上天、入地、下海:极端条件下矿物学研究

上天、入地、下海,进行极端条件下的矿物学研究,研究微矿物,发现新矿物。主要利用金刚石压机,结合使用国内外同步辐射X-光源、中子源,以及其他多种物理的、化学的、光学的测试手段(如岩石矿物化学分析,光薄片测定,电子探针,离子探针,扫描电镜,透射电镜,红外、紫外、拉曼光谱,激光加热等),对来自天外的陨石、陨石坑样品、地球深处地幔源矿物以及海底甲烷水合物进行了一些研究。模拟不同温度和压力下各种不同成分的矿物材料的晶体结构、物理和化学性质。文章着重研究从地球内核到地壳海底的各种不同组分在不同温度、压力极端环境下形成的各种各样的典型矿物:从金属固体内核和金属液体外核中的ε-Fe到核幔边界(CMB)地球D″层的后钙钛矿(Post-Perovskite)结构(ppv)镁铁硅酸盐(Mg,Fe)SiO₃,从下地幔中的铁磁性钙钛矿(Perovskite)结构(pv)镁铁硅酸盐布里奇曼石(Bridgmanite)(Mg,Fe)SiO₃、镁铁氧化物(Fe,Mg)O和后尖晶石(Post-Spinel)结构的含Fe³⁺毛河光矿(Maohokite)(HP-Mg$Fe^{3+}_{2}O_{4}$)到过渡带、上地幔和地壳中的镁铁硅酸盐、硅氧化物、铬铁氧化物和金刚石及其内含物以及甲烷水合物(CH₄·H₂O)等。进行高温高压极端条件下的矿物学研究,为探索地球结构性质、形成动力和发展历史提供了新的窗口。     

Melting relations and major element partitioning in an oxidized bulk Earth model composition at 15–26 GPa

Melting experiments were performed on an FeO-rich bulk Earth model composition in the CMFAS system in order to investigate the partitioning of major elements between coexisting minerals and melts. The starting material (34.2% SiO₂, 3.86% Al₂O₃, 35.2% FeO, 25.0% MgO and 1.88% CaO), contained in Re-capsules, was a mixture of crystalline forsterite and fayalite, and a glass containing SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and CaO. Olivine is the first liquidus phase at 10 GPa but is replaced by majoritic garnet (ga) in the 15–26 GPa range. Magnesiowüstite (mw) crystallizes close to the liquidus and is joined by perovskite (pv) at 26 GPa.

The quenched melt compositions are homogeneous throughout the melt region of the charges and are only slightly enriched in Si, Ca and Fe, and depleted in Mg, relative to the starting composition. The Fe/Mg and Ca/Al ratios in all of the minerals increase rapidly below the liquidus to become compatible with the bulk composition at the solidus. At 26 GPa, a relative density sequence of mw>pv>melt>ga is observed. This indicates that majorite floating, combined with the sinking of magnesiowüstite and perovskite can be expected during the solidification of a Hadean magma ocean and in hot mantle plumes early in the Earth's history. The mineral–melt partitioning relations indicate that fractional crystallization or partial melting in the transition zone and the upper part of the lower mantle would increase the Fe/Mg and Ca/Al ratios of the melt, even if magnesiowüstite was predominant in the solid fraction. A significant contribution of accumulated mw to the segregation of the protocore is therefore unlikely. The suggested process of perovskite fractionation to the lower mantle is not capable of increasing the Mg/Si ratio in the residual melt, and the combined fractionation of perovskite and magnesiowüstite produces a melt with elevated ratios of Si/Mg, Ca/Al and Fe/Mg.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112000072

The Abor volcanics outcroping in the core of the Siang window in the Eastern Himalaya comprise voluminous mafic volcanics (47％-56％ w(SiO2)),with subordinate felsic volcanics (67％-75％ w(SiO2)).The felsi...     

