新疆柯坪地区奥陶纪印干组珊瑚化石的发现及意义

新疆柯坪地区印干组笔石及三叶虫化石丰富,已做过较多的工作,但珊瑚化石未见报道。柯坪地区南部柯坪塔格山一带出露完整的印干组,该组顶部首次发现富含珊瑚化石的厚层生物碎屑灰岩,珊瑚经鉴定计有9属14种(含未定种)。该珊瑚动物群中,Agetolites,Heliolites和Streptelasma最为丰富。根据珊瑚动物群特征、垂向变化规律及与邻区的对比,建立了Agetolites-Heliolites-Streptelasma生物组合。就生物组合特征而言,该组合可与浙赣地区三巨山组、准噶尔北部布龙果尔组对应,时代属晚奥陶世钱塘江早期,对应国际凯迪期晚期。就生物古地理特征而言,该动物群分子大部分见于华南地区,属中国南方的阿盖特珊瑚区,表明该区当时与华南相连。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带二叠纪灰岩体的动物群及其古地理意义

西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带含有从砾石级到几十平方千米大小的二叠纪灰岩体，它们没有完整的地层层序，与围岩形成混杂或滑杂堆积，长期以来对其来源的解释存在争论。本文通过对灰岩体的动物群类型、古生物地理区系及其岩石学特征等方面进行研究和比较，认为雅鲁藏布江缝合线一带的二叠纪灰岩体总体上都呈现出冈瓦纳冷水型与华夏暖水型动物群混生特点，应形成于相同或类似的沉积环境。根据珊瑚、筵、腕足类等动物群大致分为与南方冈瓦纳大陆北缘内陆棚相动物群比较接近和与更靠近古赤道区的拉萨地块动物群较为接近两种类型，其时代从早二叠世晚期至长兴期不等。灰岩体主要由肉红色或灰色纯生物碎屑灰岩组成，不含或含有很少的陆源碎屑，均孤立地分散于中生代地层中，与围岩往往呈断层接触，断层带或灰岩夹层中经常有玄武岩或其他火山岩。因此，灰岩体可能为位于冈瓦纳大陆北缘外陆棚上小型碳酸盐台地或新特提斯洋最初裂解带上的海山型碳酸盐岩沉积，受后期印度-欧亚大陆板块碰撞作用而成为外来体夹于缝合带的其他海相沉积中。     

湘鄂西部地区晚奥陶世三叶虫相和古地理演化

对湘鄂西地区 8个晚奥陶世剖面的 3个时段 (Caradoc中期 ,晚期及 Ashgill早期 )地层作了详细采集 ,获得了丰富的三叶虫材料 ,根据动物群的组成、分异度和各组成分子的相对丰度 ,识别出外陆棚—棚外深水区的 9种三叶虫相 ,它们在时空分布上具有逐渐过渡更替的特征。根据水中浮游类型三叶虫 (圆尾虫类 )的分异度、相对丰度以及与它们共生的底栖三叶虫生态特征 ,对各种三叶虫相所指示的水体深度作了推测。三叶虫相研究表明 ,区内Caradoc中期处于海侵高峰 ,古地理样式显示了以拉张为主的区域构造背景 ;Caradoc晚期开始发生持续海退 ,同时扬子陆块南缘受到构造挤压 ,广大外陆棚区地形变得起伏不平。晚奥陶世古地理变迁证明华夏和扬子陆块的会聚事件始于 Caradoc晚期     

华北地区奥陶纪岩相古地理

通过收集、吸收前人研究以及最新的大地调成果资料,以"构造控盆、盆地控相"为编图思路,在现今纬度下对中国华北地区开展岩相古地理的研究。本文认为,华北板块在早奥陶世和中-晚奥陶世处于不同的构造背景之下,不同的板块边界类型以及原始构造单元的基底形态控制着该时期古地理的展布。在此基础上,采用优势相以及压缩相的方法,总结划分出潮坪、局限台地、开阔台地、蒸发台地、浅(礁)滩、台地边缘斜坡、深水斜坡-盆地等7类沉积环境类型;梳理了华北克拉通沉积盆地在奥陶纪的古地理演化过程,编制了早奥陶世特马豆克期、早奥陶世弗洛期、中奥陶世大坪期-达瑞威尔期、晚奥陶世桑比期-凯迪期早期以及晚奥陶世凯迪期晚期-赫南特期等5个时期的华北地区古地理图。     

