2009年夏季喀喇昆仓山叶尔羌河上游发生冰川跃动

喀喇昆仑山叶尔羌河冰川突发洪水在沉寂10 a后, 近10 a(1997-2006年)又频繁发生. 叶尔羌河上游支流克勒青河谷左岸喀喇昆仑山常年为冰雪覆盖, 有多处庞大山谷冰川, 其走向均为从喀喇昆仑山脉北坡向下流入河谷, 5条进入河谷的大山谷冰川长度和面积都分别超过20 km和100 km2.     

天山麦兹巴赫冰川湖突发性洪水分形特征研究

冰川湖突发性洪水具有强烈的随机性和不确定性。文章以天山麦兹巴赫冰川湖突发洪水为例。应用其近４０ａ来实测的３７次冰川突发洪水的洪峰流量等实测资料,从洪水时间序列出发,应用非线性动力系统重构技术,探讨了冰川湖突发洪水的分形特征,计算得出了关联分维数Ｄ２和Ｋｏｌｏｍｏｇｏｒｏｖ熵。结果表明,冰川湖突发洪水的时序分布具有分形特征,是其内在的非线性动力系统演化的结果。     

新疆叶尔羌河冰川湖突发洪水对气候变化的响应

利用1961—2008年的气象-水文资料,探讨了气候变化与叶尔羌河流域冰川湖突发洪水的关系.采用非参数Wilcoxon统计检验和Kendall的τ关联检验分析温度、降水变化与洪峰流量量变化的关联性和一致性;用Mann-Kendall法对气温、降水和洪峰流量4000 m3.s-1突发性洪水的0℃层高度进行突变检验和趋势分析.结果表明:流域气温在1995年发生突变,且对冰川湖突发洪水发生起主导作用;降水突变不明显,对冰川湖突发洪水发生只起促进作用.自1880年以来,冰川湖突发洪水发生频率增加,与流域气温变化一致.1994年以来气温呈直线上升,洪水频率也呈显著增加趋势;冰川湖突发洪水发生频率与降水变化关系不明显;突发性洪水发生与其前8 d的0℃层高度显著上升密切相关.     

西部高山冰川阻塞湖引起的突发性洪水灾害研究

我国西部地区经常发生洪水灾害。此为当地干旱区自然环境状况的特点。作者经过实地考察中天山地区与喀喇昆仑山地区，认为这是由于冰川阻塞湖引起的突发性洪水灾害，并且获得关于洪水的第一手资料。认为该洪水类型具有暴发突然、变化快、历时短暂、发生地受冰川环境影响大等特点。初步判定关于冰川阻塞湖突发性洪水的排水机制可能。通过对叶尔羌河、昆马力克河及四棵树河的详细研究，利用混沌及分形等数理方法，计算出相关特性定量指标。发现可预报洪水序列与阻塞湖库容量有正相关关系。结合整个西部地区的冰川分布进行整合分析．发现冰川阻塞湖引起突发性洪水的发生规律。结合分析阿尔泰山、祁连山及西藏地区地理环境特点，认为塔里木盆地周边地区是冰湖洪水的突发区。加强对冰川阻塞湖洪水的研究，希望对未来的西部大开发，尤其是基础设施建设和保护起到辅助指导作用。     

天山麦茨巴赫冰川湖突发洪水特征及其与气候关系的研究

根据１９５６年以来天山昆马力克河麦茨巴赫冰川湖突发性洪水记录,分析了该冰川湖突发性洪水与气候要素特别是气温间的关系,认为冰川湖迅猛排水受制于年内气温波动引起的伊力尔切克冰川消融期与消融强度的变化,该冰川湖迅猛排水时的洪峰流量与总洪水量具有逐年增加的趋势,这种增加趋势与天山地区区域性温暖化有密切的关系．     

