多离子体系中黄河沉积物对重金属的竞争吸附研究

以黄河包头段上游清洁河段的沉积物为吸附剂,以Pb2 + 、Cu2 + 、Zn2 + 、Cd2 + 4种离子的混合溶液体系为吸附质,开展了重金属离子在黄河沉积物中的竞争吸附及其影响因素等实验研究。结果表明,混合溶液体系中不同离子间的吸附竞争有显著的拮抗或协同效应关系,4种重金属离子在黄河沉积物中竞争吸附的能力依序为Pb2 + ≥Cu2+>Zn2 + ≥Cd2 + 。     

高表面活性矿物对Zn~(2+)的吸附机理及其环境意义

本文利用高表面活性矿物蒙脱石、蛭石、沸石在一定的介质条件下对Zn2 +进行吸附实验研究。蒙脱石和蛭石对Zn2 +的等温吸附线呈双“S”型 ,而沸石对Zn2 +的等温吸附线则呈“Langmuir”型。三种矿物对Zn2 +的吸附容量大小顺序为 :蒙脱石 >蛭石 >沸石。运用粉晶X射线衍射、红外光谱、差热及热重分析等技术对矿物及矿物吸附Zn2 +后的结构特征进行了研究。结果表明 ,蒙脱石吸附锌后其层间域中吸附锌大量水解形成新的物相 ,而蛭石与沸石吸附锌后水解很少。这为利用高表面活性矿物控制和治理环境污染及其可循环利用提供了理论依据。     

Zn2+改性丝光沸石对甲基橙的吸附性能研究

采用盐熔融法,将Zn2+交换丝光沸石分子筛制备Zn2+改性丝光沸石吸附材料。通过该材料对甲基橙的吸附动力学和吸附热力学研究,了解其吸附机理。研究结果表明:Zn2+改性丝光沸石对甲基橙的吸附动力学可用拟二级动力学方程来描述,计算值与试验值吻合较好,相关系数达到0.99;Zn2+改性丝光沸石对甲基橙的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程,室温下相关系数均大于0.9。根据不同温度下的热力学平衡常数,推算出Zn2+改性丝光沸石对甲基橙的吸附吉布斯自由能变ΔG0<0,吸附焓变ΔH0>0,表明吸附为自发的吸附过程,升温有利于吸附的进行,且吸附过程主要是物理吸附。     

土壤中铅铜锌镉的吸附特性

以徐州王庄矿（WZK）、奎河（KH）、背景-1（BG-1）和背景-2（BG-2）等4个土壤样品为供试对象，加入不同浓度梯度的铅、铜、锌、镉离子，通过静态实验研究了铅、铜、锌、镉的吸附特性。结果表明，土壤对4个重金属的吸附量与加入到土壤中的重金属离子浓度呈正相关性，它们之间大部分满足线性相关关系。在4个土壤样品中加入铅、铜、锌、镉离子的初始浓度比为10：10：10：1时，平衡浓度为Czn〉Ccu〉CPh〉Ccd，吸附量为Scd〉SPh〉Scu〉Szn，4个土壤样品对铅、铜、锌、镉离子的吸附能力依次为WZK〉KH〉BG-2〉BG-1。在所选实验条件下，土壤对铅、铜、锌、镉的吸附能力受土壤中铅、铜、锌、镉的含量、土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量、土壤饱和含水量和土壤的pH值影响较大。     

碱改性沸石吸附铅和氨氮性能及对稀土矿山土壤的修复作用

针对废弃离子型稀土矿山中的重金属铅和氨氮复合污染问题，本文采用木醋液、氢氧化钠、木醋液-氢氧化钠对天然沸石进行改性，利用扫描电镜(SEM)、比表面积测定(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)分析改性前后沸石的微观结构和物相组成变化。开展室内模拟溶液中吸附动力实验；以现场采集的土壤为基质，进行柱淋滤实验及土壤中稳定化实验，分析了天然沸石和氯化钠、氢氧化钠、木醋液-氢氧化钠三种不同改性沸石对铅和氨氮的形态影响。结果表明：碱改性沸石和碱+木醋液改性沸石对200mg/L铅的去除率超过94%，对30mg/L氨氮的去除率大于65%;2%(质量百分比)为碱改性沸石的最佳添加比例，使土壤中铅有效态固化率达52%，氨氮由不稳定态向稳定态转化。现场中试实验证明，添加修复材料6个月后，碱改性沸石吸附稳定土壤中氨氮达94.61%。碱改性沸石不仅制备工艺简单，价格便宜，无二次污染，而且对土壤中铅和氨氮复合污染有很好的稳定化效果，可作为用于废弃稀土矿山土壤修复稳定化材料之一。     