下地幔矿物研究及其进展

文中综述了20世纪90年代以来对下地幔矿物高温高压研究的进展,详细评论了下地幔温压下(Mg,Fe)SiO3钙钛矿的稳定性、(Mg, Fe)SiO3 钙钛矿和(Mg, Fe)O镁方铁矿的高压状态方程和热弹性及高压熔化、核幔边界温压下铁和硅酸盐的化学反应等几个热点问题;探讨了下地幔的矿物学组成,对下地幔的地震波速异常给出了可能的矿物学解释;介绍了国内同领域的研究工作;展望了下地幔矿物研究的发展方向。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111001150

The Erlangmiao granite intrusion is located in the eastern part of the East Qinling Orogen.The granite contains almost 99 vol.％ felsic minerals with accessory garnet,muscovite,biotite,zircon,and Fe-Ti ...     

江西南部东坑盆地流纹岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

东坑盆地位于南岭构造带东段,其中的流纹岩为该带燕山期最早的“流纹岩—玄武岩”双峰式火山岩组合的酸性端元.主量元素、微量元素、Sr-Nd-Pb-O-Hf同位素研究表明,流纹岩富硅、钾,贫镁、钙、钛,属亚碱性弱过铝质岩石;稀土元素富集,轻重稀土分异和铕负异常明显,表现典型的M型稀土元素4分组效应,富集高场强元素Ta、Hf、Zr、Nb、Ce、Y和大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U、Ba、Ga,亏损大离子亲石元素Sr,具有A型流纹岩和高Sr-Ba流纹岩的微量元素特征;(87Sr/86Sr)i较高,(206Pb/204Pb)i、(207Pb/204Pb)i和(208Pb/204Pb)i较低,εNd(t)、εHf(t)和δ18OV-SMOW较高,TDM2(Nd)和TDM2(Hf)较小.这些特征表明,东坑盆地流纹岩是拉张构造环境下源于新元古代亏损地幔和少量古老下地壳物质混合而成年轻下地壳部分熔融的产物,为早侏罗世早期南岭构造带东段处于拉张构造环境、地壳属正常厚度提供了岩石学证据.     

镁同位素示踪碳酸盐岩沉积—成岩过程

镁（Mg）作为主要的造岩元素及生物营养元素,是连接大陆、海洋和地球内部循环的重要纽带。碳酸盐岩作为Mg的主要储库,是全球Mg循环的重要组成环节,利用Mg同位素示踪碳酸盐岩沉积—成岩过程是有效反演深时海水Mg同位素组成（δ26Mg_海水）、恢复全球Mg循环的基本前提。近二十年来,Mg同位素在示踪碳酸盐岩沉积—成岩过程研究中取得了较大进展:1）不同类型碳酸盐矿物形成过程中的Mg同位素分馏及其影响因素的研究得到完善;2）建立了Mg同位素地球化学模型,对不同白云石化过程进行半定量—定量模拟;3）初步探索了利用Mg同位素反演早期成岩流体体系的方法。以上研究进展为利用碳酸盐岩恢复δ26Mg_海水奠定了理论基础,在选择有效的碳酸盐岩载体恢复δ26Mg_海水时,需充分考虑碳酸盐岩的沉积—成岩过程及其对Mg同位素组成的影响,并适当结合地球化学模型,消除沉积—成岩因素的影响,进而恢复δ26Mg_海水。     