百年来天山阿克苏河流域麦茨巴赫冰湖演化与冰川洪水灾害

阿克苏河源区的冰川融水和冰湖溃决洪水, 对我国境内阿克苏河乃至整个塔里木河的径流补给及下游的防洪安全都有着举足轻重的作用. 萨雷扎兹-库玛拉克河的麦茨巴赫冰川湖(Merzbacher Lake)为众多冰川湖中最大的一个, 同时又是频繁发生突发性溃决洪水的冰湖, 在1932-2008年的67 a内发生溃决突发性洪水62次, 其频率高达92.5 %以上. 随着气温的变暖, 冰川减薄后退, 冰川融水增多、 冰湖库容增加, 洪水总量在不断增大. 冰川洪水的总量已经由1960-1970年代的1×10~8m~3左右, 增加到1990年以来的3×10~8～4×1~8m~3 , 最高达5×1~8m~3 多; 年最大流量1990年代较1950年代增多37%, 洪水频率也在不断增加. 库玛拉克河流域冰川物质平衡变化也对冰湖溃决洪水影响很大, 冰川消融的越多, 产生的冰川洪水洪峰也越大. 随着全球气候进一步变暖, 将会加大下游的防洪压力. 所以, 要加强冰川消融观测及冰湖水位的监测, 建立预警系统, 进行冰湖溃决洪水预报, 为下游的防洪安全和水电安全运行提供科技支持.     

气候变暖背景下祁连山七一冰川融水径流变化研究

本文利用2006年实测水文数据,找出冰川自动气象站气温与冰川融水径流量关系,并根据酒泉气象站与冰川末端气象站气温关系,重建1960～2004年七一冰川融水径流资料.近40多年来,酒泉站气温增加幅度为0.24℃/10a,冰川融水量增加幅度为0.076×106 m3/10 a,冰川融水量随气温增加明显.利用气候突变分析发现,气温发生突变点为1996年,1996～2004年冰川表面年平均气温比1960～1995年间高0.41℃,年冰川融水量1996～2004年比1960～1995年增加了0.41×106 m3(增加26.9%),冰川融水径流量在气候变暖背景下变化显著.     

1998 - 2017年天山麦兹巴赫冰川湖面积变化研究

天山麦兹巴赫冰川湖突发洪水是阿克苏河重要的致灾源。利用1998 - 2017年不同时段的Landsat、 环境灾害卫星及高分遥感数据, 通过Munsell HSV变换, 获取了湖面范围。通过对比不同时期的冰湖面积, 对1998 - 2017年麦兹巴赫冰川湖最大面积的变化进行了分析。结果表明： 麦兹巴赫冰川湖的面积从1998年的3.75 km2逐渐变化为2017年的2.87 km2, 影响冰湖储量的下湖面积从3.3 km2减少为1.88 km2, 呈现缩小趋势, 上湖面积则有明显扩张。叠加了时间因子的正积温同冰湖面积有良好的正相关性, 说明气温通过影响冰雪融水以及冰坝稳定性, 从而影响冰湖的面积。研究内容可为区域性冰湖面积变化提供特殊案例, 并为冰湖面积扩张归因分析提供科学参考。     

1974—2010年雅鲁藏布江源头杰玛央宗冰川及冰湖变化初步研究

青藏高原冰川和冰湖是气候变化敏感的指示器.基于1974年的地形图及其生成的DEM数据、1990年和2000年的TM影像、2005年和2010年的ETM+影像、以及2010年和2009年的GPS实测数据,应用3S技术分析了1974—2010年37a来雅鲁藏布江源头杰玛央宗冰川和冰湖的变化特征.结果表明:冰川面积减小了5.02%(21.78km2减小至20.67km2)、冰川末端退缩了768m(速度为21m.a-1);冰湖面积增加了63.7%(0.70km2增加至1.14km2),冰湖体积扩大约9.8×106 m3.普兰县气象站的观测资料表明,近37a来气温呈快速上升趋势,而降雨量明显减少,气候暖干化是杰玛央宗冰川和冰湖变化的主要原因.若该区气候的暖干趋势进一步加剧,必然导致杰玛央宗冰川退缩进一步加剧,冰湖溃决的可能性将会增大.     

