基于小麦籽粒降Cd率及土壤Cd形态变化评价蚯蚓对Cd污染土壤的修复效果

本研究基于小麦籽粒降Cd率、土壤中Cd生物可利用态(DTPA-Cd)含量和土壤Cd移除率评价蚯蚓(赤子爱胜蚯蚓)对两种Cd污染农田土壤(河南潮土及河北褐土)的修复效果。研究结果表明：两种土壤中,添加0.5%和1.0%(蚯蚓鲜重/土壤干重)蚯蚓均能够明显降低小麦对Cd的富集,改变Cd在小麦植物器官中的分布,显著降低小麦籽粒中Cd含量(P<0.05),籽粒降Cd率达到31.1%~43.5%,促使小麦籽粒生物量增加35.5%~62.7%。添加0.5%和1.0%蚯蚓可显著降低土壤中生物可利用态Cd(DTPA-Cd)含量(P<0.05),DTPA-Cd含量下降29.1%~40.8%,有利于促进土壤中生物可利用态Cd向生物不易利用的形态转化。0.5%和1.0%蚯蚓添加使土壤中Cd移除率达到6.05%~11.88%,明显高于对照组(P<0.05),说明蚯蚓具有很好的Cd污染农田土壤修复潜力。在低Cd污染农田土壤中,蚯蚓可以降低土壤中Cd含量,减少小麦对Cd的富集,同时降低小麦籽粒Cd含量,这一研究结果对于修复低Cd污染农田土壤、保证农产品安全和实现“边生产边修复”具有重要意义。     

实验室与田间条件下骨炭粉与海藻肥对镉污染土壤修复效果评价

本研究基于小麦、玉米、高粱籽粒及烟草烟叶镉(Cd)消减率、修复边际效率及土壤中Cd有效态含量的变化等对比了实验室与田间条件下骨炭粉与海藻肥对Cd污染农田土壤的修复效果。研究结果表明：骨炭粉与海藻肥使玉米、小麦、高粱和烟草对Cd的吸收、转运均有显著(P<0.05)降低作用;在田间条件下,骨炭粉与海藻肥对不同作物籽粒或烟叶的Cd消减率为16.2%~39.8%,可增加作物产量12.3%~38.6%。钝化剂对不同作物增产效果有一定差异,对小麦籽粒增产作用最为有效。研究发现添加钝化剂改变了Cd在土壤团聚体中的分布,使得Cd在大粒径团聚体中负载量增加,并且与对照相比,显著提高土壤pH(提高0.43~0.77),降低土壤Cd的有效性,有利于控制Cd在土壤植物系统中的迁移。总体而言,不同钝化剂的Cd污染土壤修复边际效率为3.99%~14.74%,同海藻肥相比,骨炭粉的修复边际效率较高。不同钝化剂在盆栽实验的修复效果优于田间实验的效果,可能是因为相比于田间实验,盆栽实验条件下根系的作用范围有限,钝化剂的作用效果较高。     

巯基改性凹凸棒石黏土对土壤有效态镉及油菜吸收镉的影响

重金属不可降解,长期存在于土壤环境会严重影响作物安全。添加巯基改性凹凸棒石黏土(ATP-SH)到不同Cd污染程度土壤中,进行盆栽油菜实验,以石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定了土壤有效态Cd和油菜不同部位Cd的含量;采用SPSS讨论了ATP-SH添加量、土壤有效态Cd、油菜不同部位Cd的相关性;计算了油菜对Cd的富集系数及转运系数,探究了ATP-SH对土壤Cd的钝化效果及对油菜富集和转运Cd的影响。实验结果显示,添加ATP-SH后,土壤有效态Cd、油菜各部位Cd含量显著降低,土壤有效态Cd降低率为40.65%~74.27%,油菜根、茎、枝、菜籽中Cd降低率分别为29.36%~79.46%、41.44%~88.45%、43.19%~95.89%和38.02%~95.81%;ATP-SH添加量与土壤有效态Cd、油菜各部位Cd含量均呈显著或极显著负相关,土壤有效态Cd与油菜各部位Cd含量均呈显著或极显著正相关,油菜各部位之间的Cd含量存在明显正相关关系;对照组油菜根、茎、枝、菜籽对Cd的富集系数分别是实验组的1.42~4.87倍、1.71~8.66倍、1.92~24.43倍、1.61~23.76倍,油菜各部位Cd的转运系数的大小是茎＞枝＞菜籽,且茎远大于枝和菜籽,是枝和菜籽转运系数的3.5~25倍。综上,ATP-SH能降低土壤Cd的生物有效性,阻隔土壤Cd向油菜迁移。     

