西藏西部聂尔错古湖近20 000-2 000年的微体古生物与环境及气候变化

西藏西部聂尔错古湖37/ZK7的钻孔剖面深10m,含丰富的介形类和轮藻类等微体水生生物化石。介形类数量多,但分异度低。频繁出现、含量较多的是LeucocytheremirabilisKaufmann和LimnocytheredubiosaDaday,其他是为数不多的Limnocytherellina,Eucypris和Candona。轮藻类产出层位多,但其藏卵器保存不好,多系营养体碎片及卵膜。据介形类生态环境分析,结合剖面铀系测年和沉积物特征及相关地化背景值等,聂尔错古湖在近20000-2000年间的古环境变化大致情况如下：①距今20000年前后,湖水较深,水温较低,水质微咸,气候较凉湿转暖湿。②约18700-18100aBP,湖水蒸发量较大,湖泊收缩,湖水逐渐变浅,含盐度增加,气候偏暖干。③约18100-11800aBP,气候冷湿、湖水较深,水温偏低,水质较淡,但是其间有多次气候波动,随着气候的波动,湖泊水体深度和水化学性质发生变化,显示湖区气候较冷湿与凉偏湿频繁交替,晚期凉偏干。④约11800-10000aBP,气候偏暖湿（11800-11000aBP）转冷干（11000-10000aBP）,湖泊生态环境恶化,介形类数量急剧减少,应是对全球仙女木事件的响应。⑤10000aBP进入全新世后,气候偏暖湿（10000-8700aBP,7000-4800aBP）间偏冷湿（8700-7000aBP）;4800-3000aBP转为偏暖干（4800-4600aBP,4400-4300aBP,3800-3000aBP）与偏冷湿（4600-4400aBP,4300-3800aBP）交替;3000-2100aBP以冷干气候为主,湖泊趋于干涸。Micropaleontology,environmentalandclimaticchangesoftheNyêrCopaleolakeinwesternTibetbetween20000-2000aBP     

太白山佛爷池剖面的全新世环境变化信息

太白山佛爷池海拔3410m,是一个发育在古冰斗中的冰蚀湖。自湖中210cm沉积剖面进行沉积物粒度、孢粉和测年采样分析,表明自8200aBP以来的环境经历了明显的冷暖干湿变化。8200~6800aBP温暖湿润,在7200aBP出现明显增温;6800~5900aBP气候开始波动,大约在6300aBP有一次短暂的变冷,在6000aBP前后出现明显暖期;5900~4800aBP气温下降,大约在5200aBP达到最低,然后气温缓慢回升;4800~2600aBP气候较为温暖湿润,大约在3000aBP达到最高;2600~900aBP气候变冷湿,大约1500aBP达到最低;900aBP~现代变好。      

江西九江ZK08钻孔孢粉记录及其反映的古环境信息

根据江西九江永安ZK08孔中的孢粉记录，划分出7个孢粉带和10个亚带，并探讨孢粉源区约12700aBP以来的古环境演化。初步研究表明，约12700-10200aBP，经历寒冷期和温暖期，森林植被为寒温带针阔叶混交疏林、亚热带常绿阔叶林和温带落叶阔叶疏林的演化；约10200-9400aBP为孢粉缺乏带；而后约9400-8600aBP升温期以温带乔木林为主，约8600-3300aBP为大暖期，期间有2个低温期，植被以亚热带乔木林为主，约3300aBP进入新冰期，其中约3300~2100aBP的降温期以温带乔木林为主；约2100-380aBP为寒冷期，约890aBP以前为干冷，其后为湿冷，植被以山地的寒温带针阔叶混交林和温带落叶阔叶林交替变化为特征。约380aBP以来受人类活动影响，孢粉记录小冰期气候特征不明显，但约150aBP以来的气温上升显著。     

冰消期以来宣化盆地的植被与环境

在河北省宣化盆地黄家堡附近,作者通过对具有放射性碳测年支持的孢粉剖面的研究,揭示了该区14000aBP以来的植被和气候变化。在14000aBP~9000aBP间,宣化盆地是以油松为主的针阔混交林草原景观,海拔较高的山上还有云杉、冷杉组成的暗针叶林生长,推测当时的气候条件温凉湿润;至9000aBP~2400aBP间,宣化盆地的古植被演变成以蒿为主的草原景观,在水分、土壤条件较好的地方生长着由柳、榆、栎、桦等组成的落叶阔叶林,推测当时的气候温和湿润;2400aBP以后,宣化盆地的植被演变成以藜科为主的荒漠化草原景观,气候以凉干为特征。      