入湖冰川物质平衡序列重建与分析--以喜马拉雅山北坡龙巴萨巴冰川为例北大核心CSCD

入湖冰川受冰湖作用影响,物质损失速率高于其他类型冰川,并导致冰湖进一步扩张,冰湖溃决风险增加。建立入湖冰川物质变化序列,对揭示不同类型冰川对气候变化的响应特征,以及评估冰湖溃决风险研究具有重要意义。基于中国地面气象要素驱动数据集和实测气象数据,采用冰川表面能量-物质平衡模型估算了冰川表面物质变化,并结合冰川流动和末端退缩特征,重建了1989-2018年龙巴萨巴冰川物质变化序列。结果表明,近30a龙巴萨巴冰川总物质损失为0.315km^(3)w.e.,平均物质变化速率为-0.114km^(3)w.e.·a^(-1)。冰川平均表面物质平衡为-0.26m w.e.·a^(-1),表面消融是冰川物质亏损的主要贡献因素。气温变化对冰川表面物质损失的影响高于降水;冰川表面物质平衡对夏季气温和降水变化的敏感性强于其他季节;表碛覆盖加速了冰川表面消融,且较薄的表碛厚度会加剧冰川表面物质损失。     

小冬克玛底和海螺沟冰川的物质平衡(英)

Studying the mass balance on the Xiao Dongkemadi Glacier and Hailuogou Glacier shows that the mass balance variation of continent type glacier in the interior of the plateau is in the same phase with that of the marine type glacier in the southeast margin of the plateau. However, the mass balance in the continent type glacier is always positive, and the marine type glacier is in large negative mass balance. The continent type glacier is slow to climate change and the marine glacier is sensitive to climate change.     

从末次冰盛期冰川规模探讨当时的气候环境——以乌鲁木齐河源区末次冰盛期冰川为例

根据乌鲁木齐河源区末次冰盛期形成的保存完好的古冰川遗迹和现代气候条件下冰川物质平衡与气候的关系，用冰川动力学方法估算出冰川达到末次冰盛期规模时的气候条件。依据末次冰盛期冰川面积，结合冰川平衡线高度和冰川体积综合分析，乌鲁木齐河源区末次冰盛期的夏季气温应比现代低４．８℃左右，降水约只有现代的３０％。但目前其它古气候方法的研究结果表明，末次冰盛期的夏季气温比现代低５．６℃左右，两者相差０．８℃，其原因可能主要是冰川动力学方法未考虑构造抬升对气温的影响，据此推测，乌鲁木齐河源区末次冰盛期至今的构造上升量约为１３０ｍ。     

青藏高原玉珠峰冰川和小冬克玛底冰川雪坑中的环境记录

研究了玉珠峰冰川和小冬克玛底冰川雪坑中离子、正构烷烃和多环芳烃的含量及分布特征,并利用正构烷烃和多环芳烃的相关参数以及离子与这两种有机物之间的相关系数探讨了雪坑中这些化学组分的可能来源.结果表明:虽然同受两风环流的影响,但玉珠峰冰川雪坑中离子、正构烷烃和多环芳烃的含量远高于小冬克玛底冰川,这与它们所处的地理位置有关.∑...     

Soil CO2 Emissions on the Glacier Shrinking Area in Hailuogou Glacier

SOIL CO_2 EMISSIONS ON THE GLACIER SHRINKING AREA IN HAILUOGOU GLACIERtheNational(G19980 40 80 0 )andCAS'sKeyProjectforBasicResearchonTibetanPlateau(KZ95 1 A1 2 0 4;KZ95T 0 2 )     

Glacier meltwater hydrochemistry

Glacierised areas present an ideal environment in which to study water-rock interaction, since chemical weathering rates are high and anthropogenic impacts are often minimal. Detailed investigations of meltwater quality variations have suggested the importance of these environments in estimates of terrestrial chemical erosion and global biogeochemical cycles. Most notably, the role of meltwaters in CO₂ sequestration during episodes of deglaciation has attracted considerable attention, since this may impact on climate at glacial-interglacial timescales. However, there is still considerable uncertainty surrounding estimates of CO₂ drawdown by meltwaters which remains to be resolved. Water flow through glaciers exerts an important control on ice mass dynamics, and influences the quantity and quality of water delivered to environments downstream of glacierised basins. Thus, the study of the configuration and dynamics of subglacial drainage systems is important not only to enhance scientific understanding, but also to allow effective water resource utilisation in glacierised headwater catchments. Bulk meltwater quality characteristics draining terrestrial ice masses also offer the potential to provide unique information on hydrological and hydrochemical processes operating in the inaccessible subglacial environment. Here, significant advances have been made in understanding the controls on chemical weathering reactions, based on the identification of key dissolved indicator species. This has allowed water quality variations to be exploited as a tool for both subglacial hydrochemical and hydrological investigations. As a result, this area of glaciology has received considerable attention in recent years, utilising an increasing range of dissolved ions, and integrating field and laboratory studies. However, uncertainty still surrounds certain areas of meltwater quality science, including the role of microorganisms in a system which to date has largely been viewed as abiotic. A better understanding of the processes and rates of chemical weathering in glacierised environments has the potential to enhance our understanding of the environment, and to facilitate the exploitation of water quality variations for both scientific and applied objectives. In this paper the development and current state of meltwater quality science as a tool for investigating subglacial hydrology and geochemistry is detailed, and problems and future directions identified. This will hopefully stimulate wider interest in an important area of aquatic chemistry with significant applied implications.     