膜下滴灌棉花根系发育特征及其与土壤水盐分布的关系

为探讨膜下滴灌条件下水分和盐分对棉花根系空间发育的影响,在花铃期选择相同灌溉制度、咸淡水灌溉的两个膜下滴灌处理田块采集距滴灌带不同距离、不同深度上的根系样品144 件。用1 mm 土筛和手拣将棉花根系从土壤中筛分出来,去除死根,冲洗干净后用扫描仪扫描成tif 格式图像,再用DT-SCAN 软件计算根长密度。对比分析发现膜下滴灌及盐胁迫条件下,咸水灌溉的根系分布范围较大,其总根长密度比淡水大31.69 mm/cm3,根系生长深度也远大于淡水灌溉。咸水灌溉根系分布主要受盐分胁迫,淡水灌溉根系分布主要受水分胁迫。水平方向上距滴头40 cm以远,水分胁迫对根系发育起主导作用。土壤体积含水率在20% 以上、电导率在2 000 μs/cm 以下时可以满足根系的正常生长发育。     

不同微生物肥对植烟区镉污染土壤的修复效果

为研究不同微生物肥对土壤中Cd的钝化效果和烟叶Cd含量的影响,选取南方植烟区3种不同类型(红泥田、黄泥田及青紫泥田)Cd污染土壤,以南方主栽烤烟云-87和K-326为测试品种,采用盆栽试验,测定了3种微生物肥(DY、AMS和HMD)在不同浓度下对烟草生物量、不同部位烟叶Cd含量、土壤Cd形态以及土壤中微生物种类的影响。结果表明：(1)3种微生物肥均能增加烟叶生物量,其中HMD增重效果最好。(2)与对照相比,3种微生物肥能有效地降低土壤中Cd的有效性和烟叶Cd的含量。针对3种土壤施用微生物肥浓度为1.5%时,叶片中Cd的降Cd率(与对照相比)分别达到17.2%~63.9%、20.4%~58.3%及18.9%~48.3%,DTPA-Cd下降比例分别为13.8%~17.3%、17.2%~22.8%及12.8%~16.2%;而随着施用微生物肥浓度增加到3.0%后,上述土壤烟叶中Cd的降Cd率显著增加,分别为20.3%~59%、31.3%~66.6%及25.2%~56.1%,DTPA-Cd下降比例分别为15.5%~28.2%、19.6%~26.6%及13.8%~17.3%。HMD效果最好,其次为DY和AMS。(3)3种微生物肥都增加土壤中微生物种类和数量,优化了烟草生长环境。总体来说,该植烟区土壤,DY和HMD增加产量的同时降Cd效果较好,可以在大田推广使用。     

田间条件下不同农艺措施对烟叶镉吸收及烟叶品质的影响

为研究不同农艺措施对烟叶镉(Cd)富集及生长发育的影响,选取中国南方植烟区两种Cd污染土壤(红泥田、黄泥田)为研究对象,以云烟87为供试品种,通过田间小区试验,研究增施磷酸二氢钾、硫酸锌、腐殖酸络合钾和生石灰对土壤Cd有效态含量、烟叶Cd含量、土壤肥力指标、烤烟经济性状及常规化学成分的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,增施磷酸二氢钾、硫酸锌、腐殖酸络合钾和生石灰均能有效减少土壤Cd生物有效性和烟草对Cd的富集,土壤有效态Cd含量降低10.4%~25.5%,烟叶Cd消减率为20.39%~43.47%,不同处理顺序为磷酸二氢钾>腐殖酸络合钾>硫酸锌≈生石灰;施用生石灰可提高土壤pH值0.24~0.51,但会造成土壤肥力下降,影响烤烟生长发育;增施腐殖酸络合钾可提高土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性,提高土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量、有效氮含量等肥力指标,显著提高烤后烟叶钾含量,降低烟叶糖含量,使烟叶化学成分更趋于协调。     