内蒙古克什克腾旗地区距今16 000 a以来的孢粉组合特征与环境变迁

本文通过对三义黄土剖面孢粉资料的分析，初步重建了内蒙克旗地区16000a以来植被及环境的变迁过程。约16010～15380a B P，植被稀疏，气候寒冷而干燥；约15380～11270a B P，植被以草本植物为主，气候变得更加干旱；约11270～9940a B P，气候总体上由先前的冷干开始向暖湿方向发展，植被仍以草原为主；约9940～2320a B P，植被得到进一步发展，气候表现出温暖湿润的特征；约2320a B P至今，植被仍以草原为主，气候向温凉方向发展。     

山西芮城桃花涧剖面中全新世晚期的孢粉分析及环境变化

通过对山西芮城桃花涧剖面孢粉分析,结合沉积物的粒度特征和沉积物AMS ¹⁴C测年数据,探讨了中全新世晚期该区的古文化年代及古环境变化,为恢复其古环境面貌提供了可靠的定量数据。分析结果表明,该遗址文化层的年代为庙底沟文化时期。根据孢粉组合特征,可将剖面划分为3个孢粉带：5 250~5 000 aBP期间气候温和湿润,呈现出稀树草原的植被面貌;5 000~4 800 aBP期间气候温凉偏干,呈现出荒漠草原的植被景观;4 800 aBP之后气候温凉湿润,呈现出稀树草原的植被面貌;气候变化与邻区同期相吻合。     

西藏阿里札达盆地香孜剖面孢粉分析

通过对西藏阿里札达盆地香孜剖面的孢粉分析,初步定出该地区新近纪和第四纪的界线,并得到更新世晚期以来该地区植被与环境发展的历史。约在2.68~2.45Ma期间,植被以乔木为主,主要为松、藜、蒿,属山地寒温气候;约在2.45~2.11Ma期间,草本植物迅速上升,气候变得干旱寒冷,显示出灌木草原气候特征;在2.11~1.49Ma期间,草本植物数量和种类达到之最,灌木相对增加,也显示气候进一步趋于干旱;在1.49~1.36Ma期间,草本植物有小幅下降,但蕨类植物增加幅度较大,显示了干冷草原气候特征。     

内蒙古中部达尔罕茂明安联合旗腾格尔诺尔湖泊 沉积物记录的全新世晚期环境演变

通过对内蒙古中部腾格尔诺尔湖泊沉积、粒度组成、孢粉组合等特征的综合分析,重建了该地区全新世晚期1700aBP以来的环境演变过程。结果表明,该地区1700aBP以来的气候环境变化可以分为4个阶段:1700～1170aBP,气候温暖较湿润;1170～840aBP,为温干气候期;840～200aBP,气候转为温暖湿润,间有短期的冷干波动;200aBP以来气候以温干为主,晚期气候有向凉干转变的趋势。     

西藏纳木错扎弄淌剖面10000年以来的沉积间断和环境变化记录

通过对西藏纳木错全新统扎弄淌组(Q₄lz)地层剖面的沉积特征观察,易溶盐、磁化率、粒度、碳酸盐、孢粉分析和14C年代测定等综合研究表明,扎弄淌组湖相地层沉积物记录了约自10000aBP以来的沉积间断和环境变化信息。资料显示该区自9010~8560aBP以来,气候从偏冷干到偏湿再转变为轻湿;在4870~2350aBP期间,气候从暖湿到温暖湿润,又从全新世气候适宜期转变为较湿润期。表明自全新世以来该区气候在逐渐变干的总趋势的基础上,经历了两次大的气候变化旋回,有过多次明显的冷暖与干湿波动。      