矿物锌肥结构特征及其增效机理研究

采用阳离子交换法制备矿物锌肥.蒙脱石和蛭石对Zn2+的等温吸附线呈双"S"型,而沸石对Zn2+的等温吸附线则呈"Langmuir"型.3种矿物对Zn2+的吸附容量大小顺序为蒙脱石＞蛭石＞沸石.盆栽试验结果显示,施用锌肥后,两造玉米幼苗的生物产量都高于CK(未施用锌肥),在第一造中蛭石锌的增产量最高,而第二造中蒙脱石锌的增产量最高.运用粉晶X射线衍射、红外光谱、差热及热重分析等技术对矿物及矿物锌肥的结构特征进行了研究,结果表明,蛭石锌可作为速效锌肥,而蒙脱石锌则可作为长效缓释锌肥.     

锌氧化物改性沸石对腐植酸的吸附机理

将锌氧化物负载在沸石分子筛上制备锌氧化物改性沸石吸附材料。通过XRD、SEM、BET、Zeta电位仪和Raman光谱等分析表征手段研究锌氧化物在沸石中的分散状态和表面带电性。通过动力学和热力学研究,探讨该改性吸附材料对腐植酸的吸附机理;并在相同条件下,与商品活性炭进行腐植酸吸附对比试验。研究结果表明:(1)在21±1℃,锌氧化物改性沸石对腐植酸的最大饱和吸附量达到60 mg/g;(2)锌氧化物改性沸石对腐植酸的吸附符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich等温吸附模型;(3)锌氧化物改性沸石对腐植酸的吸附性能远高于商品活性炭。     

腐植酸改性强化磁铁矿吸附水体中铅镉的实验研究

磁铁矿是一种绿色廉价的矿物材料,对水体中重金属离子具有良好的吸附性,但吸附容量低,选择性差,易团聚,通过改性可以克服该缺点并提高其吸附性能。本文以腐植酸为改性剂,采用常温水相反应制备了腐植酸改性磁铁矿吸附材料。通过傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征研究其表面形貌和微观结构。采用静态平衡实验考察了pH、吸附时间等因素对铅、镉吸附性能的影响,探讨了吸附动力学规律,拟合了吸附等温线。结果表明:腐植酸上的羧基、羟基被成功地接枝到了磁铁矿表面。在室温下,溶液初始pH对Pb~(2+)的吸附率几乎无影响,对Cd~(2+)的影响较大,当pH=7时,Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)吸附率均达到了95%。对初始质量浓度为10mg/L的Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)最佳吸附平衡时间为360min,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程。吸附等温线实验得到的竞争吸附顺序为Pb~(2+)Cd~(2+),由Langmuir等温吸附模型得到Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)饱和吸附容量分别为39.27mg/g、28.95mg/g,显著大于磁铁矿的饱和吸附容量,表明磁铁矿经腐植酸改性后增强了对水中铅镉的吸附能力。     

基于分式析因及最佳子集回归的多种污染物复合污染特征——阿特拉津与多种污染物在松花江沉积物上的吸附效应

为揭示农药（晶体乐果、甲霜灵、阿特拉津、马拉硫磷、扑草净）与重金属（铜、锌、铅、镉、镍）10种污染物共存时的复合污染规律,以阿特拉津为目标污染物,采用分辨度为Ⅲ的2^10-6分式析因实验设计,并用完全折叠实验和区组设计进行辅助,通过多元线性回归的建模方法筛选并建立了以阿特拉津为因变量、10种污染物因子主效应和二阶交互效应为自变量的多元线性回归吸附模型。研究表明：共存体系中因子主效应项铅、铜、锌、镉、镍和农药晶体乐果显著抑制（显著性水平α=0.05）阿特拉津在沉积物上的吸附,与阿特拉津产生竞争吸附效应,因重金属主效应产生的拮抗作用占总拮抗作用的63.5%,其拮抗作用从大到小为镍、镉、晶体乐果、锌、铅、铜;在以镍为关键自变量的二阶交互效应项中,因二阶交互效应项产生的协同或拮抗作用占阿特拉津吸附能力的35.3%,其中,铅、镉和晶体乐果抑制镍与阿特拉津的竞争吸附,与阿特拉津在沉积物上的吸附发生协同作用,协同作用从大到小为镉×镍、铅×镍、镍×晶体乐果;而镍作为调节自变量的二阶交互效应项镍阿特拉津会促进阿特拉津的吸附,说明多种污染物共存体系中重金属镍对阿特拉津在沉积物上吸附影响作用的复杂性和重要性。     