陕西铅硐山大型铅锌矿床热水沉积岩相特征

陕西凤县铅硐山大型铅锌矿床赋存于中泥盆统吉维特晚期之上的热水沉积岩相中,其微相可划分为热水沉积岩相、热水沉积－交代岩相、热水同生沉积岩相及后期改造的热水沉积岩相。其岩石中高SiO_２、FeO、CaO、MgO、MnO、As、Sb、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag、B、Ba等元素,是由富Fe２＋、Si４＋的Ca２＋－Mg２＋－K＋－HCO－_３－Cl－型成矿流体、富Si４＋的Ca２＋－Mg２＋－SO２－－Cl－（CO_２－CO－H_２O）型成矿流体及高盐度的海水三者相互混合,而引发的同生沉积－交代作用所形成。成矿热流体大规模运移的机理是泥盆纪秦岭微板块在深部向华北板块俯冲挤压,使流体向上运移,浅表拉伸形成盆地,而使沿同生断裂上升的成矿流体迁移到三级盆地中,从而形成了热水沉积岩相。不同流体混合及酸碱性、氧化－还原性的骤变是造成矿质大量沉淀的机理,三级热水盆地及矿层上覆砂炭泥质岩层是矿层良好的赋存空间和保存条件。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000843

We report equilibrium sapphirine t quartz assemblage in biotiteeorthopyroxeneegarnet granulites from a new locality in Panasapattu of Paderu region in the Eastern Ghats granulite belt, which provide new evidence for ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) metamorphism at 1030e1050 C and 10 kbar in this region. The development of migmatitic texture, stabilization of the garneteorthopyroxenee plagioclaseeK-feldspar association, prograde biotite inclusions within garnet and sapphirine as well as sapphirine and cordierite inclusions within garnet in these granulites indicate that the observed peak assemblages probably formed during prograde dehydration melting of a BteSilleQtz assemblage, and constrain the prograde stage of the PeT path. The core domains of orthopyroxene porphyroblasts have up to wt(Al2O3) 9.6%, which suggest that the temperatures reached up to 1150 C suggesting extreme crustal metamorphism. These conditions were also confirmed by the garneteorthopyroxene thermobarometery, which yields a PeT range of 1012e960 C and 9.4 kbar. The PeT phase topologies computed using isochemical sections calculated in the model system Na2OeCaOeK2OeFeOeMgOeAl2O3eSiO2 eH2O (NCKFMASH) for metapelites, garnet-free sapphirine granulites and garnet-bearing sapphirine granulites match the melt-bearing assemblages observed in these rocks. Isochemical sections constructed in the NCKFMASH system for an average sub-aluminous metapelite bulk composition, and contoured for modal proportions of melt and garnet, as well as for the compositional isopleths of garnet, predict phase and reaction relations that are consistent with those observed in the rocks. Garnet and orthopyroxene contain Ti-rich phlogopite inclusions, suggesting formation by prograde melting reactions at the expense of phlogopite during ultrahigh-temperature conditions. These PeT results underestimate ‘peak’ conditions, in part as a result of the modification of garnet compositions in the domains where some melt was retained. The post-peak evolution is constrained by a succession of melt-present reactions that occur at P < 10 kbar, inferred from micro-structural relations among various minerals. After high-temperature decompression from the metamorphic peak, the PeT path followed a near isobaric cooling stage to T < 900 C. The UHT rocks investigated in this study occur within a continental collision suture which witnessed prolonged subductioneaccretion history prior to the final collision. We correlate the extreme metamorphism and the stabilization of UHT mineral assemblages to heat and volatile input from an upwelled asthenosphere during subductionecollision tectonics in a Proterozoic convergent plate margin.     

Stable isotopes, chemistry and petrology of carbonate concretions (Mishash formation, Israel)

Carbonate concretions of variable sizes occur in the upper member of the Senonian (Upper Cretaceous) Mishash formation in Israel. Eight concretions and their surrounding country rocks were examined in the field, in thin sections and by X-rays. The isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen in the carbonates, the amount of acid insoluble residue, as well as the concentrations of P₂O₅, Ca, Mg, Sr and Fe were determined. Other concretions and country rocks were analyzed for oxygen and carbon isotopes only.

The concretions are composed of almost pure, microsparitic calcite, whereas the country rocks are porcellanitic-phosphoritic chalks. Compared with the surrounding rocks, the concretions are strongly enriched in ¹²C and are depeleted in insoluble residue, P₂O₅, SiO₂, Fe, Sr and Mg.

It is postulated that the concretions were formed by addition of CaCO₃ to sites of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter, while CaCO₃ was mobilized in the surrounding sediments, in which aerobic decomposition of organic matter prevailed.

