacement, and (3) interlayer water below reservoirs. The cave system is the main reservoir space, which consists of the main cave, branch caves and depressions between caves. Taking Cave System $48 in the Ordovician reservoir as an example, the paper analyzes the fluid distribution and exploitation performance in the cave system. Owing to evaporation of groundwater during cross-formational flow, the central part of the main cave, where oil layers are thick and there is a high degree of displacement, is characterized by high salinity and Brconcentration. With high potential and a long stable production period, most wells in the central part of the main cave have a long water-free oil production period. Even after water breakthrough, the water content has a slow or stepwise increase and the hydrochemistral characteristics of the produced water in the central part of the main cave are uniform. From the center to the edge of the main cave, displacement and enrichment of oil/gas become weaker, residual water increases, and the salinity and concentration of Br- decrease. At the edge of the main cave, although the wells have a high deliverability at the beginning with a short stable production period and water-free production period. After water breakthrough, the pressure and deliverability drop quickly, and the water content rises quickly. The hydrochemistrai characteristics of the produced water are relatively uniform. Wells in the branch caves have a relatively low deliverability at the beginning, with a short stable production period. Water breakthrough appears quickly and then the pressure and deliverability drop quickly. The salinity and concentrations of CI-and K Na are usually fluctuant or descend slowly in the produced water. Wells in low areas of ancient karst have a low deliverability and a short stable production period. The yield drops quickly and the water content is high, while the characteristics of the produced water may vary significantly well to well. The salinity and concentrations of CI- and K, Na in the produced water are usually fluctuant with a precipitous decline.     

Distribution of the Ordovician Fluid in the Tahe Oilfield and Dynamic Response of Cave System S48 to Exploitation

The Tahe Oilfield is a complex petroleum reservoir of Ordovician carbonate formation and made up of spatially overlapping fracture-cavity units. The oilfield is controlled by a cave system resulting from structure-karst cyclic sedimentation. Due to significant heterogeneity of the reservoir, the distribution of oil and water is complicated. Horizontally, a fresh water zone due to meteoric water can be found in the north part of the Akekule uplift. A marginal freshening zone caused by water released from mudstone compaction is found at the bottom of the southern slope. Located in a crossformational flow discharge zone caused by centripetal and the centrifugal flows, the main part of the Tahe Oilfield, featuring high salinity and concentrations of CI^- and K^＋＋Na^＋, is favorable for accumulation of hydrocarbon. Three types of formation water in the Tahe Ordovician reservoir are identified： （1） residual water at the bottom of the cave after oil and gas displacement, （2） residual water in fractures/pores around the cave after oil and gas displacement, and （3） interlayer water below reservoirs. The cave system is the main reservoir space, which consists of the main cave, branch caves and depressions between caves. Taking Cave System S48 in the Ordovician reservoir as an example, the paper analyzes the fluid distribution and exploitation performance in the cave system. Owing to evaporation of groundwater during cross-formational flow, the central part of the main cave, where oil layers are thick and there is a high degree of displacement, is characterized by high salinity and Br^- concentration. With high potential and a long stable production period, most wells in the central part of the main cave have a long water-free oil production period. Even after water breakthrough, the water content has a slow or stepwise increase and the hydrochemistral characteristics of the produced water in the central part of the main cave are uniform. From the center to the edge of the main cave, displacement and enri     

塔河油田志留系油气成藏特征及勘探方向

塔河油田志留系油气显示良好,储层以中低孔、低渗为主,与上覆泥岩组成3套储盖组合,其圈闭和油气藏类型可分为构造油气藏、地层油气藏、岩性油气藏以及复合油气藏。通过原油地球化学特征、自生伊利石K-Ar测年及流体包裹体均一温度研究表明,志留系以多期充注、多期成藏为特征,主成藏期为加里东晚期、海西期和喜山晚期。油气成藏主要受构造及断裂发育程度、优质储层的控制,通过综合分析认为塔河南部地区是寻找构造地层类型油气藏的有利区,托普台地区是加里东晚期-海西期原生油气藏的有利勘探目标区。     

Origin, Flow of Formation Water and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Zhenwu Area of the North Jiangsu Basin, China