广西废弃矿区土壤中Cd、Pb、As污染特征及环境质量评价研究

文中对广西某废弃稀土矿区9个采样点0～20 cm(表层)和20～60 cm(深层)以及2个土壤剖面共38个土壤样品进行取样分析,采用地积累指数评价法和潜在生态风险指数评估模型评价了Cd、Pb、As三项重金属污染状况和潜在生态风险并应用相关性分析了重金属来源。结果显示：(1)表层和深层土壤中重金属元素Cd、Pb存在明显的重金属超标现象,尤其是Cd含量超标情况严重,在表层和深层土壤中,Cd的超标率均达到了100%,Pb的超标率分别达到了33.3%和22.2%,As含量正常处于未污染状态。(2)表层和深层土壤3种重金属元素的相关性分析显示,Cd和Pb的相关性不明显,As元素表现出极显著正相关;(3)污染评价显示,表层土壤重金属元素中Cd处于偏中度污染水平,Pb处于轻度污染水平,深层土壤中Cd、Pb均处于偏中度污染水平,表层和深层土壤中As元素均显示无污染。(4)As元素在矿区和非矿区0～100 cm剖面I_geo值均小于-1属于无污染等级。非矿区剖面土壤重金属Cd、Pb的污染程度整体上小于矿区Cd、Pb污染。在矿区范围内,Cd、Pb含量均表现出随着土壤深度增大先升高后降低...     

基于作物Cd富集系数的土壤有效态Cd化学浸提方法筛选

土壤中镉(Cd)被作物吸收的程度及其生态风险取决于土壤中Cd的赋存形态,基于Cd有效形态的污染土壤风险评价及在此基础上制订污染土壤修复安全阈值是Cd污染农田土壤风险评价和治理亟待解决的问题。目前针对土壤中重金属有效态的化学浸提方法较多,但缺乏针对不同性质土壤中有效态Cd的普适性浸提方法已成为Cd污染土壤风险评价技术瓶颈。本研究采集了全国9个不同性质农田土壤,以水稻、小白菜和玉米为测试作物,通过外源添加方法制备Cd污染土壤,结合土壤培养和盆栽实验,测定了5种常用化学浸提方法,包括中性无机盐浸提方法(CaCl₂浸提法)、弱酸浸提法(HCl浸提法)、络合螯合剂浸提方法(DTPA和ETPA浸提法)和组合浸提方法(Mehlich-3(M3)浸提法)对不同性质土壤中有效态Cd浸提效果及其与作物Cd吸收的量化关系,筛选适用于不同性质土壤中有效态Cd的通用浸提方法。结果表明,不同化学浸提法提取的土壤有效态Cd含量间具有显著差异,不同浸提方法对土壤中Cd的浸提率(%)为DTPA≈EDTA≈HCl> M3≈CaCl₂。不同化学浸提态Cd与作物Cd吸收的相关...     

玉米根际土壤细菌群落对不同程度镉污染的响应：以甘肃省白银市四龙镇地区为例

为了研究玉米根际土壤细菌群落对土壤Cd污染的响应,本研究基于Illumina MiSeq高通量测序平台,对取自甘肃省白银市四龙镇地区的4组不同Cd污染程度的土壤样品进行16S rDNA扩增子测序分析。结果显示：4组不同Cd污染程度的玉米根际土壤细菌样品的Chao1指数和Shannon指数差异性不明显(p>0.05),表明Cd污染对土壤细菌多样性的影响不显著。4组样品的细菌丰富度相似,优势类群大致相同。4组样品的优势门均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes),优势菌属为Ohtaekwangia、GP4、GP6、硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)和芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)等。Ohtaekwangia和芽单胞菌属的细菌抗逆性较强,随着环境中Cd含量的增加,其细菌相对丰度增加,而GP4和GP6的细菌抗逆性较差,其相对丰度会随土壤Cd含量的降低而降低。Cd污染会引起土壤中细菌的多样性变化,但细菌多样性与土壤中Cd含...     