Several consequences of this model are considered, concerning the quantitative volume changes, as well as the distribution of SiO₂ and Mg between concretions and country rocks.     

东天山巴里坤地区早石炭世高镁闪长岩的确定及地质意义

东天山巴里坤地区两个闪长岩体分别获得327 Ma 和333 Ma 的LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb年龄,代表早石炭世一期岩浆活动。这些岩体具中等略高的SiO₂（51.33%～62.48%）、高MgO（2.04%～11.16%）、高TiO₂（0.67%～1.29%）、富钠（Na₂O/K₂O = 1.39～2.95）,相对富集LILE和LREE、贫HFSE,亏损Nb、富集Pb,具中等略高的轻重稀土分馏,无或弱负铕异常的右倾谱型,与赞岐质高镁闪长岩相同。岩体基本没有受到陆壳物质混染,其锆石ε_Hf（t）均为正值,且变化范围较大,指示来自受富集组分改造的亏损地幔。结合岩石中出现较多角闪石等含水矿物以及Pb富集,证明它们来自俯冲带之上有流体加入的地幔楔,高的TiO₂和中等略高的轻重稀土分馏进一步表明,是俯冲消减板片部分熔融的长英质熔体与地幔橄榄岩相互作用后,交代改造地幔熔融岩浆侵位的产物。结合区域同期弧火山岩和花岗岩类的形成,以及于晚石炭世-二叠纪广泛出现碰撞/后碰撞高钾花岗岩、A 型花岗岩以及镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体和基性岩脉的研究认为,博格达-哈尔里克构造带在早石炭世处于与大洋俯冲消减有关的岛弧环境,此后于晚石炭世晚期-早二叠世开始转入后碰撞伸展的构造环境。     

康滇古陆东缘筇竹寺组地球化学特征及意义

云南省昭通市昭阳区锌厂沟位于康滇古陆东缘,在剖面测量及样品系统采集分析基础上,建立了该区下寒武统筇竹寺组泥页岩地球化学剖面,为该区筇竹寺组沉积环境、物源分析提供了定量的地球化学数据。研究结果显示:1）筇竹寺组物源主要来自康滇古陆中元古界东川群、会理群砂泥岩、海相玄武岩,并可能有少许同时代花岗岩,形成于康滇古陆东缘大陆坡或边缘海,自西向东呈康滇古陆—潮坪—浅水陆棚—深水陆棚—水下隆起有序变化,工区位于浅水陆棚相;2）稀土元素δCe值、δEu值及微量元素Mo、V含量、（V）_N/（V+Ni）_N比值、（Cu）_N/（Zn）_N比值反映筇竹寺组底部为深水陆棚环境,上部总体为浅水陆棚沉积环境,局部水体加深为深水陆棚沉积环境。总体上该区以浅水陆棚为优势相,并具酸性还原环境特点;3）微量元素Rb、Ba、Ga、V、Zn、Mo、Cd、Sn、Zr有明显的富集。主量元素（SiO₂）_N/（Al₂O₃）_N比值及微量元素Ba、U含量、Zn-Ni-Co三角图、U/Th比值、Co/Zn比值表明有生物或热水作用的参与。     