陕西榆林风沙滩区全新世气候和环境变迁

榆林长城沿线处于环境变化敏感带,其风沙滩区沉积剖面的磁化率和粒度分析结果显示,该区全新世早期11500～10000aBP随着全球气候的逐渐转暖,磁化率、黏粒和粉沙含量逐渐增高;全新世中期的10000～45003BP气候相对比较湿润,植被覆盖度增大,风沙活动减弱,地表沉积物当-中粉沙和黏土成分含量显著增大,风化成壤作用增强,地表发育沙质弱古土壤;全新世中期后段的4500～3000aBP期间,气候以比较温和湿润为主,但在4200～4000aBP出现一个气候干旱事件,风沙活动强烈;近3000a以来,气候显著干旱化,波动频繁,地表风沙沉积物显著变粗,表现出有5次沙漠扩张。该区生态环境演化、人文历史变迁基本上是自然因素与人为活动综合作用的结果,以自然演化为主,近代人为因素对环境变化起着加强和放大作用。     

东亚中高纬Heinrich 1事件的表现特征:呼伦湖孢粉记录

Heinrich 1事件是发生于末次冰消期的极端气候突变事件之一,对全球大气环流和陆地生态格局产生了深刻影响.基于对东亚夏季风边缘区最北端呼伦湖 HL08 孔5. 75 m 以上沉积岩芯的 AMS 14C定年技术和 415~275 cm段140个样品的孢粉分析,重建了东亚中高纬地区呼伦湖21500~13000 cal. a B. P.高分辨率植被变化历史,在此基础上揭示了Heinrich 1事件期间呼伦湖区植被响应过程,明确了Heinrich 1事件在东亚中高纬地区的表现特征.结果显示:呼伦湖区Heinrich 1事件发生于16500~15400 cal. a B. P.,以剧烈降温和显著干旱化为表现特征;事件发生期间湖区周围山地发育亚高山草甸,森林植被稀疏;湖盆区域以藜科为主的荒漠草原显著扩张,区域植被盖度降低、生态环境明显恶化;同时,不同植被类型对Heinrich 1事件的响应存在明显差别,亚高山草甸和蒿属为主的典型草原较藜科为主的荒漠草原和桦属为主的落叶阔叶林响应更为快速、敏感.     

中更新世以来华北平原植被演化及其气候响应

中更新世以来气候转型与陆地植被生态系统演变是近年来全球变化研究领域关注的热点问题。基于华北平原东部G3孔上部的孢粉分析结果、磁性地层年代,对中更新世以来华北平原植被演化及其气候响应过程进行研究。结果显示华北平原地区近1.6Ma以来植被演化可分为4个阶段:1.6~1.2Ma为密度较高的暖温带针阔叶混交林,1.2~0.7Ma为开阔的暖温带落叶阔叶林,0.7~0.3Ma为阔叶疏林草原,0.3Ma以来为暖温带落叶阔叶林。华北平原地区中更新世植被转型期对应O同位素36阶段,显示转型开始发生于1.2Ma,与全球中更新世转型期对应良好。其主要特征表现为林地减少,针叶林比例下降,藜科、蒿属、禾本科等草地面积显著增加。0.7Ma前后华北平原林地进一步退化,区域植被由原来的落叶阔叶林向疏林草原转变,0.3Ma后区域乔木比例可能有所回升。周期性气候变化对植被的影响在花粉谱中也有一定显示,1.2Ma之前主要表现为植被林地类型的交替发展,而1.2Ma则主要表现为草原与森林交替发展。     

An 11 000-year record of vegetation and environment from Lago di Martignano,Latium, Italy

A pollen diagram from Lago di Martignano, a maar lake in central Italy, provides an 11000-year record of vegetation and environment change. The earliest pollen spectra are dominated by Artemisia and Gramineae, representing late glacial steppe vegetation typical of the Mediterranean region. Broad-leaved forests were established by ca. 11 000 yr BP. Although Quercus initially dominated their canopy, a wide range of other mesophyllous trees were also present. Pollen values for sclerophyllous tree and shrub taxa characteristic of Mediterranean woodlands and scrub are initially low (<10%). After ca. 7000 yr BP, however, they begin to increase and rise to a peak of >40% of total land pollen at ca. 6700 yr BP, with Olea europaea the single most abundant taxon. Human influence upon the vegetation only becomes significant somewhat after this peak, with progressive clearance of woodland and expansion of herbaceous communities. Castanea sativa and luglans regia pollen is recorded consistently from the beginning of the rise in pollen values for taxa characteristic of Mediterranean scrub communities. Pollen values for arable crops increase progressively after ca. 5500 yr BP, following the peak pollen values for taxa characteristic of Mediterranean scrub vegetation. Late glacial and Holocene climate changes have been complex in this region, with the present character of the climate developing only during the last millennium. Rates of change of pollen spectra peak during this period.     