In order to understand the origin and flow of formation water and to evaluate the hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation conditions, the properties of formation water chemistry and dynamics of the Zhenwu area in the southern Gaoyou Sag, North Jiangsu Basin, China, have been investigated. The results show that Xuzhuang oilfield is infiltrated discontinuously by meteoric water under gravity, which consequently leads to the desalination of formation water. Formation water in the Zhenwu and Caozhuang oilfields is less influenced by meteoric water infiltration, and the origin is interpreted to be connate water. Hydrocarbon migration, accumulation and preservation are closely related to the hydrodynamic field of formation water. Formation water concentrates gradually during the process of centrifugal flow released by mudstone compaction and the centripetal flow of meteoric water infiltration, leading to the high salinity of the central part. The geological conditions of the southern fault-terrace belt are poor for hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation as meteoric water infiltration, leaching and oxidation, while the central part, i.e., northern Zhenwu and Caozhuang oilfields is beneficial for an abundance of hydrocarbon accumulation. Most of the large scale oil-gas fields locate herein.     

塔河油田奥陶系岩溶洞穴发育特征及其与油气的关系

溶蚀孔、洞是塔河油田奥陶系油气的主要储集场所。为深入了解奥陶系的油气分布,研究了该区奥陶系岩溶洞穴的发育特征,介绍岩溶洞穴在钻井录井、岩心、测井、地震等资料上的识别标志,并识别了本区14口井的岩溶洞穴;恢复了本区海西早期的岩溶古地貌。研究发现：岩溶斜坡靠近岩溶高地和岩溶谷地一侧是岩溶洞穴发育且保存最好的所在地,岩溶洞穴主要分布在“双峰灰岩”顶面下40~80 m、110~130 m、150~190 m、230~260 m的深度范围内,多数井在岩溶洞穴发育段表现出了极好的油气生产能力。     

阿克库勒凸起于奇地区YQ3井奥陶系碳酸盐岩油气成藏研究

于奇地区是塔河油区外围重要的油气勘探地区．以成藏理论为指导，应用荧光薄片及流体包裹体分析等技术和方法，综合研究分析了于奇地区YQ3井区中下奥陶统鹰山组碳酸盐岩油气成藏条件及成藏主控因素．研究结果表明，YQ3井区鹰山组储层类型为洞穴型、裂缝．孔洞复合型和裂缝型，洞穴、溶蚀孔隙和中小型裂缝普遍发育，但洞穴充填相当严重；区域封盖和直接封盖能力较好，但海西晚期构造运动对本井区油气保存影响较大；至少发生了4次油气注入成藏期。即海西晚期、燕山期、喜山早期和喜山中期，其中最重要的油气注入成藏期为海西晚期和喜山期；油气藏形成主要受到3种因素的控制，即油气源区是控制本井区油气分布和富集的主要因素，盖层等保存条件是控制本井区油气分布和富集的关键因素，有效储集体发育程度是控制本井区油气分布和富集的重要因素．     

塔里木盆地塔河油田奥陶系古风化壳储集体形成演化

塔河油田奥陶系古风化壳储集体是阿克库勒鼻状凸起长期抬升暴露并经过长达118 Ma风化剥蚀而成。塔河地区的抬升是与周边天山、塔里木地块的多期古构造运动密切相关,该区曾经历加里东中晚期、海西期运动等8次(幕)运动。地壳的不断抬升变化,使塔河地区经过多种溶蚀作用,包括地表径流溶蚀作用、渗流溶蚀作用、潜流溶蚀作用、海岸带的混合水溶蚀和局部深处热水的溶蚀作用,从而形成多期叠加的混沌网络溶洞系统。溶洞发育程度受控于基岩颗粒灰岩的溶蚀程度、古构造运动的抬升作用、各种方式的溶蚀作用以及受溶蚀时期长短等。     

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塔河地区奥陶系中下统碳酸盐岩主要经历了加里东中期-海西期古岩溶作用,前人对海西期岩溶特征研究作了大量工作,并取得了一些共性认识,但加里东中期岩溶作用与古水系的发育特征研究较为薄弱。利用三维地震资料和相关技术,对塔河地区西北部奥陶系古水系进行识别和刻画,并结合区域地层沉积和构造演化等,尤其是不整合面上覆地层接触关系,发现奥陶系上统良里塔格组顶面和桑塔木组顶面分别存在相互独立的水文体系,实现了对加里东中期Ⅱ幕和Ⅲ幕岩溶古水系归属的厘定,首次提出了良里塔格组末期的加里东中期Ⅱ幕运动具有优越的岩溶发育条件,初步探索了加里东中期古岩溶发育模式,从而为深入研究塔河地区奥陶系加里东中期构造特征和古岩溶作用奠定了基础。