贵州遵义二叠系锰矿区硅质岩成因及成矿意义

贵州遵义二叠系锰矿底部发育一套特殊的硅质岩建造,该套硅质岩环绕锰矿富集区呈墙状产出,习称“白泥塘层”硅质岩或“城墙式”硅质岩,其与锰矿成矿作用之间有着紧密的成因联系。详细地野外地质调查发现,该套硅质岩具有条带状、角砾状和块状构造,其中钢灰色、黑色锰质细脉穿插于条带硅质岩之中,角砾状构造硅质岩多沿锰矿体周边分布。10 件硅质岩样品元素地球化学分析表明 ,硅质岩具有较高的 SiO₂（80.55% ～99.56%）和Fe₂O₃（0.47%～13.76 %）, 较低的Al₂O₃（0.05%～4.06%）和TiO₂（0～0.49%）, 指示其形成过程中陆源碎屑物质参与较少。（La/Ce）比值和Ce 异常值特征指示硅质岩形成于深水裂陷盆地中,环N 境条件为还原状态。Fe-Mn-Al 和SiO₂-Al₂O₃ 图解显示, 硅质岩主要落入热水沉积区内或其附近区域。硅质岩Al/（Al+Fe+Mn）均值为0.26、（La/Ce）_N 值为1.51～2.34、 Y/Ho 值为 30.64～43.91,Eu/Eu^* 值为0.96～1.67,且硅质岩稀土配分模式与热水沉积硅质岩类似,这些特征集中表明硅质岩成岩过程中有明显的热水物质参与,属于热水成因硅质岩,这为遵义二叠系锰矿床热水喷流沉积成因提供了新的佐证。     

老挝南部帕莱通双峰式火山岩锆石U-Pb定年及岩石地球化学特征

老挝南部帕莱通（Phlaythong）矿区出露了一套双峰式火山岩组合,其基性端元为致密块状玄武岩,酸性端元为流纹岩。流纹岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为（229.0±2.0）Ma,属中-晚三叠世,代表双峰式火山岩形成时代。地球化学数据显示：玄武岩SiO₂质量分数均值为50.70%,富TiO₂、MgO、CaO和TFeO,具较低的全碱和P₂O₅,富集LILE(Sr、Rb、Ba、Th)和轻微亏损HFSE,轻稀土略微富集,Eu负异常不明显;流纹岩具有高的SiO₂（平均质量分数为76.33%）和全碱,富钾（w(K₂O）＞w(Na₂O)）,极低的TiO₂、MgO、CaO和TFeO,富Th、U和Zr,明显亏损Ta、Nb、Ba、Sr和Ti,轻稀土富集,显示明显的Eu负异常（δEu=0.31~0.82）特征。初步研究表明,玄武岩和流纹岩来自不同的岩浆源区,玄武岩由亏损的软流圈地幔受陆壳物质混染作用形成,流纹岩为壳源物质受幔源岩浆底侵加热之后熔融的产物。结合南海-印支地块构造演化特征,认为该双峰式火山岩形成于大陆板内裂谷环境。     

The great sulfur depletion of Earth’s mantle is not a signature of mantle–core equilibration

The extreme depletion of the Earth’s mantle in sulfur is commonly seen as a signature of metal segregation from Earth’s mantle to Earth’s core. However, in addition to S, the mantle contains other elements as volatile as S that are hardly depleted relative to the lithophile volatility trend although they are potentially as siderophile as sulfur. We report experiments in metal-sulfide–silicate systems to show that the CI normalized abundances of S, Pb, and Sn in Earth’s mantle cannot be reproduced by element partitioning in Fe ± S–silicate systems, neither at low nor at high pressure. Much of the volatile inventory of the Earth’s mantle must have been added late in the accretion history, when metal melt segregation to the core had become largely inactive. The great depletion in S is attributed to the selective segregation of a late sulfide matte from an oxidized and largely crystalline mantle. Apparently, the volatile abundances of Earth’s mantle are not in redox equilibrium with Earth’s core.     

The nature of the sub-continental mantle: constraints from the major-element composition of continental flood basalts

Many continental flood basalts (CFB) have isotope and trace-element signatures that differ from those of oceanic basalts and much interest concerns the extent to which these reflect differences in their upper mantle source regions. A review of selected data sets from the Mesozoic and Tertiary CFB confirms significant differences in their major- and trace-element compositions compared with those of basalts erupted through oceanic lithosphere. In general, those CFB suites characterised by low Nb/La, high (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i and low εNd_i tend to exhibit relatively low TiO₂, CaO/Al₂O₃, Na₂O and/or Fe₂O₃, and relatively high SiO₂. In contrast, those which have high Nb/La, low (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i and high εNd_i ratios, like the upper units in the Deccan Traps, have major- and trace-element compositions similar to oceanic basalts. It would appear that those CFB that have distinctive isotope and trace-element ratios also exhibit distinctive major-element contents, suggesting that major and trace elements have not been decoupled significantly during magma generation and differentiation.

