微小亚历山大藻投喂量与菲律宾蛤仔对麻痹性贝毒累积、转化和排出的动态关系

选用高毒性微小亚历山大藻台湾株和菲律宾蛤仔为研究对象,研究了不同毒藻投喂量对贝类累积和排出麻痹性贝毒(PSP)的影响。实验分为累积和排出2个部分,累积实验设计了4个投喂梯度(A组:2.0×107cell/d、B组:7.0×107cell/d、C组:1.1×108cell/d和D组:2.0×108cell/d),在排出毒素阶段,每实验组又分成投喂无毒饵料藻组和饥饿组并进行比较。结果显示不同投喂梯度组间PSP毒素累积存在明显差异。随着毒藻投喂量的增加,PSP毒性增加,但毒素累积率下降,这说明在一定范围内毒藻投喂量的大小对蛤仔的毒素累积有影响。A组、B组、C组的最高累积量依次为6.5,82.9,113.9μgSTXeq/100g,D组达到本实验的最高累积量154.1μgSTXeq/(100g),但累积率却随着投喂量的增加而递减,分别为1.79%,0.92%,0.42%和0.39%。停止投喂毒藻后蛤仔体内的PSP毒性迅速下降,在排出阶段,对投喂饵料组和饥饿组的比较结果用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)得出P0.05,结果差异显著,饥饿组的毒性均高于投喂饵料藻组,说明投喂无毒饵料有助于菲律宾蛤仔体内的毒素排出。其中D饵料组和饥饿组间排出速率差异最明显,饵料组的排出速率为13.2μgSTXeq/(100g.d),饥饿组的仅为8.3μgSTXeq/(100g.d),因此将菲律宾蛤仔归属于快速排毒者。     

麻痹性贝毒在文蛤体内的累积及净化技术研究

试验研究分毒素累积和解毒两个阶段,丈蛤（Meretrix meretrix）对麻痹性贝毒（Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning,PSP）的累积能力试验中每天投喂一定量塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）,定期测定丈蛤体内的毒素含量;解毒试验通过投喂饵料和水体消毒的“内排外解...     

栉孔扇贝体内麻痹性贝毒的累积与排出过程研究

通过室内摄食实验,研究了栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)对麻痹性贝毒(PSP)产毒藻的敏感性及其累积和排出毒素的特征.有毒微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum)在短时间内可对栉孔扇贝的摄食有一定的抑制作用,且投喂毒藻的浓度越大,对摄食作用的抑制越明显.栉孔扇贝对PSP贝毒的累积能力很强,实验中,48 h后内脏累积毒素就高达5000μg STXeq100g-1,但其毒素排出速率较慢,在24d解毒阶段后内脏中的毒素还没有下降至国际贝毒食用安全标准水平的80μg STXeq 100g-1.各毒素组成比在整个累积与排除过程中有较大变化,GTX1,GTX4在累积阶段比例下降,同时GTX2,GTX3比例上升;内脏中GTX2:GTX3的比值逐渐增加.毒藻中PSP贝毒毒素组成和贝体中PSP贝毒毒素组成之间的主要差别是GTX4含量的减少和GTX1含量的升高;而扇贝粪便中的毒素组成却与对数生长期的毒藻极为接近.     

投喂海水小球藻和三角褐指藻对泥蚶成贝镉排出的影响

通过监测泥蚶不同组织器官镉含量的变化及构建相应泥蚶镉排出动力学模型,研究了投喂两种饵料微藻——海水小球藻(Chlorella salina)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)对泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)成贝镉排出的影响。结果表明:投喂饵料微藻对泥蚶外套膜、鳃、内脏团和肌肉的镉排出均有明显促进作用(P0.05),且投喂混合藻种的效果优于投喂单一藻种。经10d暂养净化后,泥蚶不同组织器官的镉排出率大小依次为内脏团鳃外套膜肌肉,其中投喂混合藻时可食用部分(即肌肉部分)的镉排出率和动力学模型拟合得到的排出速率均比不投喂饵料微藻的对照高出1倍左右[30.02%vs16.13%;0.036μg/(g·d)vs0.017μg/(g·d)];同时,通过上述动力学模型还可算得,投喂饵料微藻的泥蚶体内镉的生物半衰期可比对照组缩短14—22d,其食用部分预期达标时间可缩短12—13d。     