成都平原区水稻土成土剖面Cd形态分布特征及影响因素研究

成土过程中不同形态镉(Cd)迁移转化的影响因素研究对于了解Cd的地球化学行为具有非常重要的意义。以四川省成都平原区农田生态系统水稻土剖面中不同形态Cd分布特征为例,探讨成土过程中不同形态Cd的迁移转化影响因素及其生态危害性。结果表明:总量Cd、离子交换态Cd和碳酸盐Cd均表现出表层富集,深层含量稳定的特征;岷江流域和沱江流域水稻土Cd含量的背景值分别为0.147,0.215mg·kg-1。外源输入耕层土壤中Cd主要为活动态,其增加量占Cd总量增加量的60.71%~90.52%,向下垂向迁移能力非常弱。成土过程随着土壤中Cd总量增加,稳定态Cd含量显著增加,而活动态Cd含量明显降低。土壤的pH值主要对碳酸盐态Cd含量有影响,pH值越大,其含量越高;随着土壤成熟度增高,粉粒和粘粒含量增加的同时,残渣态Cd含量显著降低,而有机结合态Cd含量显著增高。耕层土壤中Cd的生物有效性系数高达0.59~0.65,已经严重地影响到农作物安全。     

Cadmium (Cd) concentration in wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis>) grown in Cd-spiked soil varies with the doses and biochar feedstock

Biochar is considered a promising amendment for the reduction of metal concentration in plants; however, the effects of biochar in terms of dose and feedstock on metal uptake by plants remain widely unclear. In the current study, three individual biochars were prepared at 450 °C from different feedstocks (wheat straw, sukh chain (Pongamia pinnata), and cotton sticks). The main aim was to evaluate their ability to remediate cadmium (Cd)-spiked soil in terms of growth response and Cd uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum) tissues. Biochars were separately applied at 0, 1, and 2% (w/w) in Cd-spiked soil and wheat was grown until maturity in pots and then morphological and physiological parameters and Cd concentrations in grains, roots, and shoots were determined. The post-harvest soil was analyzed for extractable Cd concentrations. Plants grown in Cd-spiked soil treated with biochars had higher seed germination, lengths of roots, shoots, and spikes, grains per spike and leaf relative water contents, chlorophyll contents, and dry weight of roots, shoots, and grains as compared to the untreated control. Biochar treatments significantly decreased the Cd concentrations in shoots, roots, and grains as well as total Cd uptake by grains. Soil extractable Cd concentrations were significantly decreased with biochar treatments. The application of 2.0% wheat straw biochar was the most efficient treatment in increasing grain yield and decreasing Cd in grains as well as soil extractable Cd than the other two biochars and doses applied.     

根细胞壁中镉亚细胞分布对土壤-烟草系统中镉吸收、转运的影响

根细胞壁是植物吸收、转运镉(Cd)的第一道屏障。为了揭示烟草根细胞壁中Cd的亚细胞分布与结合形态对烟草茎叶Cd吸收、转运的影响机理,文中研究了12种不同烟草根、茎、叶对Cd的富集、转运特征,利用活体细胞分离技术分析了根细胞壁中Cd的亚细胞分布及结合形态,在此基础上对根细胞壁Cd的亚细胞分布与烟草Cd吸收、转运的关系进行了研究。结果表明不同烟草根、叶对土壤中Cd的富集系数间存在显著差异(P<0.05)：根中Cd含量为3.13~7.10 mg/kg,最大相差2.27倍;烟叶中Cd含量为3.29~9.93 mg/kg,最大相差3.0倍;根叶转运系数为0.50~3.17,最大相差6.34倍。烟草根部Cd主要以醋酸浸提态(FHAC)为主。不同细胞壁组分中Cd含量测定发现,去果胶后细胞壁(CW-P)中Cd含量显著增加,而去半纤维素后细胞壁中Cd含量显著降低。去果胶后细胞壁中Cd含量与根叶中Cd的转运系数呈显著的负相关,转运系数最低的K346中,CW-P中Cd含量最高,说明半纤维素是烟草根细胞壁蓄积Cd的主要场所,烟草根细胞壁中半纤维素对Cd的束缚降低了Cd通过长距离向地上部分的转运。     