斜发沸石对钾离子的吸附/解吸动力学研究

以KCl为钾源、新疆某地所产斜发沸石为吸附剂,研究斜发沸石对K+的动力吸附与解吸效果,并探讨吸附时间、K+初始浓度与吸附量的关系。用pH=5的HCl溶液和(Ca2++Mg2+)浓度/(mmol.L-1)为1.6,3.2,6.4,12.8,19.2,25.6的混合溶液对饱和吸附了K+的斜发沸石进行解吸,实验结果表明:沸石对K+的吸附在4min能达到最大吸附率的96%,30min内达到平衡。Langmuir吸附等温式能对吸附曲线进行很好的描述。单位质量沸石对K+的最大吸附量为44.53×10-3,以阳离子交换吸附为主。pH=5的HCl溶液对K+的解吸量最小,随解吸溶液中(Ca2++Mg2+)浓度增加,解吸滞后系数减小,解吸速率远小于吸附速率。解吸量的自然对数与解吸时间的自然对数呈现明显的线性关系,用指数方程对(Ca2++Mg2+)浓度为25.6mmol/L的解吸曲线进行拟合,R=0.998,拟合方程为qt=3.890t0.210。理论上将吸附的K+全部解吸出来需要74.4d。     

利用13X沸石分子筛净化含Pb~(2+)废水的实验研究

采用静态间歇法 ,实验研究了含Pb2 +废水的 pH值及吸附时间对 13X沸石分子筛吸附Pb2 +性能的影响 ,得出了最佳去除效果的优化条件为 :废水的 pH值接近中性 ,吸附时间 10min。通过吸附实验 ,确定了在Pb2 +初始浓度为 2 0mg/L的条件下 ,13X沸石对Pb2 +的吸附量为 2 1 4 2mg/g ,即每克沸石净化含Pb2 +废水的最大体积量约为 75 0mL。解析实验表明 ,加入沉淀剂 ,浓缩洗脱液中的Pb2 +即以PbS的形式生成沉淀 ,为回收金属铅提供了可能 ;13X沸石在循环使用 5次的条件下 ,对废水中Pb2 +的吸附率仍高达 98% ,重复使用性能良好。经处理后的净化水中Pb2 +的浓度小于 0 4mg/L ,显著低于国家废水排放标准GB8978 88的指标 ( 1 0mg/L)。 13X沸石对Pb2 +的主要吸附形式是离子交换和表面络合反应。     

Adsorption of lead, zinc and cadmium ions from contaminated water onto Peganum harmala seeds as biosorbent

Peganum harmala seeds were assessed as biosorbent for removing Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺and Cd²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of various parameters such as the aqueous solution pH, the contact time, the initial metal concentration and the amount of adsorbent in the process were investigated. The adsorption efficiencies increased with pH. It was found that about 95 % of lead, 75 % of zinc and 90 % of cadmium ions could be removed from 45 ml of aqueous solution containing 20 mg l^?1 of each cation with 2 g of adsorbent at pH 4.5 after 15 min. The quantitative desorption of cadmium from adsorbent surface was achieved using 10 ml of a 0.5 M nitric acid solution. This condition was attained for lead and zinc ions with 10 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid solution. Kinetic investigation of the process was performed by considering a pseudo-second-order model. This model predicts the chemisorption mechanism of the process. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich models were tested for describing the equilibrium data. It was found that the Freundlich model describes the experimental data resulting from the adsorption of lead ions. However for cadmium and zinc ions, the adsorption equilibria were interpreted with the Langmuir model.     