不同饵料对管角螺生长、肝脏消化酶活性及软体部营养成分的影响

以缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)(A)、菲律宾蛤(Venerupis Philippinaram)仔(B)及自制配合饲料(C)作为饵料,分别研究了上述3种饵料对二龄管角螺(Hemifusus tuba Gmelin)生长、肝脏消化酶活性以及软体部营养成分的影响。结果表明：(1)鲜活饵料的投喂更有利于管角螺的生长和营养物质的累积,配合饲料的摄食效果较差,还需进一步的优化和完善;其特定生长率大小为：缢蛏组＞菲律宾蛤仔组＞配合饲料组,组间差异显著(P＜0.05);(2)不同饵料的投喂对其肝脏消化酶活性的影响差异显著,在整个实验区间的胰蛋白酶活力的大小为：缢蛏组＞菲律宾蛤仔组＞配合饲料组,组间差异显著(P＜0.05);配合饲料组的淀粉酶活力和脂肪酶活力先降后升,鲜活饵料组则较稳定;45 d 后配合饲料组的淀粉酶活力和脂肪酶活力皆显著高于鲜活饵料组的(P＜0.05);表明管角螺在饥饿时,消化酶可能存在补偿性分泌,优先利用糖原和脂肪作为能源物质;(3)不同饵料对管角螺软体部的灰分和水分没有显著影响(P＞0.05),鲜活饵料组的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量皆显著高于配合饲料组(P＜0.05)。     

链状裸甲藻所产麻痹性贝类毒素在翡翠贻贝体内的累积、转化和排出

为研究链状裸甲藻所产麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish toxins, PST)在翡翠贻贝体内的累积、转化和排出规律,设置试验组和对照组,采用链状裸甲藻和中肋骨条藻投喂翡翠贻贝,开展短期累积(12 h)、长期累积(10 d)和排出(28 d)试验。结果表明:翡翠贻贝具有较强的毒素累积能力,内脏团是PST累积的主要部位, PST含量与产毒藻密度呈显著正相关关系。当链状裸甲藻密度为1.0×106cells/L时,贻贝内脏团PST含量累积2 h已接近食用贝类毒素安全标准,累积8 h超标。当产毒藻密度为5.0×105 cells/L时,贻贝内脏团PST含量累积2 d超标,累积8 d达到峰值(3 590.4±545.7)μg/kg。贻贝对PST具有累积快排出慢的特点,内脏团PST含量在排出16 d达标,排出速率先快后慢。内脏团对PST的累积和排出速率显著高于闭壳肌和其他组织,闭壳肌和其他组织则无显著差异。PST进入贻贝体内后发生了代谢转化,贻贝可能将产毒藻中膝沟藻毒素GTX3转化为GTX2, N-磺酰氨甲酰基膝沟藻毒素C2转化为C1,部分C1转化为脱氨甲酰基膝沟藻毒素2(dc...     

麻痹性贝毒PSP在紫贻贝体内的累积、转化与排出

于1998年9月在青岛鲁迅公园附近礁石区采集紫贻贝（Mytilus edulis)，采用实验室培养的方法，初步研究了塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense,ATHK)产生的麻痹性贝毒（Paralytic Shellfish Poison,PSP)在其体内累积、转化与排出的规律。结果表明，在累积实验阶段，紫贻贝内脏的和肌肉中的PSP毒素含量均随实验时间的延长而逐渐增加，累积实验结束时，平均每只贝体内的PSP毒素含量为13.40nmol，毒性水平为12.24ugSTXEq/100g，紫贻贝内脏中的毒素含量远远高于肌肉，内脏中PSP毒素占贝体内PSP毒素总量的97.5%。在8天的排出实验阶段，贝体内的PSP毒素总量呈下降趋势，实验结束时，PSP毒素共排除了约50%，每天排除率约为9%。     