不同超富集、富集植物-玉米间作模式对玉米中镉吸收、转运的影响研究

为了研究Cd污染条件下,玉米分别与苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵间作对重金属Cd吸收和转运的特点,从而选择适宜与玉米间作的富集植物,同时达到修复重金属Cd污染土壤的目的。该文以镉(Cd)污染的河南棕壤黏土为供试土壤,通过盆栽试验,基于玉米各器官中Cd含量、富集系数、转运系数、土壤有效态Cd含量的变化,研究了间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵对玉米各器官Cd的积累特性的影响及其迁移转运机制。结果表明：(1)龙葵、苋菜、黑麦草间作使得玉米地上部Cd含量显著性降低(P<0.05),其中以籽粒中Cd含量的下降最为显著。间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵,玉米籽粒中Cd含量分别下降了67.6%、75.7%和79.9%。(2)间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵使得玉米的富集系数较单作处理下玉米的富集系数分别下降了49.3%、39.7%和68.5%,且差异达到显著水平。(3)与苋菜、黑麦草间作相比,间作龙葵的玉米转运系数分别下降了27.5%、24.2%,且差异均达到显著水平。通过对人体每天摄入Cd量的安全值计算得出间作后土壤中Cd全量应低于2.26 mg·kg-1,土壤有效态Cd含量低于0.88 mg·kg-1。该污染农田在间作模式下,食用玉米Cd暴露对居民健康不存在风险。间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵能够抑制玉米对Cd的吸收,同时阻控玉米地上部Cd向地上部的转移,尤其是向籽粒转移。通过间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵,不仅降低了主栽作物玉米的Cd累积量,实现玉米安全、优质种植,同时也达到了修复污染土壤的目的。     

水稻籽实及其根系土壤中镉含量的相关性研究——以几个金土地工程土地整理区为例

通过对水稻籽实（大米）及其根系土壤中镉含量的相关性研究表明：酸性水稻土壤区域,根系土中的镉与水稻籽实中的镉相关系数为0．971,说明大米中镉积累与土壤环境中镉含量密切相关。碱性水稻土壤区域,水稻根系土中的镉与水稻籽实中的镉相关系数为0．265,大米中镉含量较低,碱性土壤中镉不易活化而原地淀积,则根系土壤中镉对大米中镉的富集贡献小。水稻根系土壤中有机质（Org）与镉相关系数为0．59,也较为显著。土壤中有机质对重金属元素镉具正吸附作用,有机质含量越高,重金属元素镉呈难吝硫化物而原地淀积。     

Growth, gas exchange, root morphology and cadmium uptake responses of poplars and willows grown on cadmium-contaminated soil to elevated CO2

Little information is available about effects of elevated CO₂ (EC) on growth of poplars and willows grown on Cd-contaminated soil and their potential use for Cd phytoremediation. Plant growth, gas exchange, root morphology, and Cd uptake responses to EC were assessed for one poplar genotype [Populus euramericana cv. ??74/76?? (P107)] and two willow genotypes [Salix jiangsuensis CL. ??799?? (J799) and Salix jiangsuensis CL. ??172?? (J172)]. Rooted cuttings were grown on Cd-contaminated soil in six open-top chambers supplied with ambient and elevated CO₂. EC increased leaf, stem, root and total biomass and total Cd uptake, but did not change Cd concentration in the tree tissues. Although stomatal conductance declined remarkably, EC stimulated leaf photosynthesis and intrinsic water use efficiency. There were differences among tree genotypes in growth and photosynthesis response to EC, with photosynthetic acclimation occurring only in P107. EC increased root lengths, root surface areas, root volumes and numbers of root tips of the three tree genotypes grown on Cd-contaminated soils. It was concluded that the biomass increase was closely correlated with stimulation of leaf photosynthesis and root growth induced by EC. EC increased the root surface areas of small-diameter roots and consequently, the ability to capture Cd in root systems, which led to increased total Cd uptake in all plant parts. The increase in total Cd uptake by the tree genotypes due to increased biomass under EC suggested an alternative way of improving the efficiency of phytoremediation of contaminated soil.     