Klutlan Glacier issue

A considerable portion of Northern Eurasia, and particularly its continental shelf, was glaciated by inland ice during late Weichsel time. This was first inferred from such evidence as glacial striae, submarine troughs, sea-bed diamictons, boulder trains on adjacent land, and patterns of glacioisostatic crustal movements. Subsequently, the inference was confirmed by data on the occurrence and geographic position of late Weichselian end moraines and proglacial lacustrine deposits.The south-facing outer moraines in the northeastern Russian Plain, northern West Siberia, and on Taimyr Peninsula are underlain by sediments containing wood and peat, the radiocarbon dating of which yielded ages of 22,000 to 45,000 yr B.P. The youngest late-glacial moraines are of Holocene age: the double Markhida moraine in the lower Pechora River basin, presumably associated with “degradational” surges of the Barents Ice Dome, is underlain by sediments with wood and peat dated at 9000 to 9900 yr B.P.: this suggests that deglaciation of the Arctic continental shelf of Eurasia was not completed until after 9000 yr B.P.The reconstructed ice-front lines lead to the conclusion that the late Weichselian ice sheet of Northern Eurasia (proposed name: the Eurasian Ice Sheet) extended without interruptions from southwestern Ireland to the northeastern end of Taimyr Peninsula, a distance of 6000 km: it covered an area of 8,370,000 km², half of which lay on the present-day continental shelves and a quarter on lowlands that were depressed isostatically below sea level. Hence, the ice sheet was predominantly marine-based.A contour map of the ice sheet based both on the dependence of the heights of ice domes upon their radii and on factual data concerning the impact of bedrock topography upon ice relief has been constructed. The major features of the ice sheet were the British, Scandinavian, Barents, and Kara Ice Domes that had altitudes of 1.9 to 3.3 km and were separated from one another by ice saddles about 1.5 km high. At the late Weichselian glacial maximum, all the main ice-dispersion centers were on continental shelves and coastal lowlands, whereas mountain centers, such as the Polar Urals and Byrranga Range, played only a local role.The portions of the ice sheet that were grounded on continental shelves some 700 to 900 m below sea level were inherently unstable and could exist only in conjunction with confined and pinned floating ice shelves that covered the Arctic Ocean and the Greenland and Norwegian Seas.The Eurasian Ice Sheet impounded the Severnaya Dvina, Mezen, Pechora, Ob, Irtysh, and Yneisei Rivers, and caused the formation of ice-dammed lakes on the northern Russian Plain and in West Siberia. Until about 13,500 yr B.P. the proglacial system of lakes and spillways had a radial pattern; it included large West Siberian lakes, the Caspian and Black Seas, and ended in the Mediterranian Sea. Later, the system became marginal and discharged proglacial water mainly into the Norwegian Sea.     

Glacier surges and glacial disasters

Based on complex analysis of the latest data, new conclusions have been reached about the features and causes of glacial disasters.     

极端气候造成庐山“冰川”在短时间内形成

庐山冰期是否存在一直是国内外学术界争论的话题,至今也无法定夺。大量争论文献,特别是“冰斗”“U形谷”形态、“冰碛”的粒径、网纹红土的分布、孢粉的分析及古气候等研究较为支持施雅风、李吉均等前辈的观点,庐山不存在第四纪冰川。本文根据2008年冻雨灾害现象,进行大胆推测,是否是极端气候造成了庐山冰期？超级丰富的过冷却水加上极其苛刻的暖锋逆温层条件形成了极强极长时期的冻雨,冻雨是滴雨成冰减少了从雪到冰的这一漫长过程,庐山“冰川”是否是在短时间内形成？