膝沟藻毒素液质联用快速检测及其在海洋生物体内的累积

采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术分析了微小亚历山大藻中的膝沟藻毒素(Gonyautoxin,GTX1,4和GTX2,3)以及蒙古裸腹潘和菲律宾蛤仔摄食该藻后对膝沟藻毒素的累积状况.结果表明,采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用方法,可快速(4h内)检测出这三种海洋生物中的膝沟藻毒素,且培养的微小亚历山大藻每个细胞的膝沟藻毒素含量为9.46fmol.蒙古裸腹潘摄食微小亚历山大藻2h、18h、24h后,其体内GTX1,4的含量分别为4.8908、12.6241、31.4968mg/g,GTX2,3的含量分别为1.656、3.8533、10.9026 mg/g,且对GTXl.4积累量比GTX2,3高,在24h内GTX1,4含量是GTX2,3的2.89倍.菲律宾蛤仔摄食微小亚历山大藻2h、24h和48h后,肌肉中GTXI.4含量分别为3.1271、3.6709和4.6906 μg/g,GTX2,3含量分别为7.1874、8.1675和9.1476 μg/g;内脏团中GTX1,4含量分别为4.7088、4.2178和5.5064 μg/g,GTX2,3含量分别为7.6774、9.1476和13.066 μg/g,表明GTX1,4和GTX2,3在肌肉中含量逐步增加,且GTX2,3累积量比GTX1,4高,在48h内肌肉GTX2,3含量是GTX1,4的1.95倍,内脏团GTX2,3含量是GTX1,4的2.37倍.在停食净水培养96h后,内脏团和肌肉对GTX1,4消解率已达100%,而肌肉和内脏团对GTX2,3消解率分别为16.1%和45%.本文结果表明采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用方法能快速测定赤潮藻、浮游动物和贝类中的膝沟藻毒素含量,但不同生物对膝沟藻毒素有不同的累积方式.     

三疣梭子蟹对饵料鱼和蛤摄食参数的研究

研究体重为(9.20±1.50)g的三疣梭子蟹在分别投喂饵料鱼和兰蛤及有无沙底质条件下的昼夜摄食节律、摄食率和昼夜摄食量的差异.结果表明:投喂兰蛤组的三疣梭子蟹摄食高峰在20:00左右,投喂饵料鱼组三疣梭子蟹的摄食高峰在02:00左右;沙底质条件下三疣梭子蟹的夜晚摄食量占全天摄食量的94.34%,而无底质组为75%,表明在潜底环境条件下三疣梭子蟹具有更明显的昼夜摄食节律;投喂兰蛤组三疣梭子蟹黑夜摄食量比值显著高于白天,分别为75%和25%,而投喂鱼组黑夜摄食量比值仅略高于白天,分别为59.21%和40.79%.此外,投喂鱼组白昼摄食率可达80%,显著高于投喂兰蛤组的10%,表明投喂鱼饵料有利于三疣梭子蟹的白昼进食.根据昼夜摄食量对比分析,建议采用白昼投喂占总投喂量20%～30%的鱼肉以降低蜕皮残食,夜晚投喂70%～80%的兰蛤的投喂策略促其生长,并减少梭子蟹的残食.     

塔玛亚历山大藻对海产双壳类生命活动的影响

通过一种重要有毒赤潮藻——产麻痹性贝毒毒素PSP的塔玛亚历山大藻对几种海产双壳类主要发育阶段:受精卵、D形幼虫、眼点幼虫、稚贝、仔贝和成贝生命活动的影响研究,发现该藻对双壳类孵化率、存活率、运动能力、滤食率和生长都有影响,毒性效应与藻密度有明显的相关关系.该藻对受精卵的抑制作用在100个/cm3的密度下最显著,36h后孵化率仅为对照组的30%.进一步的逐项毒性筛选实验表明此毒性来源于藻液、藻细胞和细胞碎片,而与去藻过滤液、藻细胞内容物、标准毒素STX无关,由此可以证实塔玛亚历山大藻确能产生一类非PSP毒素,并与细胞表面的未知毒素相关.     