Tillage and farm manure affect root growth and nutrient uptake of wheat and rice under semi-arid conditions

Tillage systems affect soil properties, crop growth and nutrient uptake under various agro-ecological conditions. The uptake of water and nutrients are largely dependent on the root systems of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). The application of manure has direct influence on the nutrient uptake by the crop plants. A 2 year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of tillage and farm manure on root growth by measuring the root length density on a sandy clay loam (Typic calciargid soil). Three tillage systems were used; (i) minimum tillage (MT), (ii) deep tillage (DT) and (iii) conventional tillage (CT). Three farm manure levels were used; (i) FM₀ (only chemical fertilizers), (ii) FM₁₅ (farm manure at 15 Mg ha^?1) and (iii) FM₃₀ (farm manure at 30 Mg ha^?1). The incorporation of farm manure into soil markedly improved the root length density (RLD) of both wheat and rice crops. For wheat, the application of FM₃₀ increased RLD by 16% and 9% in cases of deep tillage and minimum tillage, respectively. For rice, the increase in RLD at the same farm manure rate (FM₃₀) was 13% and 17%, during first and second year, respectively. Averaged across tillage, the trend of RLD for both wheat and rice was DT > CT > MT. The incorporation of FM has increased the uptake of N, P and K significantly (P < 0.05), thereby increasing the agronomic parameters. The manure may be used to ameliorate the deleterious effects of tillage for sustainable crop yield.     

A field study investigating the potential use of phosphorus combined with organic amendments on cadmium accumulation by wheat and subsequent rice

A field study was performed to determine the efficiency of diammonium phosphate (DAP) applied alone or combined with biochar, lignite, and farmyard manure (FYM) on growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in wheat and rice. Before crop sowing, different treatments were applied in the field such as a control (T₁), DAP alone (0.1%, T₂), DAP + lignite (0.05% each, T₃), DAP + FYM (0.05% each, T₄), and DAP + biochar (0.05% each, T₅). Afterwards, the wheat seeds were sown in the soil. At wheat postharvest, rice was sown without any further treatment. Raw effluent was applied as an irrigation source during the whole growth period of both crops since it is the common practice of the farmers of study area. It was revealed that the use of amendments enhanced the yield and photosynthesis but lowered the Cd contents in straw as well as grains of both crops. In both crops, the highest yield of straw and grain was found in DAP + FYM whereas the lowest Cd concentration was found in DAP alone. The ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA extractable Cd of post wheat and post rice soils were decreased while the soil pH and immobilization index were increased in all treatments as compared with the control. The present field study highlighted that the DAP + FYM can be effective in increasing yield with decreased Cd concentrations in crop grains.     

Heavy metal distribution in soil and plant in municipal solid waste compost amended plots

A field study was carried out to evaluate long-term heavy metal accumulation in the top 20 cm of a Tunisian clayey loam soil amended for four consecutive years with municipal solid waste compost at three levels (0, 40 and 80 t/ha/y). Heavy metals uptake and translocation within wheat plants grown on these soils were also investigated. Compared to untreated soils, compost-amended soils showed significant increases in the content of all measured metals: cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc in the last three years, especially for plots amended with municipal solid waste compost at 80 t/ha/y. Wheat plants grown on compost-amended soils showed a general increase in metal uptake and translocation, especially for chromium and nickel. This heavy metal uptake was about three folds greater in plots amended at 80 t/ha/y as compared to plots amended at 40 t/ha/y. At the end of the experimental period, the diluting effect resulting from enhanced growth rates of wheat plants due to successive compost applications resulted in lower concentrations in the plants (grain part) grown on treated plots. On the other hand, chromium and nickel were less mobile in the aerial part of wheat plants and were accumulated essentially in root tissues. Plant/soil transfer coefficients for compost-amended treatments were higher than threshold range reported in the literature, indicating that there was an important load/transfer of metal ions from soils to wheat plants.