Lateglacial vegetation and palaeoenvironment in W Norway,with new pollen data from the Sunnmøre region

Krüger, L. C., Paus, A., Svendsen, J. I. & Bjune, A. E. 2011: Lateglacial vegetation and palaeoenvironment in W Norway, with new pollen data from the Sunnmøre region. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2011.00213.x. ISSN 0300‐9483. Two sediment sequences from Sunnmøre, northern W Norway, were pollen‐analytically studied to reconstruct the Lateglacial vegetation history and climate. The coastal Dimnamyra was deglaciated around 15.3 ka BP, whereas Løkjingsmyra, further inland, became ice‐free around 14 ka BP. The pioneer vegetation dominated by snow‐bed communities was gradually replaced by grassland and sparse heath vegetation. A pronounced peak in Poaceae around 12.9 ka BP may reflect warmer and/or drier conditions. The Younger Dryas (YD) cooling phase shows increasing snow‐bed vegetation and the local establishment of Artemisia norvegica. A subsequent vegetation closure from grassland to heath signals the Holocene warming. Birch forests were established 500–600 years after the YD–Holocene transition. This development follows the pattern of the Sunnmøre region, which is clearly different from the Empetrum dominance in the Lateglacial interstadial further south in W Norway. The Lateglacial oscillations GI‐1d (Older Dryas) and GI‐1b (Gerzensee) are hardly traceable in the north, in contrast to southern W Norway. The southern vegetation was probably closer to an ecotone and more susceptible to climate changes.     

Vegetation,fire, and climate history of the northwestern Great Basin during the last 14,000 years

The northwestern Great Basin lies in the transition zone between the mesic Pacific Northwest and xeric intermountain West. The paleoenvironmental history based on pollen, macroscopic charcoal, and plant macrofossils from three sites in the northwestern Great Basin was examined to understand the relationships among the modern vegetation, fire disturbance and climate. The vegetation history suggests that steppe and open forest communities were present at high elevations from ca 11,000 to 7000 cal yr BP, and were replaced by forests composed of white fir, western white pine, and whitebark pine in the late Holocene. Over the last 11,000 years, fires were more frequent in mid-elevation forests (10–25 fire episodes/1000 years) and rare in high-elevation forests (2–5 fire episodes/1000 years). Applying modern pollen–climate relationships to the fossil pollen spectra provided a means to interpret past climate changes in this region. In the past 9000 years summer temperatures decreased from 1 to 4 °C, and annual precipitation has increased 7–15%. These results indicate that the millennial-scale climate forcing driving vegetation changes can be quantified within the intermountain West in general and northwestern Great Basin in particular. In addition, fire can be considered an important component of these ecosystems, but it does not appear to be a forcing mechanism for vegetation change at the resolution of these records.     

中国黄土高原洛川剖面S5以来的孢粉学记录

中国黄土-古土壤序列记录了距今约2.6 Ma以来的环境变迁。孢粉作为恢复植被演替的敏感指标,被广泛用于古植被重建,但是针对高原中部地区长时间尺度植被演替历史的孢粉学研究还较缺乏。通过对黄土高原洛川剖面S5以来的黄土-古土壤序列开展较高分辨率的孢粉学工作,揭示出该区约0.6 Ma以来的植被演化历史。孢粉谱分析表明,洛川地区0.6 Ma以来以温带草原植被为主,不支持塬区历史时期存在大范围落叶阔叶林的观点。现代黄土高原缺少森林植被主要是由自然原因引起,因此塬区的现代生态恢复应以退耕还草为主。     

Pollen‐based biome reconstructions for Colombia at 3000, 6000, 9000, 12 000, 15 000 and 18 000 14C yr ago: Late Quaternary tropical vegetation dynamics