Structure,Rheology, Petrology,and Geodynamics of the Tectonosphere of the Sea of Japan

Oceanology - The geological-structural, magmatic, seismic, and thermometric models of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle of the Sea of Japan region are considered in relation to...     

Distribution of total Al,Cd, Co,Cu, Ni and Zn in the tongue of the ocean and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean

The elements Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn were concentrated from seawater using tetraethylenepentamine resin and analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The spatial distribution of these elements in the northwest Atlantic Ocean is discussed with respect to possible riverine inputs to the area from Puerto Rico.     

The status of the passive microwave sensing of the waters--Lakes, seas, and oceans--Under the variation of their state, temperature, and mineralization (salinity): Models, experiments, examples of application

This paper discusses remote sensing (RS) of the major types of water bodies by means of microwave radiometry. The analysis is based on theoretical models and experimental data taken under laboratory conditions, in a pool, from a shore, and over the oceans using aircraft and satellites. The radiation is found to depend on wind speed and the geometry of ripples, gravity waves, swell, foam, and some physical and chemical parameters of water such as its temperature, salinity, and concentration of some types of polutants. The estimates of the effectiveness of the microwave radiometric method for determining the above mentioned water-surface parameters are given. Examples of the application of microwave radiometry to obtaining operational information about some of them are also presented. The types of water observed are the inland waters, fresh or with a high concentration of salts, clean or polluted, and the oceans. The paper is based on the theoretical and experimental investigations conducted by the author and his colleagues at the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences in the USSR over the last 20 years. It also draws upon well-known Soviet and foreign publications.     

Concentrations of the elements Ag,Al, Ca,Cd, Cu,Fe, Mg,Mn, Pb and Zn,and the radionuclides 210Pb and 210Po in the digestive gland of the squid Nototodarus gouldi

Ag, Al, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb and Zn concentrations and ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb activities were measured in 26 specimens of the squid Nototodarus gouldi taken from the waters of Bass Strait in one jigging operation. All the elements show wide ranges in concentrations in specimens apparently subject to the same environmental conditions. Copper concentration was 27-1 200 μg/g, and ²¹⁰Po activity 4·8–24·2 Bq/g. The animal wet weights, the elements Ag, Al, Cd, Fe and Zn, and the radionuclide ²¹⁰Po have coefficients of variation in the range 40–60%; Ca, Mg and Mn show the smallest variability (CV = < 30%), and Cu the greatest (CV = 12%). Significant correlations (p < 0·001) were found between the following pairs of elements: Cd-Zn, Cd-Cu, Zn-Cu, Mg-Mn, Fe-Mn, Ca-Mg and Fe-²¹⁰Po.     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Methodological aspects of the determination of the Bacterioplankton number,biomass, and production

The current methods used in world practice for the determination of the basic parameters of the vital functions of bacterioplankton (the number, biomass, and production) are discussed. While comparing the different methods and their modifications, the peculiarities of their application for particular natural or laboratory environments are emphasized. The specificity of applying different microbiological methods for field research is examined. When choosing the methodological base for describing the characteristics of a bacterial community, one should proceed from the specific problem facing the researcher. In the case of routine monitoring, the following techniques are convenient and widely used: direct counts of DAPI fluorochrome-stained bacteria using a fluorescence microscope; the calculation of the biomass of the microorganisms on the basis of the relationship between the cell’s mass and its size; the estimation of the bacteria production via labeled leucine incorporation.     

舟山外钓山海岸边坡泥沙动力与冲淤演变特征

通过对研究区海域的水文泥沙进行现场测验,对比1960-1962年海图、1995年和2001年水下地形图三期地形数据和分析浅地层探测数据等方法,分析了舟山外钓山岛西海岸边坡的水动力、悬浮泥沙及冲淤特征,探讨了海岸边坡发育演变的模式与机制。研究结果表明,在基岩岬角海岸与潮流深槽的边界控制及往复潮流的作用下,舟山外钓山岛西海岸边坡演变是一个"上淤下冲"的模式,即边坡变陡至边坡土体失稳并在不定期外力触发下滑塌堆积坡脚,然后上部重新淤积、下部滑坡体不断被侵蚀的循环过程。