华北地台石炭二叠纪腕足动物群及生物地理研究

通过对华北地台早石炭世晚期至早二叠世腕足动物群的全面系统研究,认为全区腕足动物群的发展演化具有一致性和阶段性,可清楚地分为5个阶段,即田师傅期（C13-C21）、本溪期（C22）、太原期早期（C23）、太原期晚期（P11）和山西期（P12）。在此基础上,进行了国内外同期腕足动物群的对比和腕足动物生物古地理分析,确立了华北地台东北部田师傅期腕足动物的生物地理归属,命名为天山-辽吉腕足动物生物地理分区,同时阐明了研究区内晚石炭世晚期至早二叠世腕足动物生物地理区划特征。     

试论西藏二叠纪(竹蜓)类及非(竹蜓)有孔虫的生物地理区系与古地理及古构造的关系

本文通过对西藏二叠系(竹蜓)类及非(竹蜓)有孔虫的研究认为,早二叠世早期(竹蜓)类以冷温型的Monodiexodina动物群为主,属冈瓦纳—特提斯生物区,冈瓦纳大陆与欧亚太陆及扬子地块的分界分别为昆仑山南坡断裂和金沙江断裂。早二叠世晚期(竹蜓)类Neoschwagerina-Polydiexodina动物群仍限于冈瓦纳北缘区,其生物区系以及扬子地块的分界与早二叠世早期相同,而冈瓦纳大陆北缘西部首先与欧亚大陆塔里木等地块接近,该动物群才越过了昆仑山北坡。晚二叠世晚期(竹蜓)类以Palaeofusulina动物群为主,与扬子地块相似属华夏—特提斯生物区,冈瓦纳与欧亚大陆的界线转为班公湖—怒江断裂,而冈底斯带与喜马拉雅带至今未见Palaeofusulina,该二带仍属冈瓦纳—特提斯生物区。     

川南—黔北地区晚奥陶世凯迪期早期与凯迪期晚期岩相古地理

晚奥陶世凯迪期早期与凯迪期晚期之交,是沉积演化和盆山转换极为关键的时期,在这个短暂时期内,川南—黔北地区几乎全部从碳酸盐沉积转换为碎屑岩沉积,详细研究这一转换时期的沉积特征及其岩相古地理变迁对探讨该区的沉积演化和盆地演化具有重要的意义。为了良好地揭示凯迪期早期与凯迪期晚期之交这一沉积转换关键时期的岩相古地理变化,采用层序岩相古地理编图思路,以凯迪阶涧草沟组与五峰组之间的界面作为编图的等时界面,编制了凯迪期早期涧草沟组顶部与凯迪期晚期五峰组底部2幅岩相古地理图,凯迪期早期涧草沟组顶部古地理面貌表现为古隆起、古暴露区、古剥蚀区、潮坪、局限台地、开阔台地和浅滩7个古地理单元;凯迪期晚期五峰组底部古地理面貌表现为古隆起、潮坪、浅水陆棚、深水陆棚和浅滩5个古地理单元。首次恢复了暴露区及其分布范围,更加客观地反映了凯迪期早期与凯迪期晚期之交岩相古地理格局及其演化过程。     

中国主要块体奥陶纪达瑞威尔期（Darriwilian）晚期—凯迪期（Katian）早期海相红层及其构造意义

根据中国主要块体奥陶纪达瑞威尔期地层学、古生物学和岩石学的特点,本文主要论述了中国9个块体,其中包括5个主要块体（扬子克拉通、中朝克拉通、塔里木克拉通、拉萨地块和喜马拉雅北坡）中达瑞威尔晚期—凯迪期早期海相红层的分布、岩性特征和古动物群。它们的岩性特征：如红色灰岩;古生物群特征：如牙形石Pygodus serra动物群,P.anserinus动物群和Hamarodus europaeus动物群,珊瑚Yohophyllum动物群,以及头足类Sinoceras chinense动物群均十分相似或相同。这就充分阐明,中华古陆块群（包括扬子、中朝和塔里木克拉通等）与冈瓦纳古陆北缘古陆块群（包括拉萨地块和喜马拉雅北坡等）之间的关系十分密切,可能在此之前它们同属于冈瓦纳古陆。这对于阐明中华古陆块群与冈瓦纳古陆之间的关系具有重要意义。此外,还将海相红层分为两类：陆棚红层和大洋红层。陆棚红层主要见于寒武纪至三叠纪,大洋红层主要见于白垩纪至现代。     