When compared (at 8% MgO) with oceanic basalt trends, the displacement of many CFB to lower Na₂O, Fe₂O₃^*, TiO₂ and CaO/Al₂O₃, but higher SiO₂, at similar Mg#, is not readily explicable by crustal contamination. Rather, it reflects source composition and/or the effects of the melting processes. The model compositions of melts produced by decompression of mantle plumes beneath continental lithosphere have relatively low SiO₂ and high Fe₂O₃^*. In contrast, the available experimental data indicate that partial melts of peridotite have low TiO₂, Na₂O and Fe₂O₃^*CaO/Al₂O₃, if the peridotite has been previously depleted by melt extraction. Moreover, melting of hydrated, depleted peridotite yields SiO₂-rich, Fe₂O₃- and CaO-poor melts. Since anhydrous, depleted peridotite has a high-temperature solidus, it is argued that the source of these CFB was variably melt depleted and hydrated mantle, inferred to be within the lithosphere. Isotope data suggest these source regions were often old and relatively enriched in incompatible trace elements, and it is envisaged that H₂O±CO₂ were added at the same time as the incompatible elements. An implication is that a significant proportion of the new continental crust generated since the Permian reflected multistage processes involving mobilization of continental mantle lithosphere that was enriched in minor and trace elements during the Proterozoic.     

西准噶尔晚泥盆世碱性玄武岩的地球化学特征及其与塔里木大火成岩省岩浆岩对比

西准噶尔是近年来中亚造山带的研究热点地区之一,发育多条蛇绿混杂岩带。随着研究的深入,蛇绿岩混杂岩带中不断有碱性洋岛玄武岩被识别出来。本文对克拉玛依及达尔布特蛇绿混杂岩中的晚泥盆世枕状玄武岩进行详细的岩石地球化学及Sr?Nd同位素组成研究。结果表明西准噶尔晚泥盆世枕状玄武岩属于碱性玄武岩系列,岩石具有高TiO₂ （2.3%～3.8%）及P₂O₅ （0.38%～0.91%）,低MgO （2.41%～4.97%）,轻、重稀土元素分异较为明显,(La/Yb)_N = 5.1～14.5,无明显Eu异常（Eu/Eu* = 0.96～1.1）,相对富集Rb、Th、U,亏损Ba、K、Sr,没有明显Nb、Ta负异常,这些地球化学特征与洋岛玄武岩（OIB）极其相似。克拉玛依及达尔布特蛇绿混杂岩中枕状玄武岩具正ε_Nd(t)值（3.3～4.4）及年轻的模式年龄（0.83～0.72 Ga）,表明其来源于亏损地幔源区,通过同位素及微量元素研究认为源区可能为富辉石的橄榄岩,或不含橄榄石的辉石岩和角闪石岩,克拉玛依及达尔布特蛇绿混杂岩中的晚泥盆世枕状玄武岩形成于大洋板内与地幔柱有关的海山/大洋岛屿环境。这些明显不同于大陆板内具有富集特征的塔里木大火成岩省,它们分别属于两个明显不同的同位素地球化学省,即以富集型地幔为同位素组成的南部省及以亏损型地幔为同位素组成的北部省。     