Colombian biomes are reconstructed at 45 sites from the modern period extending to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The basis for our reconstruction is pollen data assigned to plant functional types and biomes at six 3000‐yr intervals. A reconstruction of modern biomes is used to check the treatment of the modern pollen data set against a map of potential vegetation. This allows the biomes reconstructed at past periods to be assessed relative to the modern situation. This process also provides a check on the a priori assignment of pollen taxa to plant functional types and biomes. For the majority of the sites, the pollen data accurately reflect the potential vegetation, even though much of the original vegetation has been transformed by agricultural practices. At 18 000 ¹⁴C yr BP, a generally cool and dry environment is reflected in biome, assignments of cold mixed forests, cool evergreen forests and cool grassland–shrub; the latter extending to lower altitudes than presently recorded. This signal is strongly recorded at 15 000 and 12 000 ¹⁴C yr BP, the vegetation at these times also reflecting a relatively cool and dry environment. At 9000 ¹⁴C yr BP there is a shift to biomes thought to result from slightly cooler environmental conditions. This trend is reversed by 6000 ¹⁴C yr BP; most sites, within a range of different environmental settings, recording a shift to more xeric biome types. There is an expansion of steppe and cool mixed‐forest biomes, replacing tropical dry forest and cool grassland–shrub biomes, respectively. These changes in biome assignments from the modern situation can be interpreted as a biotic response to mid‐Holocene climatic aridity. At 3000 ¹⁴C yr BP the shift is mainly to biomes characteristic of slightly more mesic environmental conditions. There are a number of sites that do not change biome assignment relative to the modern reconstruction, although the affinities that these sites have to a specific biome do change. These ‘anomalies’ are interpreted on a site‐by‐site basis. Spatially constant, but differential response of the vegetation to climatic shifts are related to changes in moisture sources and the importance of edaphic controls on the vegetation. The Late Quaternary reconstruction of large‐scale vegetation dynamics in Colombia allows an understanding of the environmental controls on these to be developed. In particular, shifts in the character of the main climatic systems that influence Colombian vegetation are described. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆玛纳斯湖盆周围近14000年以来的古植被古环境

根据花粉资料得到新疆玛纳斯湖距今１４０００年以来植被和气候发展的历史；约在１０５００ａＢ．Ｐ．前极低的花粉沉积率及Ａ／Ｃ值(Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ与Ｃｈｅｎｏｐｏｄｉａｃｅａｅ花粉百分含量的比值)代表以藜科为主的荒漠植被，气候寒冷、干燥，特别是１１０００—１０５００ａＢ．Ｐ．阶段，更低的花粉沉积率及贫乏的花粉类型反映了更加恶劣的气候条件，有可能与欧洲的新仙女木期相当。在１０５００—９０００ａＢ·Ｐ·阶段花粉沉积率、Ａ／Ｃ值及中生、水生植物花粉的增加都指示荒漠草原植被的出现，气候较前。阶段湿润温暖。在９０００－４２００。Ｂ．ｐ．阶段花粉沉积率及Ａ／Ｃ值进一步增加，说明当时是以蒿属为主的草原植被，但是中生及水生花粉的贫乏指示草原植被仍具旱生性质。距今４２００年以来在花粉百分比基本稳定的情况下，花粉沉积率达剖面最高峰且高低变化很大，有数次大起大落。这种花粉沉积率的大起大落具有旱生、中生植物花粉同时起落、与岩性的变化不同步以及高花粉沉积率段与低Ａ／Ｃ值相对应等特点。这表明花粉沉积率高低与植被的丰富程度没有直接关系，而可能与西风环流的加强或减弱有关。     

甘肃西峰红粘土~4.5Ma孢粉记录的植被转变及其与青藏高原隆升的关系

甘肃西峰红粘土剖面蕴涵了大量古环境和古气候变化信息,是重建黄土高原生态环境和气候演化的重要地质记录。通过对红粘土地层孢粉学研究,发现孢粉组合特征在~4.5Ma发生了明显转变,乔木植物花粉明显减少,草本植物花粉大量增加,尤其是藜科花粉百分含量显著增加,麻黄出现频率明显增高;孢粉类型C/A(Chenopodiaceae/Artemisia)和B/A(Betula/Artemisia)的比值发生显著变化,反映研究区从~4.5Ma开始植被类型由稀疏森林草原逐步转变为典型草原,甚至荒漠草原,揭示了亚洲内陆生态环境的一次显著变干事件。这一信息与前人研究红粘土中其他替代性指标指示的气候变干过程具有很好的一致性。孢粉组合中藜科植物含量在此时迅速递增,反映黄土高原气候的季节性反差明显加强。青藏高原在~4.5Ma发生的隆升可能是导致这次亚洲内陆干旱化的主要驱动因素,高原对暖湿气流的屏障和加强季节性反差可能是导致干旱化的重要途径。