鄂尔多斯周缘奥陶纪海相红层的分布与时代

海相红层是红层研究的一个重要方向,在前人地层学、古生物学等资料基础上,笔者在鄂尔多斯周缘露头区针对奥陶纪海相红层进行了专门研究,从中识别出7套奥陶纪海相红层。借助于对应地层中已报道的笔石、三叶虫、珊瑚等不同化石类别的特征分子、典型化石带或化石组合,基本确定了这7套海相红层的形成时代:自下而上分别为特马豆克期、弗洛期晚期(也许包括大坪期早期)、大坪期、达瑞威尔期、桑比期、凯迪期早期和凯迪期晚期。建立了鄂尔多斯周缘奥陶纪海相红层对比表,分析了奥陶纪海相红层形成环境和古地理分布情况。     

新疆古生代构造—生物古地理

通过6幅图表达了新疆古生代板块的构造－生物古地理区系。早古生代，包括劳伦，波罗的、西伯利亚和哈萨克斯坦4陆块的亚帕特斯古陆（Iapetusa)群，与由其余陆块构成的冈瓦纳古陆群隔原特提斯洋相对峙。石炭－二叠纪，欧美、安加拉、太平洋和冈瓦纳4古陆共存并立。西伯利亚和哈萨克斯担板块经历了早古生代亚伯特斯古陆、晚古生代安加拉古陆和早二叠世晚期以来欧亚大陆3个发展阶段。塔里木、中朝、华南－东南亚板块经历了早古生代冈瓦纳古陆、晚古生代太平洋古陆和早二叠世晚期以来欧亚大陆3个发展阶段。指出在中晚寒武世和晚奥陶世哈萨克斯坦板块靠近塔里木、中朝和华南－东南亚板块；在早古生代其余时期它接近西伯利亚板块。伊犁和托克逊－雅满苏地体是在中泥盆世之前裂解自塔里木板块，尔后在早二叠世晚期接近安加拉古陆。塔里木板块北东缘北山地区在早二叠世早期首先靠近安加拉古陆。塔里木与西伯利亚－哈萨克斯坦板块之间缝合时代大抵上和土耳其－中伊朗－冈底斯与华南－东南亚板块之间缝合时代一致。缝合事件发生在早二叠世早期，而相应的构造运动出现在早晚二叠世之交。     

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE ORDOVICIAN STRATIGRAPHY OF THE CHU-ILIYSKIYE MOUNTAINS

Great variety of lithic facies and abundance of varied faunas makes the Ordivician of this area ideal for study. Numerous detailed sections show that although many kinds of rock are exemplified the great majority are detrital in nature, with limestones constituting a lesser part. In order to conform to local stratigraphic circumstances, the Caradoc stage is redefined to include only the zones of Climacograptus wilsoni and Dicranograptus clingani. Similarly the Ashgill stage is redefined to include the zone of Pleurograptus linearis in addition to the zone of Dicellograptus complanatus. Throughout the section there are conflicts among the brachiopod, trilobite, cephalopod, and graptolite elements of the faunas concerning correct dating. In each case these have been resolved locally. Almost all the Ordovician series or formations overlap Precambrian rocks uncofformably at one place or another. This is particularly true of rocks below the Caradoc. The basal Akshal suite of limestones of questionable Tremadoc age is locally overlain by massive pink limestones which are of possible Arenig age. The Kopaly horizon believed to be of Llanvirn age is richly fossiliferous and composed of approximately 170 meters of detrital rocks with some impure limestones. This unit is considered Middle Ordovician because abundant trilobites and brachiopods resemble closely those of the overlying Karakan horizon believed to be of Llandeilo age. Despite the similarity of shelly faunas the graptolites of these two horizons differ markedly. The Beke series known as the “Green Flysch” overlies the Karakan to a thickness of 650 meters gradationally, and is believed to top the Llandeilo. The Caradoc Anderkenyn beds and the Caradoc and Ashgill Dulan-kara beds constitute sedimentary cycles from basal conglomerates to higher shales and limestones, as does a sequence including Upper Ashgill, Kyzyl-sai “Dark Flysch, ” the Chokpar horizon, and Lower Silurian Ul'kuntas limestone.—R. J. Ross, Jr.     