地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石的指示意义

橄榄石是地幔橄榄岩和辉石岩的主要组成矿物,但也经常以斑晶和捕虏晶的形式出现在玄武质岩石中。结合近年来在地幔橄榄岩的主要元素（如Mg和Fe）组成特征以及Li、Mg和Fe稳定同位素地球化学方面的研究成果,重点对橄榄石的地球化学特征与华北克拉通岩石圈地幔演化过程之间的联系进行了讨论,旨在加深对华北克拉通岩石圈地幔演化过程的理解。现有研究表明：地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石的矿物学特征、元素和同位素地球化学组成能够很好地指示岩石圈地幔的特征及其演化过程,因而具有重要的意义。对于克拉通地区的地幔橄榄岩来说,橄榄石的Mg#通常可以指示岩石圈地幔的属性,古老、难熔的地幔橄榄岩中的橄榄石一般具有较高的Mg#（〉92）,而新生的岩石圈地幔橄榄岩中的橄榄石则具有较低的Mg#（〈91）。因此,地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石的Mg#在一定程度上具有年龄意义。橄榄岩中橄榄石的Li、Mg和Fe同位素组成也可以明确指示岩石圈地幔的属性及其所经历的演化过程,正常地幔的δ7Li、δ26Mg和δ57Fe组成相对均一,如果上述同位素组成偏离正常地幔值,则说明岩石圈地幔经历了熔体/流体的交代作用。华北克拉通地区地幔橄榄岩捕虏体中橄榄石的Li、Mg和Fe同位素组成研究表明：该区的岩石圈地幔经历了多个阶段、不同来源的熔体/流体的改造过程。     

Experimental investigation of the effect of metasomatism by carbonatic melt on the composition and structure of the deep mantle

The compositions of various transition-zone and lower-mantle phases and coexisting carbonatic melts were determined by exploratory melting experiments in chemically complex CO₂-bearing systems at 20–24.5 GPa and 1600–2000 °C. The melts are highly ultramafic, enriched in K, Na, Ca, Fe, and Mg, and depleted in Al and Si. Melting experiments were also carried out with the compositions on the join Mg₂SiO₄–Na₂CO₃ at 3.7 GPa and 1200–1600 °C. The solidus assemblage of MgCO₃ and Na₂MgSiO₄ melts incongruently to produce forsterite and Na-rich melt. The new results and other recent studies in CO₂-bearing systems suggest that carbonatic melt could be present, either transiently or permanently, in the whole Earth's upper mantle and at least the uppermost lower mantle. Carbonate-melt metasomatism is recognized as a process that could have a major effect on the composition and structure of the deep mantle, and thus play an important role in its evolution. Due to the unique properties of the carbonatic melt, its circulation in an otherwise static mantle could be a more efficient process than the solid-state convection for maintaining equilibrium in most of the mantle not involved directly in plate tectonics.     

乌努格吐山斑岩型铜（钼）矿床地球化学勘查指标

对乌努格吐山斑岩型铜钼矿床进行地球化学勘查指标研究,通过探讨47种元素在矿床中的富集、贫化等分布特征,结合蚀变、矿化分带等因素,筛选了斑岩型铜（钼）矿床的地球化学勘查指标。[KK（SiO2）＋KK（K2O）]/[KK（Al2O3）＋KK（Na2O）＋KK（CaO）＋KK（Fe2O3）＋KK（MgO）]、KK（K2O）/KK（Na2O）、KK（K2O）/KK（Rb）、CaO、MgO、Na2O等指标可以反映矿床的成矿环境,圈定矿床的蚀变范围及蚀变程度等;近矿指标Cu、Mo、Ge、W、Sn、F、Bi、S、Se、Hf等可以反映矿床的矿化程度、矿体产出位置等;远矿指标[KK（Pb）.KK（Zn）×1000]/[KK（Cu）.KK（Mo）]、[KK（As）.KK（Sb）.KK（Bi）]/[KK（Cu）.KK（Mo）]、[KK（Au）.KK（Ag）]/[KK（Cu）.KK（Mo）]、As、Au、Ag、Te等可以突出找矿范围和找矿目标。这些指标既为本地区寻找同类型矿床提供了技术支持,也拓宽了其他类型矿床的找矿思路。同时,应用对数累计频率散点图确定指标的异常上（下）限,为实现指标定量化提供了有效范例。