Dynamic fuzzy neural network for simulating the fixed-bed adsorption of cadmium,nickel, and zinc on bone char

This study introduces the application of a dynamic fuzzy neural network for fitting and simulating the adsorption of nickel, cadmium, and zinc ions in mono- and bi-metallic solutions (nickel–cadmium, nickel–zinc, and cadmium–zinc) using packed-bed columns with bone char. This neural network model has shown a flexible and self-adaptive architecture with a faster learning speed than that of traditional artificial neural approaches. Results showed that this neural network model was reliable for representing the high asymmetry behavior of concentration profiles in both mono- and bi-metallic breakthrough curves where its accuracy was quite reasonable. Breakthrough parameters for mono-component and binary systems of tested heavy metals were calculated and compared. This analysis showed that the removal of these heavy metal ions in binary systems was a strong competitive adsorption process where the presence of co-ions reduced the removal performance of bone char at fixed-bed adsorbers. Results of surface characterization of adsorbent samples with X-ray photoelectron and infrared spectroscopy supported a removal mechanism based on an ion exchange between calcium from hydroxyapatite of bone char and heavy metal ions in the solution forming new metal–phosphate interactions in the adsorbent surface.     

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the urban stream sediments and its tributaries

Globally, aquatic ecosystems are highly polluted with heavy metals arising from anthropogenic and terrigenous sources. The objective of this study was to investigate the pollution of stream sediments and possible sources of pollutants in Nakivubo Channel Kampala, Uganda. Stream sediments were collected and analysed for heavy metal concentration using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The degree of pollution in Nakivubo channelized stream sediments for lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, manganese and iron was assessed using enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index and pollution load index. The results indicated that (1) the sediments have been polluted with lead, cadmium and zinc and have high anthropogenic influences; (2) the calculation of geo-accumulation index suggest that Nakivubo stream sediments have background concentration for copper, manganese and Fe (I _geo ≤ 0); (3) factor analysis results reveal three sources of pollutants as explained by three factors (75.0 %); (i) mixed origin or retention phenomena of industrial and vehicular emissions; (ii) terrigenous and (iii) dual origin of zinc (vehicular and industrial). In conclusion, the co-precipitation (inclusion, occlusion and adsorption) of lead, cadmium and zinc with manganese and iron hydroxides, scavenging ability of other metals, very low dissolved oxygen and slightly acidic to slightly alkaline pH in stream water could account for the active accumulation of heavy metals in Nakivubo stream sediments. These phenomena may pose a risk of secondary water pollution under sediment disturbance and/or changes in the geo-chemistry of sediments.     

Association of trace metals with various sedimentary phases in dam reservoirs

In the present study sediment and water samples collected from Kowsar Dam reservoir in Kohkiluye and Boyerahmad Province, southwest of Iran, are subjected to bulk digestion and chemical partitioning. The concentrations of nickel, lead, zinc, copper, cobalt, cadmium, manganese and iron in water and bed sediment were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentrations of metals bounded to five sedimentary phases were estimated. On this basis, the proportions of natural and anthropogenic elements were calculated.The anthropogenic portion of elements are as follows: zinc (96 %)> cobalt (88 %)> iron (78 %)> magnesium (78 %)> nickel (78 %)> copper (66 %)> lead (63 %)> cadmium (59 %). The results show sediment contamination by nickel, cadmium and lead, according to the world aquatic sediments and mean earth crust values. Manganese and copper have strong association with organic matter and are of high portion of sulfide bounded ions. Finally, The degree of sediment contamination was evaluated using enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and pollution index (IPoll). The sediments were identified to be of high cadmium and lead pollution index. The pattern of pollution intensity according to enrichment factor is as follows; manganese (1.25) < copper (1.63) < zinc (1.93) < cobalt (2.35) < nickel (3.83) < lead (12.63) < cadmium (78.32). Cluster analysis was performed in order to assess heavy metal interactions between water and sediment. Accordingly, nickel, cadmium and copper are earth originated. Zinc, copper and manganese are dominated by pH. All the elemental concentrations in water and sediment are correlated except for sedimental copper.     

Zeolite and fungi’s flocculability of simulated wastewater containing heavy metal ions or phosphorus

This paper focuses on the flocculability of simulated wastewater containing heavy metal ions (Fe3+, Cd2+) or phosphorus by zeolite, microbial flocculants (MBF) produced by Aspergillus niger and the composite flocculant composed of zeolite and MBF. The main results are presented as follows: zeolite was a good flocculant when the contamination of the three simulated wastewaters was low, but the treated water is of turbidness and the particles in it are hard to precipitate. The MBF have a good flocculability toward Fe3+ wastewater, as well as particulate matter. Significant changes in flocculability occurred after adding the composite flocculant in different simulated wastewaters, the best or least effect respective for Fe3+ and Cd2+ wastewater. The research we have done shows that the method by which the composite flocculant is used to treat the wastewater containing heavy metal ions or phosphorus provides important reference value for practical application.     