The Allochthony of the Argentine Precordillera Ten Years Later (1993–2003): A New Paleobiogeographic Test of the Microcontinental Model

Recent and new faunal data from the Cambrian to Silurian rocks of the Precordillera, Famatina and Northwest Argentina basins are used to discriminate between different paleogeographic models, and especially to establish to what extent they are compatible with a previous conclusion that the Precordillera is a Laurentian-derived microcontinent. There is no paleontological evidence to support a para-autochthonous Gondwanan origin of the Precordillera. The strong differences in the Cambrian trilobite faunas and lithologic successions preclude a common origin of the Precordillera terrane, eastern Antarctica and South Africa. Recent discoveries of brachiopods and organisms of the Phylum Agmata strengthened Laurentian affinities during the Cambrian. The latest Cambrian-early Ordovician faunas that inhabited the autochthonous Northwest Argentina basin, including the western Puna volcaniclastic successions, are mostly peri-Gondwanan. The early Ordovician brachiopods, ostracods and trilobites display mixed Laurentian, Baltic and Avalonian biogeographical links supporting a drifting of the Precordillera across the Iapetus Ocean. Increasing Gondwanan elements during the Llanvirn, along with varied geological evidence, indicate that the first stages of collision may have begun at that time, involving a major change in the plate kinematics. The distribution of facies and faunas, basin development, and timing of deformation are interpreted as resulting from a north to south diachronous closing of the remnant basin during the last phases of convergence and oblique collision of the Precordillera terrane with the Gondwana margin. The high level of endemism of Caradoc faunas may be a consequence of the rearrangement and partial isolation of sedimentary areas during the strike-slip movement of the colliding Precordillera plate with respect to the Gondwana margin. Suggested relationships between facies distribution, geographic barriers and faunal migrations before and during the collision are depicted in a series of schematic reconstructions at five time slices from late Cambrian to Silurian.     

华北地台西缘的上奥陶统

<正> 二十年前,关于华北地台的上奥陶统是否存在,几乎一无所知。一般都认为华北地台无晚奥陶世的沉积。但是,近二十年来,在华北地台西缘的许多地区不断地发现了上奥陶统。这些发现对阐明华北地台古地理、海水进退和构造运动等方面都有重要意义。 1960前,王钰、穆恩之、卢衍豪曾提出华北地台可能有上奥陶统的看法。1960年,俞昌民根据陕西耀县(原文为富平县)、宁夏固原县产有与祁连山扣门子组相同种的珊瑚Catenipora uniforma(C.M.Yu),初步肯定含该化石的地层年代为晚奥陶世。     

上扬子区西北缘米仓山地区卡拉道克中期的三叶虫相

通过对上扬子区西北缘米仓山地区 9个剖面的详细采集 ,在宝塔灰岩 (组 )的 Xenocyclopyge jaskovitchi- Sagavia chuanxiensis三叶虫间隔带 (Caradoc中期 )获得了十分丰富的三叶虫。依据动物群的组成、属的分异度和各个属的相对丰度 ,识别出 4个与深度相关的三叶虫相 :Ovalocephalus- Dislobosaspis相和 Panderia相 ,仅含少量的cyclopygid较浅层浮游的 Microparia(Microparia) cf.speciosa,代表了浅外陆棚的环境 ;Amphytrion- Ovalocephalus相和 Cyclopyge- Cyamella相则出现了较多的在较深水域浮游的 cyclopygid分子 ,属的分异度大大增高 ,代表了深外陆棚的环境     

Qinling Faunal Region-The Third Ordovician Faunal Region: International Correlation

The Ordovician conodont faunal provinces were previously divided into the Midcontinent and Atlantic Faunal Regions situated respectively in low and high latitudes, where warm- and cold-water type conodont faunas flourished respectively. According to the international correlation this paper proposes the third Ordovician conodont faunal region-Qinling Faunal Region, in which cold-water conodont faunas were well developed in the Early to middle Middle Ordovician and warm-water conodont faunas were well developed in the late Middle and Late Ordovician, indicating that the Qinling Region was situated in high latitudes earlier and in low latitudes later. The origin was only due to plate movement In the Qinling Region the time interval of the change of the conodont fauna from the cold- to warm-water type was 4 Ma (from 474 to 470 Ma), during which the fauna geographically spanned 40° of latitudes, with a movement velocity of nearly 1.12 m/a, indicating that the high-latitude plates were divorced and reduced i     

Ordovician provincial signals from Appalachian- Caledonian terranes

Statistical analysis of mainly mid to deep-shelf Ordovician brachiopod faunas from localities within and marginal to the Appalachian- Caledonian Orogen reveals biogeographical patterns not entirely consistent with those presumed for the progressive orthogonal closure of the Iapetus Ocean. Correspondence analysis of faunas of late Arenig-early Llanvirn, late Llandeilo-earliest Caradoc and late Ashgill age emphasize the importance of marginal and island faunas, the role of regressions and transgressions on faunal distributions and the effects of climatic change in the definition of biogeographical trends during the Ordovician.     

辽宁太子河流域奥陶系新观察兼论寒武-奥陶系界线

<正> 辽宁太子河流域的奥陶系经王钰等(1954)研究并取得重要进展以后,已成为华北地区奥陶系的典型剖面和对比基础。1979年8—9月间,笔者在本溪、田师付和辽阳五顶山等剖面采集了化石并着重对区内凤山组的生物群序列、寒武系与奥陶系之分界、奥陶纪地层系统及动物群序列等问题作进一步补充研究和探讨。 野外工作期间得到赵祥麟、段吉业、梁仲发等支持和帮助;施从广鉴定介形虫,杨荣庆     

Coevolution of Brachiopod Paleobiogeography and Tectonopaleogeography during the Early–Middle Permian

A comprehensive compilation and systematic analysis of known early and middle Permian brachiopod faunas shows that the early Permian brachiopod faunas comprise three realms, six regions, and eleven provinces, while those of the middle Permian comprise three realms, four regions, and eight provinces. A comparison and analysis of brachiopod faunal patterns reveal a coevolution between global brachiopod paleobiogeography and tectonopaleogeography during the early–middle Permian. Although temperature/latitude is the main factor controlling the formation of three realms, tectonopaleogeographic factors determine the temperature/latitude in which the continents were located. The ‘continental barrier' of Pangea, as a ‘central axis' continent, divided the three realms into six regions, which indicates that the formation of biogeographic regions was controlled mainly by the tectonopaleogeographic factors. The evolution of tectonopaleogeography was sometimes a long-term process, so that the biogeographic regions(or provinces) controlled by tectonopaleogeography displayed relative stability. Shifts in the nature of biogeographic provinces(e.g., from cool water to warm water, and vice versa), extensions or narrowing of geographical ranges, and recombinations of some provinces were all related to regional tectonic evolution. The study of the coevolution between brachiopod paleobiogeography and tectonopaleogeography not only accounts for the formation mechanisms of brachiopod paleobiogeographic patterns during the early–middle Permian, but also provides evidences for the locations and configurations of oceans and plates(blocks) during this period.     

中上扬子地区晚奥陶世岩相古地理及其油气地质意义

中上扬子地区上奥陶统主要发育庙坡组、宝塔组、临湘组(涧草沟组)、五峰组和观音桥组。笔者通过对研究区野外露头及钻井剖面的考察,总结前人研究成果,利用岩石学、古生物学、生态学及室内分析等方法将其划分为潮坪相、浅海陆棚相和深水盆地相3种沉积相类型。潮坪相以沉积灰岩、白云岩、钙质粉砂岩和粉砂岩等为特征。浅海陆棚相主要沉积龟裂纹灰岩、瘤状灰岩、页岩和粉砂质页岩。深水盆地相主要岩性为黑色碳质页岩、粉砂质页岩与硅质页岩,产以营漂浮生活的笔石为主的生物组合。岩相古地理研究表明,晚奥陶世桑比-凯迪早中期,受加里东构造运动影响,华南板内碰撞挤压作用显著,汉南隆起、川中隆起、川西-滇中-黔中-雪峰隆起不断抬升扩大,中上扬子地区表现为海平面相对上升,原本镶边型碳酸盐台地被淹没,沉积了大范围的浅海陆棚相龟裂纹灰岩和瘤状灰岩。凯迪晚期-赫南特期,隆起面积继续扩大,构造围限作用加剧,中上扬子地区发育大面积黑色碳质页岩、粉砂质页岩和硅质页岩。尤其川东南宜宾-泸州,川北旺苍-南江及黔北渝东武隆道真地区五峰组黑色碳质和硅质页岩,具很好的生烃潜力,应视为下一步烃源岩及页岩气勘探开发的重点研究区域。