凹凸棒石与Zn^2＋的长期作用研究

以凹凸棒石与Zn2＋为例研究粘土矿物与重金属离子长期作用过程,并运用高分辨透射电镜和X射线衍射分析粘土矿物与重金属离子长期作用的次生物相。结果表明：Zn2＋与凹凸棒石的长期作用是一个二阶段的过程,初始阶段为快速吸附作用,其后表现为慢速沉淀反应。高分辨透射电镜和X射线衍射分析表明,凹凸棒石与Zn2＋的长期作用过程中,具有纳米矿物特性的凹凸棒石表面快速水化,提高了悬浮液的pH值,诱导Zn2＋水解沉淀。而后,凹凸棒石缓慢溶解释放Al3＋和SiO44-与Zn（OH）2沉淀反应,形成Zn-A1双氢氧化物和异极矿。这一结果对认识土壤环境中重金属与粘土矿物的作用及重金属的归宿具有重要意义。     

浙东沿海某地区大气干湿沉降对土壤重金属 元素含量的影响

基于对浙东沿海某典型固废拆解区重金属元素大气干湿沉降特征的研究,探讨了重金属元素干湿沉降输入对土壤环境的影响。结果表明,研究区露天焚烧等不规范的固废拆解行为造成大气质量恶化,对土地质量造成严重的负面影响。区内干、湿沉降中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni等重金属元素的含量均远高于浙江省干、湿沉降平均值和其它相关标准值,并且其年沉降通量在省内居高,尤其是Cu、Zn两种元素每年每平方百米沉降通量分别达7108g、11420g。研究显示,大气沉降能大大增加研究区土壤重金属元素的含量水平,Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb平均年增加量分别达3426ng/g、5819ng/g、6.50ng/g、582ng/g,并且年增加率较大,Pb、Cu、Zn等重金属元素的年增加率达0.5%以上。     

广西某铅锌矿区废水汇集洼地土壤重金属污染调查与评价

对某铅锌矿废水汇集的岩溶洼地土壤重金属镉、铜、铅、锌、铬、砷和汞的含量进行调查分析,运用单项污染指数与综合污染指数相结合的方法对土壤环境质量状况和采用Hakanson潜在生态指数法对土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明,该区块土壤受到重金属镉、锌、汞、铅的严重污染,其污染指数均大于1,尤其是镉污染指数高达88.4,其后依次为锌和汞,铅最小;剖面上,A、B、C层,即0~30 cm、30~60 cm和60~90 cm土壤,均已受到不同程度的重金属污染,而且污染程度A层>B层>C层,其综合污染指数分别为67.0、11.9和8.8,各自的潜在生态风险指数分别为2 921.0、543.4、421.2,对应的潜在生态风险程度分别为极强、强、强。由此可见,该岩溶洼地土壤不仅镉、锌、汞、铅污染严重,而且其生态风险也很大,但土壤中基本没有受铜、铬、砷污染。在该洼地土壤重金属污染物没有清除前,建议禁止种植食用农产品,而改为种植非食用型经济作物。      

Assessment of cadmium,zinc and lead contamination in leaf and root of four various species

Heavy metals toxicity is a significant problem for ecological, evolutionary, nutritional and environmental reasons. This study was carried out to evaluate the amount of cadmium, zinc and lead absorption in leaf and root of pine, cypress, plantain and ash in Isfahan, Iran, in 2013. For this purpose, three heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) and three sites (heavy traffic, moderate traffic and control) were chosen based on their effects on human health. The results indicated that the highest and lowest lead and cadmium concentrations belonged to heavy traffic site and control site, respectively. Cd in leaf versus Pb in leaf and Cd in root versus Pb in root had the highest correlation coefficient among the traits indicating positive influence of leaf and root on absorbing Cd and Pb from soil, water and air. In all the studied species, the concentration of Pb was higher than that of Cd and Zn. This was certainty due to the vehicle traffic emitting much more lead than cadmium and zinc. In all the studied species, metal concentration in leaves was higher than in roots, which may be due to high concentration of heavy metals in air than in soil. In this study, Pinus eldarica Medw. tree was found to be the best species to monitor polluted sites in Isfahan city.